...Summary The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness was developed in the 1980s by Howard Leventhal and his colleagues (Diefenbach & Leventhal, 1996). It was based on Leventhal’s research from the prior decade that studied the effect of fear in relation to health related behaviors. The theory has various titles such as the, Self Regulation Theory, Common Sense Model of Illness Representation or Leventhal’s Theory (Hale et al, 2007). For ease of communication it will be referred to as the Common Sense Model (CSM). It’s primary goal and function is to explain how a person processes an illness threat. The CSM is centered on the individual and his or her idea of health and illness. It works under the premise that the individual is “an active problem solver.” CSM also theories an individual’s representation of the illness will be the primary cause of their actions and behavior and the process of illness representation will lead the individual to make common sense health behaviors. (Diefenbach & Leventhal, 1996). Self-regulation is the processing of information by a patient regarding their health and the actions that an individual takes to return to a normal state of health. A stimuli such as a symptom of an illness or a diagnosis starts a three-phase feedback cycle of self-regulation. First, the individual constructs a cognitive “representation” of the illness. Secondly, the individual acts and “copes” with the illness. In the third stage, the...
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...This essay will examine the differences between psychology and common sense. It will also discuss the obstacles and drawbacks that primary experience and common sense beliefs can have on the epistemological advancement of any experimental science. The paper will start with a brief history of psychology and then discuss the different perspectives and approaches within the field. Giving examples throughout and briefly touching on the pioneers in the development of psychology, this essay will argue that the use of systematic and objective methods of observation and experimentation in psychology make it much more than just 'common sense'. The bathroom floor is somewhat colder than the bedroom carpet. Most people would agree with this statement and pass it off as just 'common sense'. But what if a thermometer showed that the bathroom floor was actually the same temperature as the bedroom carpet, and the real reason that the tiled floor in the bathroom 'felt' colder than the bedroom carpet was because the carpet is a better thermal insulator than the ceramic tile? Therefore feet lose heat to the floor more slowly on the carpet than on the tile floor, and consequently the cold receptors in the feet's skin are not stimulated to the same extent (Refinetti, 1992). This example, although not specifically a psychological one, shows that the element of primary experience and common sense beliefs in most humans can prove to be an obstacle in the development of any experimental science. The...
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...Thomas Paine’s ‘Common Sense’ pamphlet is known as Americans first steps into gaining independence from Great Britain. After colonists of the time read Paine’s pamphlet, the idea of breaking away from Britain’s authority became more realized and wanted. In the pamphlet, Paine provided ample persuasive arguments to attack the colonists minds and shift their thoughts towards independence. Paine's assertion that Britain exploited the colonies for its own financial advantage was most persuasive to the colonists because this argument made them reevaluate their view of the British Empire as a protective mother country. It also attacked mutual feelings which were felt amongst colonial Americans; placed those feelings into words and documented them. Colonists whom remained loyal to British reign believed that Britain was a mother country and that Britain had America’s best interest heart. These accusations of over-empowerment enlightened the American people to make independence reality. According to Paine, some beliefs that America had ‘flourished’ under the control of Britain arose. Paine used the metaphor” a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat”, meaning that the country although began by Britain (colonists were of English decent), had all characteristics and strength to be able to flourish without any European assistance. On the argument of protection, Paine encouraged that Britain weren’t protecting America from any of its own enemies or problems, but furthermore...
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...1. Why does Paine write Common Sense anonymously and how does he think his work will be remembered? "In the following sheets, the author hath studiously avoided every thing which is personal among ourselves. Compliments as well as censure to individuals make no part thereof. The wise and the worthy need not the triumph of a pamphlet; and those whose sentiments are injudicious or unfriendly, will cease of themselves, unless too much pains is bestowed upon their conversion." (Thomas Paine) So, basically as much as the book means for the colonists, Paine wanted to be on a rather neutral ground. He had no need for the glory that brought forth by a pamphlet (which is the whole Common Sense) nor he wanted to go against those who would certainly punish him for what his work brought forth. He himself clearly said that only those who got too hurt emotionally by sins they made would spare him for what he wrote. (aiming at the authorities who used violence to suppress the colonists) It is merely a guess from my part but I think what he meant was that he should not be the one the sacrifice but instead the colonists who were being suppressed at the time. He did not want them to rely on anyone but themselves to save their own life. Thus, he probably thought that his work would remain as something written by basically no one at all but merely created by the people' passions for freedom. On other words, the work was only there to raise the spirit of colonist to fight for their own lives and...
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...Common Sense states “government is a necessary evil” today, government runs everything everywhere. It contradicts the British government and beliefs while Britain was controlling the old English colonies. Thomas Paine was English born but had an American soul. His influence and ideas had a large impact on him as a person and our country. His influence did not only affect history but is still in use today. As stated in Common Sense, the American colonies would be better off as a society instead of a government. Society meaning, a group of actual colonist coming together to follow a set of rules without crime or victimizing. The government can often be pushy and not allow civilians of society to speak or think for themselves. The British government in a way, suffocated the colonies from being individuals and ruling themselves. Thomas Paine stated in his book that the government was like a King. He talked about religions choosing a king to rule over them instead of having their own people and God make their decisions. This is how government started to form. He states that God is unhappy with the decision, but provides their King anyway. Thomas Paine was born in Norfolk, England in 1737. He was born as a Quaker (“A Biography of Thomas Paine”). A Quaker is a person who follows a group of religious followers and servers. This group was often found persuading equal rights especially when slavery and women’s’ rights were an issue (“History of Quakers”). Thomas was born under Britain...
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...Sociological knowledge is scientific. A wide range of topics are investigated including gender, families and the economy. Sociologists test and modify their understanding of how the world works methodically and systematically through scientific analysis. This is done by induction and deduction. Data is gathered and theories are formulated, these are then tested using scientific methods to test validity. Sociologists situate social events in their related environments and try to understand social phenomena by collating and analysing data. It is this scientific objective approach which differs from common sense. Common sense is basic experience and subjective knowledge which everybody shares. Opinions are assumed to be true,...
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...with certain instructions. This was done in the first few pages. Not having done this in the beginning would have certainly created confusion as these symbols pertain to the manual and not the phone itself. The author also makes great use of illustrations along with descriptions which he strategically places alongside of the illustration which allows the reader for a “one glance” assessment of the graphic. This combined with the fine detail of the illustration undoubtedly helps the reader learn the feature’s location on the device much quicker. Also noticeable are the notes the author adds to help the user make better use of the device. These notes go above and beyond the formal explanation of how to use the device. It uses common sense approach and attempts to...
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...Moon, M. Y. (2009). Making sense of common sense for change management buy-in. Management Decision, 47(3), 518-532. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740910946769 This paper proposes a model for a change manager to use when managing organizational development. The model examines the importance of ordinary common sense when used in organizational change management. The model itself focuses on the change manager’s ability to link self-awareness and flexibility with a common sense perspective to achieve employee buy-in and the rollout of the change. While using good practical sense in everyday matters may seem trivial and obvious, the author will imply that routine organizational changes may lack common sense. The reason for this is that...
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...The Weaknesses and Strengths of Common Sense and Science as Sources of Knowledge There are many sources of knowledge as the society progresses. In this case, the most controversial question would be whether or not common sense can be accounted as a reliable source of knowledge? Although both common sense and science can be taken into account as sources of knowledge, I will argue that to some extent common sense and scientific knowledge are still very different from one another. That is, scientific knowledge is much more highly valued and reliable than common sense. By definition, common sense is a knowledge that is developed from daily basis, and is primarily based on the viewer’s observation, while scientific knowledge is generated from a constant formal of testing in the real world. In this essay, I will discuss the weaknesses and strengths of common sense and scientific knowledge and defend my position for why scientific knowledge is generally regarded as more reliable and authoritative than common sense. In this section, I will discuss the main strengths of common sense and science. Arthur E. Murphy, an American philosopher, believed that the ability to learn by experience is the most fundamental factor in our intellectual progress. On one hand, namely, common sense is both common and sensible. That is, common sense beliefs can be easily observed by individuals and it is rather comprehensible. Science, on the other hand, uses a rational methodology. Also, along with...
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...Common sense is a famous political pamphlet written by Thomas Paine during the 18th century. It was published on January 10, 1776 in Philadelphia and was signed written by an Englishman to keep the author anonymous. Paine wrote "Common Sense" in 1776, when a great many people still believed a negotiated settlement with Britain was possible. As stated by USHistory.org, "despite all the recent hardships, the majority of colonists since birth were reared to believe that England was to be loved and its monarch revered.” Paine, on the other hand, presented a different picture. He highlighted the abuses perpetrated by the crown, and he described the British as hypocrites who used or dismissed constitutional law when it suited them. Instead, Paine argued that Americans had the right and the necessity to form their own government and determine their own future....
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...Common Sense Written by Thomas Paine By: Alexis Quirarte 4 April 2013 Professor Billingsley History 16: History of The U.S. to 1877 Common sense was an extremely popular pamphlet written during the American Revolutionary War. The author of this great, and historical piece of work was a man known by the name of Thomas Paine. This historical piece of work when it was first released sold more than 120,000 copies in its first year. The pamphlet was released on anonymity due to the origin of its contents. In the pamphlet Pain was the voice of the American people that were concerned about the English radicalism. At the start, Paine explains that in the essay to come he is offering the reader nothing but, “simple facts, plain arguments,” and of course, “common sense” (27-30). He says he asks the reader for nothing more than to read on without prejudice and let their feelings decide for themselves; however, calmly Paine approaches the beginning of his work, though, later he will certainly show himself to be quite passionate. Paine begins his argument with more general, theoretical reflections about government and religion, and then progresses into the specifics of the Colonial situation. It is also extremely important to realize that throughout his pamphlet, Common Sense, Thomas Paine argues two main points: the first being independence from England and the second being the creation of a democratic republic. Paine uses an enthymeme by stating that “in absolute governments...
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...MABM217 Аз-наративът в британската и американската литература MARINO MARZIALI - F81122 Thomas Paine, Common sense The ideological weapon for the independence of the USA The years before the American Revolution knew the intensification of the political and cultural debate among the colonies. After the Treaty of Paris of 1763 the relations with England were quite complicated because of the new tax policy and administration of the motherland. The new laws clearly represented a change of direction in the management and especially in the conception of the colonies by the British government. The harsh protests and riots that started overseas showed that the colonists insinuated a doubt about the intentions of England, whose behavior was seen as a direct attack against their freedom. In the atmosphere of the colonial debate there were two main options on the positions to take regarding the facts. Many still supported the need for a reconciliation with England, either for the tradition that it bound the colonies or for the protection of trade and security of the American continent. So the fear and uncertainty to be an independent nation in the future restrained settlers' minds. More and more, on the other hand, were the voices, who courageously invoke the separation from the motherland as the only real alternative for the development and prosperity of the colonies. Therefore, the idea of independence had been circulating in the debates and private conversations, but before January...
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...IVAN’s RULES OF MANAGEMENT A Common Sense Approach to Management Ivan Reynolds MBA Page to be used for Copyright Information I dedicate this book to Bev. My Wife, my Partner, my Companion, my Friend, my Support You have stood by me with unflinching support and sage advice. You have shared my ups and downs, victories and defeats. You have sacrificed you time and life to my career. You have been a work widow to my long hours either away at work or during the many years of night time studies. You have moved from city to city and country to country, never flinching and never complaining. I owe my career and success to you! Thank you I love you dearly! “People don’t care how much you know until...
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...Allison Danielson CRN 20497 According to Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, the American people will be much happier if they were responsible for the information of the laws that rule them. A system of representation is also better for the colonist. Having defined his disagreement with British command in America, Paine went on to launch a general attack on the British government. The British system of government is too complex and profuse with contradictions, and the monarchy is granted far too much power, which in all holds America back. Britain’s system of government did not promote what a government should, according to Paine. He believed the government was far to complex of a system. They allegedly offered a reasonable system of checks and balances, but in fact, did not at all. A government should promote society happiness, and the British were far from that. Not only was the system of government not defined, but also the monarchy had fabricated power. Paine believed monarchy was nota legitimate way of choosing power of a country. The practice of monarchy originated from sin, and is an institution that the bible and God condemn. Paine presented pages from the bible detailing God’s wrath at the idea of the Jews having a king. Additionally, hereditary succession has Allison Danielson CRN 20497 brought with it countless evils, such as incompetent kings, corruption, and civil war, which eventually effects America. Britain is holding America back from financial...
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...Conclusion In the systematic analysis of the 23 studies we have highlighted the role of Leventhal’s Common Sense Model (SRM) in the analysis of hereditary / familial cancer and the role of the psycho-social impact on individuals affected by the disease or with high risk for the disease in the screening for hereditary / familial cancer and in the genetic testing and counseling. Thus, we have identified three themes in which we included the analyzed studies: a) identification of the predictors involved in the screening compliance, in the responses to health threats, in emotional distress; b) assessment of the emotional and cognitive impact, of the perceived risk and the perceived disease in genetic testing, of the family history of cancer or...
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