...this paper is to examine the various valuation factors that affect the financial performance of a particular company. This paper also includes research which involves a current literature review about the possible causes of both positive and negative outcomes of a company’s financial performance. The methodology used is qualitative research. The major findings entail that the nature of the business and its history is the greatest factor that most likely should be the central focus of the business itself. It can then be realized that the company’s value can be best assessed once it is determined that it has stayed in the industry for a long period of time. Introduction The business industry, above all else, is considerably one of the most complicated sectors of the economy. Nonetheless, businesses are, up to the extent, concentrated on providing the best to their customers and at the same time, on performing well in the market. So to say, the primary goal of any company is to become globally competent and successful in the industry. This objective is what mostly keeps the companies driven to continuously improve itself, its processes, its products and its services. In light with all of this, the value of companies is chiefly influenced by several factors. These factors somehow contribute to the outcomes of the financial performance of the company. More than that, these aspects are deemed to be the most important that every company in the business industry always put a...
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...There are many internal and external factors that can impact a company’s stock price and its perceived value. By referring to a company’s balance sheet and subtracting the liabilities from the assets, one can determine the book value of a company. However, the book value of the company is not likely to be the actual stock price because investors’ purchase decisions are more likely to be influenced by both the present and future performance of a company. For example, in 2010, Amazon’s book value per share was $13.07, but its stock actually sold for $132.49 per share due to the company’s present performance, its reputation, and its growth potential (Brealy, Myers, & Marcus, 2012). A company’s stock price is often greatly influenced by its going-concern value, which is the company’s ability to generate profits over time (Going, 2011). The going-concern value is a combination of a company’s extra earning power, intangible assets, and value of future investments (Brealy, Myers, & Marcus, 2012). The extra earning power of a company is the company’s ability to earn more than the standard asset rate of return. If the rate of return exceeds the standard threshold, the assets’ value will be above book value (Brealy, Myers, & Marcus, 2012). Intangible assets, according to Alem Yallwe and Antonino Buscemi (2014, p. 18) “…are resources used or employed to add a value to the business entity. They don't possess physical substance like tangible assets, equipment and plant.”...
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...Company Analysis 1.Company description ! Danone is a french food-products multinational corporation founded in 1919. It claims world leadership in fresh dairy products, waters, but also in baby nutrition and medical nutrition. The strategy of Danone has evolved in 4 steps: 1966 -1980: change of core business: Danone Group (called BSN) decided to become an actor on the food-processing market, taking in 1970 the control of of Evian Group, merging in 1973 with the Gervais-Danone Group. 1980 - 1990: European development strategy for the group, taking in account the acquisition of of General Biscuit in 1986. In 1981, the group abandoned the glass-work market, and focused its resources on the growth of new international activities. 1990 - 1997: International development strategy taking in account evolutions in the foodprocessing market and changes in the emergence of new outlets. In 1994, the group BSN took the name Danone. 1997: Refocusing strategy on priority activities, with the goal to become leader on this sectors. 2. Strategic Business Areas (SBA) ! By the multiplicity of its acquisitions, the activity of Danone covers many trades. in order to enlighten its future strategies, we found it is useful to draw up its Strategic Business Areas. SBA Target Objectives Contribute to the human health Ensure a sufficient water provision to the world population Guarantee a healthy growth to new-borns Technology Brands Danone, Actimel, Danette, Fjord...
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...Der folgende Abschnitt soll dazu dienen, eine Auswahl an Methoden zur Unternehmensbewertung kurz vorzustellen und voneinander abzugrenzen. Dabei kann auf oberster Abstraktionsebene zunächst zwischen drei Bewertungstypen unterschieden werden: Dem Gesamtbewertungs-, Einzelbewertungs- und Mischverfahren. Abbildung 1 liefert einen Überblick über die darunter subsumierten Verfahren, auf die an dieser Stelle nun jeweils kurz eingegangen wird. Abbildung 1: Unternehmensberwertungsverfahren im Überblick Quelle: In Anlehnung an Achleitner und Thommen 2009,715ff.; Mandl und Rabel 1999, 30 Die Ertragswertmethode basiert auf der Annahme, dass der Unternehmenswert nicht aus der vorhandenen Substanz ergibt, sondern vielmehr aus den zukünftig erwarteten Erträgen. Als Basis wird hierbei die Ertrags-Aufwandsrechnung herangezogen, um so schlussendlich die Ertragsüberschüsse zu kalkulieren. Die Berechnung des Unternehmenswerts erfolgt entsprechend der folgenden Formel (Achleitner/Thommen 2009, 722): UW= ∑_(t=0)^T▒E"t" /〖(1+i)〗^t Ebenso wie die Ertragswertmethode, greift auch die die Discounted Cashflow Methode auf das Barwertkalkül zurück, jedoch wird der Kapitaliserungszinssatz auf Basis der zugrundeliegenden gewichteten Kapitalkosten ermittelt (Weighted Average Costs of Capital, WACC). In einem mehrstufigen Verfahren wird der Grenzpreis für ein...
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...The valuation of a business is a critical element that depending on the accuracy of the valuation can be the difference between large positive returns or devastating losses for investors. The importance of valuation is why differing methods are always being debated and analyzed. The valuation of traditional companies with historical data and comparative industry examples can be a bit confusing for the average person but with practice they really are not overly complicated. The discounted cash flow method, or DCF, is a widely academically accepted method that uses the concept of the time value of money to discount future expected cash flows. While often these DCF calculations can be fairly straightforward, there are instances where estimating future cash flows can be quite difficult. Startup companies pose significant challenges to the discounted cash flow model because of a lack of historical data. It may not be difficult to estimate future cash flows for a billion dollar company with years of data, but what about a 6 month old company with limited revenue and few tangible assets? In situations like this it is more important than ever for investors to look beyond numbers and to look deeper into the makeup of a company, its management, and their products or services. Difficulties in Using DCF to Value Startup Companies With discounted cash flows and almost all other valuation techniques, the less guesswork or estimation the better. The “Human Element” when making...
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...Alternative Approaches to Valuation of Private Companies 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Comparables Net Present Value Approach Adjusted Presented Value Approach The ‘Venture Capital’ Method Options Analysis Each approach has advantages and disadvantages. Generally there is no “right” answer to a valuation problem. Valuation is very much an art as much as a science! 1 Evaluation of Comparables How to compute comparables: Start with a sample of securities whose business characteristics are similar to the company being valued. Assume that the company has similar financial ratios to the “comparable” companies. A number of different ratios are typically used: Price/Earnings, Market/Book, Market Value/Sales, EBIT. Then back out the implied value of the company being studied. Comparables Approach relies on two assumptions: Comparable companies have future cash flow expectations and risks similar to the firm being valued Performance measure is actually proportional to value 2 Different ways of Doing Comparables “Comparable Company” – Uses a multiple calculated from the trading values of firms in the same industry as the firm being valued. “Comparable Transaction” – Uses a multiple from companies that were involved in a similar transaction as the firm being valued. “Comparable Industry Transaction” – Uses a multiple from companies from the same industry that were involved in a similar transaction as the firm being valued. 3 Problems with Comparables Approach Generally tough...
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... May the 22th, 2013 Corporate Valuation Assignment 3 Question 1: With a market cap close to $60B on December the 31st (and a current market cap of more than $75B on 2013 May the 22th), BOEING is what we call a Gorilla in the global Aerospace and Defense Industry. Symbol of the US hegemony for many years, Boeing has confirmed its leadership in this industry. However, we know that the whole market just faced the subprime crisis of 2008, a fact that affected the growth and the excess return that the company was performing. This fact applies to the whole industry, and thus we believe that it is important to differentiate our company through its magnitude and sustainability of competitive advantages. One of their main competitive advantages is that the company has amazing benefits compare to their ...
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...estimate of Crocs value. Soln: Comparable companies analysis – Done to determine appropriate valuation multiple for Crocs, Inc. • • Selected peer group based on industry, business and financial characteristics Included explosive growth stocks such as Lulelemon & Under Armour having similar prospects for growth and ROIC as Crocs, Inc. and some mature, stabilized businesses with stable industry growth rates – Nike, Deckers & Timberland. This mix will help us provide valuation from an aggressive sales growth and maturing sales context. Some characteristics used in selection include – o Primary or at least significant portion of business revenue comes from footwear & apparel – analogous to Crocs primary business o Has product appeal to large group of customers o Has distinct product attributes (innovative/creative) and differentiation from competition o Has wide range of distribution channels o CAGR Sales growth, COGS to Sales & Significantly less debt exposure on their balance sheets o Have characteristics of high octane growth and show signs of maturity and stabilizing long-term growth similar to well established footwear brands. • Valuation Multiples The objective was to compare operating metrics and valuation multiples in a peer group to that of Crocs, Inc. for equity valuation. The market multiple model is based on the idea that on average, a company, over time would have roughly the same value as its peers. Assumption: The companies chosen as comparables, Deckers,...
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...2 Graduate Thesis By Teia R. Merring Copenhagen Business School Strategic and financial analysis and valuation of B&O 0 1 Executive Summary................................................................................2 Introduction............................................................................................6 1.1Motivation.................................................................................................................. 6 1.2Problem Specification................................................................................................ 8 1.3Problem Identification................................................................................................ 8 1.4Problem Handling .................................................................................................... 10 1.5Structure and Methodology...................................................................................... 12 1.5.1Introduction and Presentation........................................................................... 12 1.5.2Strategic Analysis............................................................................................. 12 1.5.3Financial Statement Analysis ........................................................................... 13 1.5.4Prognoses and Budgets..................................................................................... 14 1.5.5Valuation.......................................
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...Valuation of Intellectual Property: Approaches We have moved into an information age characterized by increasing competition and shorter product life cycles; companies are more dependent on their intellectual properties (IP), as it has being recognized as a Valuable Business Asset. The Value of IP is much different & Valuation is much difficult than the value of any other assets. IP is creation of Human mind but to know the value or to trade that property we have to “value” them. The three main approaches are Market Approach, Income Approach & Cost Approach. Introduction Business enterprise is comprised of Working Capital, Fixed Assets, Intangible Assets and Intellectual Property. The increasing challenges of corporate world everyone wants to earn competitive advantages over others resulting into more dependence on Intellectual Property . Intangible assets Working Business Fixed Capital Enterprise Assets Intellectual Property According to economic theory, the value of an asset is best determined by the market, in the form of a transaction between two unrelated entities dealing at arm’s length. Unfortunately, intangible assets and IP that will eventually support products seldom benefit from open market conditions, either due to novelty or secrecy factors. In consideration of the growing investments required to develop and market products, there is a growing need for assessing the economic value of...
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...on the corresponding valuation date of every Individual; Hindu Undivided Family and Company at the rate of 1% of the amount by which the net wealth exceeds Rs.15 Lakhs. Education Cess of 3% is not leviable on the amount of Wealth Tax. Applicability of wealth tax: 1. Individual: The following persons treated as ‘individual’ u/s 3 of the wealth tax. a) Legal hires of an Individual. b) Holder of an impartible estate. c) Hindu deities (it means formal a god/goddess ) d) Trustees of a trust who are liable u/s 21A. e) Trade unions 2. HUF 3. Company 4. AOP chargeable u/s 21AA : Situation Shares of members of an AOP are determinate or known. Shares of members of an AOP are indeterminate or unknown. Wealth Tax assessment Interest of members in the assets of the AOP shall be valued as per Rule 16 and 17 of Schedule III. Wealth tax is levied on the AOP. It is liable to tax at the rate leviable upon and recoverable from an individual who is any Indian citizen and resident. Valuation Date: Sec.2 (q): It refers to the 31st March immediately preceeding the assessment year. This provision does not apply to – a. Company registered U/s 25 of the companies Act, 1956 b. Cooperative society and c. Any social club d. Any political party e. Any mutual fund U/s 10(23D) CHARGEABILITY Individual HUF / Companies Nationality Residential Status Location of assets as on the valuation date Residential Status Location of assets as on the valuation date Direct Tax...
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...Valuation is the estimation of an asset’s value, whether real or financial, based on variables perceived to be related to future investment returns, on comparison with similar assets, or, when relevant, on estimates of immediate liquidation proceeds (Pinto, Henry, Robinson, Stowe; 2010). Correct valuation of real assets can present challenges to financial analysts. Different models can be used to arrive at the closest estimate of value and yet certain issues will always arise. This case attempts to tackle two approaches in real asset valuation: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis and the issues surrounding such, as well as the Black-Scholes Model for Real Options. Questions to be addressed in the study are: 1. Evaluate Amoco’s and Apache’s corporate objectives and strategies. Is it reasonable to expect that the MW properties are more valuable to Apache than to Amoco? What sources of value most plausibly account for the difference between buyer and seller? 2. Structure and execute a DCF valuation of all the MW reserves. How much are the reserves worth? Is your estimate more likely to be biased high or low? What are the sources of bias? 3. How would you structure an analysis of MW as a portfolio of assets in place and options? Specifically, which parts of the business should be regarded as assets in place and which as options? What kinds of options are present? Should this approach yield a higher or lower value that the DCF approach? 4. Execute the analysis you structured in...
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...According to 820-10-35-54-c, it was reasonable to determine that market is not active. Because the adjustments were based on management’s assumption, FFC didn’t used level 1 inputs in the income approach valuation technique (present value technique). In addition, significant adjustment inputs includes credit adjustment (level 3 inputs) and liquidity risk adjustment (level 3 inputs), and implied rate of return (level 2 inputs) under ASC 820-10-35-48/52. According to ASC 820-10-35-37A, when the inputs are categorized within different levels of the hierarchy, the entire instrument should be in the same level of hierarchy as the lowest level inputs that is significant to the entire measurement. So, CDO should be categorized within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Instrument 2 There was no significant decrease in the volume and activity for the MBS, because no significant factors occurred. Therefore, the market should be still active, even the market became increasingly volatile with some declined activity in the Q4 2012. In my opinion, FFC should still use market approach valuation because (1) quoted prices were highest priority inputs in accordance with ASC 820-10-35-37 (2) the theoretical income-approach pricing model needed significant assumption. In the market approach valuation, quoted prices for the similar observed transactions was level 2 inputs. Then, FFC should classify the MBS into level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Instrument 3 According to...
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...becoming a market player in the hand tool business, by acquiring 3 of the market leaders, a move that diversified Monmouth’s business and ultimately reduced their business risk. In analyzing the financial risk, the continuous acquisitions have definitely increased the operational risk for the company. Since the case didn’t provide us with the financial statements for Monmouth, we can assume that in order to complete the acquisition they have to issue stocks as they exhausted (or will pretty soon exhaust) their debt capacity. 2. Based on the DCF valuation and using a WACC of 8.25% (the beta assumed to be 1, the average beta of comparable firms and the coupon rate to be 7.96%, the rate for BB rated companies) and a growth rate of 5.5%. The fair price is $40.4 per share for Robertson, lower than the $50 offered by Simmons to sell their stocks but higher than the current market price of $30. As for the peer multiples, and due to the lack of information for the comparable companies we only managed to calculate the EBIAT multiple, the earnings multiple and the book value multiple using the three comparable companies, Actuant Corp, Snap On Inc., and Stanley Works. The result of the multiple valuation showed a fair price of $40.1 per share based on the EBIAT multiple and a value of $29.61 per share based on the earnings multiple. Both prices are below the fair price calculated by the DCF. Only the book value multiple exceeded the DCF fair value with a value of $65.25. The first two multiples...
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...Case #1. Liston Mechanics Corporation DEADLINE. 4TH CLASS, END OF CLASS SUBMISSION: BY EMAIL AT SAUGUSTE@UTDT.EDU This case gives you an overview of three DCF-based valuation variants (FCFF, FCFE, and APV), relative valuation via comps, and relative valuation via trans. Please use exclusively the data in the case. PART A You must compute the Equity Value of Liston Corp., on a stand-alone basis (i.e., pre-acquisition), for Jim Liston, by doing the following: 1. Use DCF via FCFF discounted at constant target WACC to compute the value of the company and equity. 2. Now check: does the actual D/A ratio (i.e., after your valuation) match the target D/A? If not, find the amount of initial debt that should be used to force a match between actual and target D/A. Using that debt value, recompute Equity. 3. Using the amount of debt you calculated in the previous step as a fixed amount over the planning horizon, perform a valuation via FCFE discounted at constant Ce. What could be wrong with this procedure? 4. Now perform APV with constant debt (again at the fixed level computed in Step 2) and include default risk by discounting tax benefits at the unlevered Ce. 5. Perform APV with constant debt (again at same debt level) but this time, account for default risk by discounting tax benefits at Cd AND by adding a negative term equal to 15% of unlevered EV. 6. Using the original debt amount of Liston (i.e., $ 140 million), compute Equity via comps using EV/Sales...
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