...Comparing Different Cells All cells in the human body are made when a sperm cell and an egg cell fuse together. Cell which have adapted to a specific function are known as specialized cells. These cells are grouped together to form tissues. When tissues combine together, they form organs and organ systems. Stem cells are defined by their potential to differentiate in a range of specialized cells. At fertilization, a zygote is formed when two haploid gametes fuse together. The single cell will develop into a brand new organism, which includes external tissues such as the placenta. It is a totipotent stem cell. The zygote develops into a blastocyst, after a few divisions. The outer layer of cells forms the placenta, whereas the inner mass of cells develops into an embryo The inner cells can differentiate into any part of the new embryo, but it cannot now form part of the placenta. They are pluripotent stem cells. As the embryo develops, some cells differentiate fully and therefore no longer are classed as stem cells, but are classed as specialized body or somatic, cells. Other develops into more specific forms of stem cells, which are multipotent stem cells. Multipotent cells lie dormant in the body’s tissues throughout adult life. These are now known as adult stem cells. For example, haematopoietic cells in bone marrow divide to replace lost or damaged blood cells. The tree types of stem cells are: 1. Embryonic Stem Cells: these include those which are...
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...April 22, 2012 There are many similarities and also many differences when comparing photosynthesis and semiconductor based solar cells this paper will outline those these as well as give a description of the two cycles. I will also be defining the law of thermodynamics and explaining how it applies to photosynthesis and also semiconductor based solar cells harnessing solar energy. Photosynthesis is the process of converting solar energy into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. For photosynthesis to occur a few factors must be present such as water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, and light energy. Photosynthesis consists of two sets of reactions the first being the photo portion or light reaction which is the reaction that captures solar energy the second being the synthesis reaction or Calvin cycle reactions which converts that solar energy into carbohydrates (Mader, 2010). For light reactions to occur first light energy enters the cells and is absorbed by the chlorophyll. That Light energy raises the energy level chlorophyll enabling electrons to be freed form the chlorophyll molecules. This makes the chlorophyll molecules positively charged the electrons from hydrogen atoms are attracted to the positively chlorophyll causing water molecules to break apart into oxygen atoms. The elections freed from the chlorophyll and the protons freed from water take part in the chemical reactions in the cell. The reactions result in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and...
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...Questions: (1 pt each response, 7 pts total) 3. What does your data indicate about the rate of cell division in cancerous tissue compared to the rate of cell division in normal tissue? What data did you use to answer this question? Answer: By comparing table 3 (normal cell tissue table) and table 4 (cancerous cell tissue table) I found that cancerous cell tissue has much faster rate of cell division. Specifically, I looked at the mitotic indexes on both tables and found that cancerous cell tissue actively divides at a much faster rate than normal cell tissue. 4. Which type of cancer is the fastest growing? Explain your answer, using your relevant data. Answer: By looking at the mitotic index side of table 4 (cancerous cell tissue table) I found that ovarian cancer has the fastest growth rate. 5. With what you have observed in this lab, if you were to compare tissue sample from normal breast tissue and cancerous breast tissue: a. Would you expect to see a difference in the rate of cell division...
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...Eukaryotic cells are not all the same size as seen by comparing the size of the cheek cell to the size of a fungi cell. This can also be observed in just the cells of the different kingdoms of eukaryotes: protists, fungi, plants, and animals. 4. As seen in the elodea cell it is possible to see the cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, and nucleus in plant cells as well as the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm within animal cells. 5. In all of the cells it was possible to see a plasma membrane (clearly observed in the bacteria) that surrounds all cells and provides a barrier between the inside of the cell and the environment, cytoplasm that surrounds the chemicals and structures of a cell (example paramecium), as well as the small size of cells so the surface area and volume are proportional to each other to help maximize the efficiency of the cells. 6. In eukaryotic cell there is a nucleus present versus only the presence of genetic material in prokaryotic cells (example in cheek cell). Eukaryotic cells also have membrane bound organelles which allow compartmentalization within cells allowing eukaryotic cells to specialize (example seen in the elodea cells). Eukaryotic cells much larger than the size of prokaryotic cells (bacteria versus paramecium). 7. On a cellular level, the trend toward complexity is observed in the direction of increasing specialization. Starting with some of the most basic units of life seen in the bacteria cells there is only...
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...in terms of target cells, reception, transduction, and response, and compare the cell-signaling mechanisms of steroid and protein hormones. Two pancreatic hormones that regulate blood glucose levels are insulin and glucagon. When blood glucose level rises above the normal level, insulin is released to decrease the blood glucose concentration. On the other hand, when blood glucose level drops below the normal level, glucagon is released to promote the release of glucose, increasing blood glucose concentration. Together, these hormone help maintain homeostasis. Insulin can stimulate nearly all body cells, except red blood cells or brain cells, to take insulin from the blood. First, in the reception stage, insulin binds to receptor tyrosine kinase on the surface of the cell. This causes two receptor...
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...enzymes from cells, on the other hand enzyme from fungal origin offer an advantage of separation of mycelium by simple filtration. Besides, the fungus can be grown on inexpensive substrates. Aspergillus species is mostly known for its role as a pathogen. However, they also play important roles in the industry and our environment. A few examples are the A. Niger and A. oryzae species. For the production of enzymes for industrial use, isolation and characterization of new promising strain is a continuous process. They are generally produced by using submerged fermentation due to its apparent advantages in downstream in spite of the cost intensiveness for medium components. The purpose of this work was to study the production of hydrolytic enzymes by aspergillus Niger in submerged fermentation and to determine their activities. 2. Material and Methods: 2.1 Microorganism: A. Niger contributes to the biotechnology industry by providing useful enzymes for the food industry such as amylases, lipases, cellulases, xylanases and proteases. This common mould is involved in many industrial processes including enzymes (e.g. amylases), commodity chemicals (e.g. citric acid) and foodstuffs (e.g. soy sauce). One of the defining characteristics of the entire fungal kingdom is its distinctive nutritional strategy. These organisms secrete acids and enzymes into the surrounding environment, breaking down polymeric molecules down into simpler ones that are then absorbed back into the fungal cell. Mechanical...
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...The term “proteome” or “proteomics” was first introduced in 1995. Proteomics is the characterization and identification of all proteins that expressed by a genome or tissue and understanding how these proteins function (Mohanty, 2005). Besides, the purpose of proteomics is not only to recognize all the proteins in a cell but also to generate a complete three-dimensional (3D) map of the cell indicating where the proteins are located. To achieve these goals require the involvement of a large number of different fields such as biochemistry, molecular biology and bioinformatics. Many different areas of study are now grouped under the proteomic such as sequence and structural proteomics, expression proteomics, interaction proteomics and functional...
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...MULTIPLECHOICE SECTION INSTRUCTIONS: Read all instructions carefully. Please answer all questions. Each question is worth 0.5 points. The Multiple Choice section is worth 40 points. **Do not enter your answers here.** Type in the letter you select as the best answer on the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor. 1. Which of these would be a valid hypothesis? A) Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events. B) Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species. C) Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding. D) Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code. 2. In the scientific method, a hypothesis . E) is a statement of fact F) can only be tested once G) is usually proven to be correct H) is a proposed explanation based on observations I) none of the above 3. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State the problem II. Analyze and interpret the data III. Share the results with other scientists IV. Develop a hypothesis V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis A) I → II → III → IV → V B) III → I → V → II → IV C) V →IV → III → II → I D) I → IV → V → II → III E) V → II → I → III → IV 4. To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments...
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...Assignments 2013.8 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life – Lab Manual, Ziser, 2013.8 1 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life Ziser - Lab Manual Table of Contents 1. Overview of Semester Lab Activities Laboratory Activities . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction to the Lab & Safety Information . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15 30 39 46 54 68 81 104 147 3. Laboratory Exercises Microscopy . . . . . . Taxonomy and Classification . Cells – The Basic Units of Life . Asexual & Sexual Reproduction Development & Life Cycles . . Ecosystems of Texas . . . . The Bacterial Kingdoms . . . The Protists . . . . . . The Fungi . . . . . . . The Plant Kingdom . . . . The Animal Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13 17 22 26 29 . 32 . 42 . 50 . 59 . 89 4. Lab Reports (to be turned in - deadline dates as announced) Taxonomy & Classification . . . . . . Ecosystems of Texas. . . . . . . . . The Bacterial Kingdoms . . . . . . . The Protists . . . . . . . . . . The Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . Leaf Identification...
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...the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane? phospholipid monolayer with embedded proteins phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins phospholipid monolayer with embedded triglycerides cholesterol bilayer with embedded proteins This process uses a carrier protein...
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...Life 120 Lab #1 “Cell Structure and Function And Movement of Materials across Cell Membranes” 1-20-15 Plant Cell Structure Abstract: In cells, water will move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. This was addressed by observing the changes in cells as they were surrounded by NaCl solution and later by a water solution. The results support our hypothesis and show that the composition of the surroundings has a visible (under a microscope) effect on the shape and structure of each individual cell. As the NaCl concentration increased, water rushed out of the cells and caused them to pull away from the wall while as the water concentration increased water rushed into the cells and caused them to swell. Introduction: The “big problem” that is being addressed is the change in a cell’s structure when surrounded by different concentrations of solutions. It is known that substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, but to validate this knowledge, we must observe the change in a cell from its “normal” state with the addition of solutions. Questions that must be answered are what affect a different NaCl solution has on plant cells as compared to water? The hypothesis being tested in this report is that when a plant cell is introduced to a NaCl solution, the water in the cells will move out to an area of low concentration, thereby altering the shape of the cell. This directly relates to the key question. Materials...
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...fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types. [pic] 5. Discuss what life means to you after completing questions 1–4. [pic] ----------------------- I found a YouTube video titled “energy and Metabolism explained”. The video explains how the body is constantly at work with repairing cells and building new ones. This action requires energy that the body converts from the chemical...
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...then went on to develop into little frogs," he told ABC radio's AM program. "And like any pregnant mum, when you have little babies rattling away in your stomach saying, 'let me out', she would then open her mouth and out would pop little frogs. "The first people that saw that were aghast. By the time anybody got excited about it, suddenly it was extinct. "So that's certainly one of the driving reasons why this would be a focal animal for seeing if we can de-extinct this amazing frog." That is exactly what a team of Australian scientists is doing. After locating a few carcases stored in a deep freezer, they have been able to recover tissue from the gastric brooding frog. Using a laboratory technique known as somatic cell nuclear transfer, they have implanted the dead cell nucleus from the extinct species into a fresh egg from another related frog. The reproductive process then took over, and the scientists have created an embryo. "There was one day in the laboratory that was so exciting when all of a sudden the egg from this living species that had had one of these extinct frogs nuclei inserted into it, started to divide,...
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...Animal Rights Since the beginning of living, the interaction between man and animals have been something unavoidable. The encounter in the wild, the hunter and the hunted, and the survival of the strongest are the rules of the jungle an it is because of this relation that we have with the animals that people have been study them. The philosopher Pythagoras was one of the first person who talked about animal, describing their soul were in the same category as the humans begins. Also, in the Bible is told that the humans are in a superior level when they justified that a bled animal can be eaten. Rene Descartes wrote in his meditations that animals do not have soul; therefore, they are not able to feel and their treatment can not be consider as a moral issue. Knowing that there is a lot of controversy about the animal rights, is inevitable to ask what are the advantages and disadvantages about giving them rights? The first and maybe the most important factor that we need to discuss firstly is the ability that both, humans and animals, have to think and feel. On one hand, human beings are complex evolved creatures who are accorded rights on the basis that they are able to think and to feel pain; additionally, any other animals are also able to think (to some extent) and are certainly able to feel pain. Therefore non-human animals should also be accorded rights, like a free and healthy life. However, on the other hand, human beings are infinitely more complex than any other...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. IA (Alkaline Metals) 1.1. H………………………………………………………………………..2 1.2. Li………………………………………………………………………..2 1.3. Na………………………………………………………………………2 1.4. K………………………………………………………………………..3 1.5. Rb………………………………………………………………………3 1.6. Cs………………………………………………………………………3 1.7. Fr……………………………………………………………………….4 1. IIA (Alkaline Earth Metals) 2.8. Be………………………………………………………………………4 2.9. Mg………………………………………………………………………4 2.10. Ca………………………………………………………………………4 2.11. Sr……………………………………………………………………….4 2.12. Ba………………………………………………………………………5 2.13. Ra………………………………………………………………………5 1. Group IA 2.1. H Hydrogen binds with Oxygen to form water. Without water, we can not survive. In fact, we are mostly made of water. 2.2. Li Lithium does not occur naturally in biological systems and has no biological role, but does have effects on the body when ingested. Lithium carbonate is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatry to treat bipolar disorder (manic-depression) in daily doses of about 0.5 to 2 grams, although there are side-effects. Excessive ingestion of lithium causes drowsiness, slurred speech and vomiting, among other symptoms, and poisons the central nervous system, which is dangerous as the required dosage of lithium to treat bipolar disorder is only slightly lower than the toxic dosage. The metal lithium is not essential for any biological functions, but was found to exist in extremely tiny...
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