...Hypertension damages the arterial walls they either become hard and thick narrowing the lumen or the wall may dilate or tear blood supply to the affected areas is reduced which makes the body prone to ischemia and necrosis due to loss of adequate circulation (Hinkle & Cheever, 2014, p.862). Hypertension is the complex interactions among factors that regulate cardiac input. The sympathetic nervous system can become over stimulated resulting in increased cardiac output and vasoconstriction. The renin angiotensin- aldosterone system controls sodium intake and overall volume, and affects the vasomotor tone of the RAAS. Chemical mediators of vasomotor tone and blood volume such as ANP factor affect vasomotor tone and sodium and water excretion, endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor (LeMone, 2015, p.969)....
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...Chapter 1 Introduction Disorders related to hypertension are one of the most common medical complications during the pregnancy. It is also an important cause of maternal and preinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide (Baha, 1996). The term hypertension in pregnancy describes a broad spectrum of medical conditions, for which the pressure in the blood vessels varies widely. According to studies conducted by WHO (2004), hypertension causes complications in 5 to 7% pregnancies in the United Kingdom. The risks associated with hypertension are high for pregnant women and they are higher risk for complications such as organ failure, cerebrovascular accident, abruptio placentae and disseminated intravascular coagulation (Mark, 1998). Also hypertension creates complications for the featus and it is at the risk or intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity and intrauterine death. Hypertension is also a major cause of maternal, fetal and neo natal morbidity and mortality, not only in developing but in developed countries also,(Pesola (2001). The rate of eclampsia in the UK have fallen recently, hypertension during the pregnancy remains one of the main causes of maternal death. According to a study conducted by NICE one third of maternal morbidity was caused as a result of hypertensive conditions. Hypertensive disorders also carry a risk for the baby. In the most recent UK perinatal mortality report, 1 in 20 (5%) stillbirths in infants without congenital abnormality occurred...
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...symptoms. These symptoms are Comparing and Contrasting of Hypertension and Diabetes Did you know that in the United States, 17 million people suffer from diabetes and 50 million people suffer from hypertension. Like diabetes, hypertension millions of people don’t know that they have it. In this essay I will discuss the cause, symptoms, complication and treatment in which hypertension and diabetes are alike and how they differ. I will start by saying hypertension and diabetes can be compared and contrasted according to their causes. There are two types of hypertension: primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is high blood pressure for which no cause can be found, but secondary hypertension has definite causes (Segen, 1992). The heart pumps blood through the body’s arteries to all parts of the body. At the time when the blood vessel become narrow, the flow of blood trough them will be harder, so the blood will exert the wall vessels and increase the pressure in them. Diabetes is similarly is that it also has two types. Type 1 diabetes is one type that occurs because of the failure of making the hormone called insulin by the pancreas. The other type is type 2 diabetes that is due to failure of using insulin by the body; in other words, diabetes occurs when the body cannot produce or use insulin. There are environmental and genetic factors that play a role in causing hypertension and diabetes. First, environmental factors are obesity, smoking...
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...Hypertension Shelley J. Wilson HS200, Section 2 Unit 4 Capstone Project: Case Study #3 Hypertension Kaplan University 14 October, 2014 Hypertension Hypertension is commonly known to many people as high blood pressure. Hypertension is a condition in which the arteries in the body have elevated blood pressure. When heart beats, it will pump blood throughout the body your body from your arteries. The blood pressure stems from the force of blood that pushes against the blood vessel walls. When an individual has elevated blood pressure, the harder the heart has to work to pump blood. The normal range for blood pressure is below 120/80. “The 120 in the blood pressure represents the systolic measurement, or the peak pressure in the...
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...What causes high blood pressure during pregnancy? causes Icon According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), there are several possible causes of high blood pressure during pregnancy. These included: being overweight or obese failing to remain active smoking To drink alcohol first time to pregnancy a family history of kidney disease, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension or carrying more than one child age (over 40) assistive technology (such as IVF) unhealthy lifestyle choices can lead to high blood pressure during pregnancy. Being overweight or obese, or failing to remain active, are the main risk factors for high blood pressure. Women who experience early pregnancy are also more likely to have high blood pressure. Fortunately,...
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...Pregnancy Induced Hypertension, Preeclampsia, & Eclampsia Tessa K. Larsen Mercy College of Health Sciences Abstract Pregnancy induced hypertension or Gestational hypertension, is a condition of high blood pressure unique to human pregnancy. Hypertension during pregnancy affects about 5-10% of all pregnant women worldwide (Baker, 2004, P. 16). Hypertension can prevent the placenta from getting enough blood. If the placenta does not receive enough blood, the baby gets insufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients. This can result in low birth weight and other severe complications (Simkin, Walley, Keppler, 2008, P. 75). Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) can lead to a serious condition called preeclampsia or also known as toxemia (Baker, 2004, P.11). Women at most risk can be characterized by extremes of maternal age which are under the age of eighteen and over the age of thirty five, first-time mother’s, obesity, have a family history of this condition, or are carrying multiples (“Risk Factors”, 1995, P. 645). Preeclampsia happens between 20 weeks of gestation and 6 weeks postpartum (Baker, 2004, p.60). In the worst circumstances preeclampsia if left untreated can lead to eclampsia, a fatal condition (Simkin et al, 2008, P. 77). Most women still can deliver a healthy baby if preeclampsia is detected early and treated with regular prenatal care. If pregnancy induced hypertension and preeclampsia is severe, much more serious affects can occur. Such as a seizure or...
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...Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and stroke which have a systolic and a diastolic blood pressure level of >140/90 mmHg. 31% of US adults continue to suffer from hypertension, with minorities being more likely to have the condition. Of these, 25% have uncontrolled blood pressure. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 1999–2002 showed that the hypertension prevalence rate was highest among African American, almost 50% higher than white people. African Americans develop hypertension at an early age, reach advanced levels of hypertension, are prone to experience further complications, and are less likely to attain control of their hypertension. Hypertension is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States and among African Americans. African Americans have the highest risk for hypertension-related deaths. Among all racial/ethnic groups, African American women have the highest prevalence (45%) and lowest control of high blood pressure (59%). NHANES data examining the 2001–2010 time period also showed African Americans were more likely to have uncontrolled hypertension than white people and Hispanic people. Poor adherence to medication has been identified as a major contributor to uncontrolled hypertension among African American patients. Women are about as likely as men to develop high blood pressure during their lifetimes. However, for people younger than 45 years old, the condition affects more men...
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...For instance, screening for retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular, and peripheral disease is useful in this level of prevention. Patients need strict management of their diabetes because inappropriate treatment can lead to complications, which can cause death (Dornhorst & Merrin, 1994). Patients should be referred to and screened by an ophthalmologist. Ophthalmologists may be able to identify retinopathy and treat appropriately. Moreover, patients should have frequent feet examinations, specifically looking for any signs of peripheral vascular disease (Dornhorst & Merrin, 1994). Patients should have kidney function assessed and treated. Additionally, patients should be treated for cardiovascular issues such as hypertension or hyperlipidemia, which were mentioned in the second level of prevention as well. Again, lifestyle modifications are still important in this level of prevention. Patients should be educated on the importance of following a diabetic diet, exercise, and losing weight. In addition, they should be taught foot care. Patients may benefit from diabetic support groups (Dornhorst & Merrin,...
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...Diabetes [Name of Author] [Name of Institution] Introduction The examination profile of Mr Ward is not satisfactory and predicts he is confronted with several risk factors. Triglyceride level of Mr. Ward is 1.8mmol/l which is considered to be borderline high. Likewise, the cholesterol is 5.2mmol/l which again is very high. He also has a blood pressure higher than a safe range and a BMI below satisfactory level. This paper aims to highlight the facts and interventions which can be used for disease management for Mr Ward. Discussion The major challenge for maintaining a suitable glycemic control for diabetic patients is to restrict the progression of disease or development of the risk factors which turn pertinent over the course of time. The progression of disease can be restricted through considering the factors leading to weight gain, the pharmaceutical considerations, incurrence of glycemic conditions, and by taking into account the inherent restraints for administering exogenous insulin (Nichols et al, 2000). According to Davies (2004), there are number of factors which influences the consultation for diabetes patients amongst which the prominent ones include age, span of diabetes, the BMI, and measure of physical exercise. The glycaemic control remains the first and foremost target for every healthcare provider to enable insulin uptake in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. Janes et al (2013) have highlighted the significance of daily routine and activities...
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...Clinic and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring NUR 598 January 13, 2014 Clinic and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring Hypertension has been identified as one of the most common non-communicable disease among veterans and the community. Many people have been affected with complications from acquiring uncontrolled hypertension. According to Crabtree, Stuart-Shor, & McAllister (2013), “A collection of data from 2007-2010 indicated that 33% of adults 20 and older, an estimated 78 million in the United States have hypertension.” The American Heart Association also listed recommendations for blood pressure monitoring for blood pressure measurement accuracy. As more people have elevated blood pressure, nurses are taking notice of this problem and have adopted alternative methods of ensuring patient receives quality care in achieving healthy blood pressure. Problem Identification A number of patients have been presented at the clinic with high blood pressure reading thus placing these patients at risk of cardiovascular problems. In an effort to develop programs to help promote healthy blood pressure re results, the health clinic developed different strategies to help patient monitor their blood pressure. The first strategy requires the patient to conduct home self-monitoring of blood pressure on a daily basis and record the results for presentation to the clinic during their scheduled appointments. The second strategy consists of nurses scheduling these patients for blood...
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...Patient- Centered Education Plan Pascale Comeau NUR/427 July 29, 2014 Debra Ayer MSN, RN, MBA This paper will discuss of a case study related to hypertension and the lack of awareness of the disease. Hypertension is a chronic disease. Chronic illness is a condition that last six months. It can be managed but not cure. The CDC stated (2014) “As of 2012, about half of all adults- 117 million people have one or more chronic diseases. Seven of the 10 causes of death in 2010 were chronic disease. Heart disease and cancer together accounted for nearly 48% of all deaths.” The objectives of this case study are to review the history and physical, describe the disease process, and formulate a patient- centered education plan. Disease process Mr. Larry Garcia is a 45 year old Hispanic male. He was newly diagnosed with hypertension during a physical exam for his employment. He does not consult his primary physician regularly. His previous physical exam was six years ago. Larry is overweight and lack of physical activity. He does not smoke but drinks alcohol occasionally on the weekend. He complains of shortness of breath, dizziness, headache and blurry vision occasionally. However, he stated “I feel fine.” Mr. Garcia refused prescribe medication for his hypertension. He takes only one multivitamin daily. Larry is married and has three children. He has a stressful job as a sale representative. He is the only child. He assists both of his parents with their financial...
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...was from the Annals of Surgery, called Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Death Following Gastric Bypass for Treatment. I chose this article, because I did have this surgery done with no complications, and it is also a fascinating procedure and hope to one day work in this area. Pre operative mortality is the most feared outcome of bariatric surgery, it is reported to happen between 0.5 ad 1.5% of patients. In this article it identifies mortality fore either open or laparoscopic Roux-en-y bypass. The database is from Virginia Commonwealth university and was queried for patients who had undergone either an open gastric bypass (O-GBP) or a laparoscopic gastric bypass (L-GBP). A multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors related to perioperative mortality was performed. The factors examined included was age, gender, body mass index, preoperative weight, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, venous 3. Analysis of a Research Report Article stasis ulcers, intestinal leak, small bowel obstruction, and pulmonary embolus. The data was found to find independent factors related to early death. Early death was defined as death that occurs within 30 days of the initial procedure or as a direct result of a complication of the original procedure (Annals of Surgery p3). In this article tables were used to compare demographic information of the O-GBP and L-GBP groups. The O-GBP has a higher incidence of male gender...
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...Comorbidity Linkage: Many studies indicate that there is a relationship between obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. These conditions are well documented risk factors to coronary artery disease. Insulin resistance and arterial hypertension has been shown to be more evident in patients with obesity. Obesity has been linked to an increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which results in elevated plasma levels of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1, and decreased insulin-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Insulin resistant adults develop hypertension and obesity more often than the average adult. Evidence also shows that arterial hypertension is an effective predictor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance has been shown to be an essential pathogenic factor hypertension. UTI vs diabetes (Bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes. 1997) Diabetes mellitus predisposes a patient to bacterial urinary tract infections due to long term effects on the genitourinary system. Bacteriuria and upper urinary tract infection complications are more common in diabetic women. Diabetic patients are more at risk for uncommon complicated UTI’s such as emphysematous pyelonephritis and emhysematous pyelitis. COPD vs CHF Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an essential risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, even after controlling for smoking, and is also a risk factor for cardiovascular-related morbidity...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus, most commonly known as “Diabetes” is a chronic disease associated with abnormally high levels of the sugar (Glucose) in the blood. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body's cells. The levels of glucose in the blood are controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is made by the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose enter the cells. In diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body can't respond normally to the insulin that is produced, this causes glucose levels in the blood to rise, leading to symptoms such as increased urination, extreme thirst, and unexplained weight loss. Type I diabetes, sometimes called juvenile diabetes begins mostly in childhood or adolescence. In this form of diabetes, the body produces little or no insulin. It is characterized by a sudden onset and occurs more frequently in populations descended from Northern European countries (Finland, Scotland, Scandinavia) than in those from Southern European countries, the Middle East, or Asia. In the United States, approximately three people out of 1,000 develop Type I diabetes. This form also is called insulin-dependent diabetes because people who develop this type need to have daily injections of insulin. Brittle diabetics are a subgroup of Type I where patients have frequent and rapid swings of blood sugar levels between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. These patients usually require several injections of different types of insulin during...
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...Hypertension and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, otherwise known as RAAS is a complex hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the human body. When blood volume is low, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys activate prorenin, which secretes renin directly into the blood stream circulation. Subsequently, a drop in blood volume additionally releases angiotensinogen from liver, in which renin converts into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II through the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) found in the lung. Angiotensin II is a potent biological compound that causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in an increase in blood pressure. Additionally, angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Furthermore, thirst or antidiuretic hormone can effectively stimulates the pituitary gland, which could release corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulating the adrenal cortex and thereby releasing aldosterone. Aldosterone contributes to the RAAS system by causing the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water back into the blood stream. Thus, an increase in the reabsorption of water, increases the volume of fluid in the body, which increases the blood pressure. Once the blood volume and blood pressure stabilizes, these collective effects triggers a negative feedback...
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