...(Hons) in Aircraft Engineering Composite Aircraft Module no: AE3110 Module Title: Aerospace Technology Submitted by: Muhammad Ariffin Bin Omar (K1068479) Abstract This report will contain the study of composite materials, why it is attractive for applications in the aerospace industry, factors limiting its use, as well as a brief review of the composite materials in commercial aircraft over the past 20 years. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Composite 5 Advantages of Composites in Aerospace Application 6 Factors limiting use of Composites 8 Applications of Composites in the last 20 years 10 Potential Challenges 12 Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction During the early years of aviation, aircrafts were constructed by using wood and cloth. Later on in the 1930’s it began to transit into the use of aluminum, steel and titanium as the main building materials for constructing aircrafts. Only in the 1950’s was composite material being introduced to construct aircrafts when it was used on the Boeing 707 commercial aircraft. Even so, its application in the aerospace industry was still very little. Only recently has composite material been more widely used for aerospace applications. The Airbus A380 uses composites in the construction of its wings, and the Boeing 787 has a structure that is 50 percent made of composites. This evolution in material used driven by economics, logistics and the expectations of society. The developments in materials, processing methods and design...
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...Advanced Composites as High-End Engineered Materials K.S.Krishnamurthy, PhD Date : 05th March 2009 www.itcinfotech.com Advanced Composites as High-End Engineered Materials T he quest for using light-weight structural materials, which also have the necessary strengths, especially in aerospace industry led to the development of the modern fiber reinforced laminated composite materials in the late 70’s. While light weight metals such as aluminum or its alloys were widely used in the industry, they still lacked the necessary strengths and stiffnesses required in high strength applications. These limitations of pure materials or alloys were overcome by embedding fibers of glass, carbon, Boron and other substances in a metal or polymer matrix paving the way for an era of advanced man made materials of high strength. The fundamental idea of reinforcement of a weaker matrix material with tougher fibrous materials has, however, always existed since primitive times and is still being used in a variety of ways- in simple to complex engineering application domains. Mud mixed with jute or straw are still being used for building construction in certain societies, with an intuitive understating of the improvement in structural behavior. Reinforced cement concrete was invented with similar ideas, as hardened concrete though having a high compressive strength can resist negligible tensile loads. Mild steel bars with a good bond in the concrete matrix are designed to take all the...
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...1.Table of content 1. Table of content 1 2. List of illustration 2 3. Preface 3 3.1 Introduction 4 3.2 Objectives 5 3.3 Methodology 6 4. Sustainable Material 7 4.1 Linoleum 7 4.2 Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 11 4.3 Polycarbonate 15 5. Conclusion 21 6. References and Bibliography 22 2. List of Illustrations Figure 1. Linoleum Floor 1 Source: http://bestgreenhometips.com Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 2. Linoleum Floor 2 Source: http: //advancedbuildings.org Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 3. Caramel Linoleum used as stair Source: http://www.ecofriendlyflooring.com/linoleum_gallery.html Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 4. Khaki Gray linoleum laundry room installation Source: http://www.ecofriendlyflooring.com/linoleum_gallery.html Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 5. Brick Linoleum with sunflower Deko Squares Source: http://www.ecofriendlyflooring.com/linoleum_gallery.html Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 6. Wood Plastic Composite 1 Source: http://metallurgyfordummies.com/page/2/ Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 7. Wood Plastic Composite 2 Source: http://www.ask.com/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 8. WPC as docking in balcony Source: CT Wood’s Brochure, 2011 Figure 9. CT Wood Logo Source: CT Wood’s Brochure, 2011 Figure 10. Advantages of WPC Source: CT Wood’s Brochure, 2011 Figure 11. WPC as docking in terrace Source: CT Wood’s Brochure, 2011 Figure 12. WPC as docking in corridor area Source: CT Wood’s Brochure...
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...Philippine Journal of Science 139 (2): 161-166, December 2010 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Waste Chicken Feather as Reinforcement in Cement-Bonded Composites Menandro N. Acda Department of Forest Products and Paper Science, College of Forestry and Natural Resources University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines This study investigated the use of waste chicken feather (barbs and rachis) as reinforcement in cement-bonded composites. A series of composite boards consisting of various proportions of waste feather, cement, sand, and chemical admixtures were prepared. Mix workability decreased significantly as the proportion by weight of feathers or ground feathers increased from 5% to 20%. Boards containing 5% to 10% fiber and/or ground feather by weight showed comparable strength and dimensional stability to commercial wood fiber-cement composites of similar thickness and density. Stiffness, flexural strength, and dimensional stability of the feather-cement boards decreased as the proportion of feathers was increased above 10%. Higher proportions of feather, however, showed significant reduction in modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), and increased water absorption and thickness swelling after 24 hours of soaking in water. Key Words: Barbs, Chicken Feather, Cement Composites, Coupling Agent, Dimensional stability, Hygroscopicity, Keratin, Silane, Superplasticizer INTRODUCTION Chicken feathers are waste products of the...
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...Philippine Journal of Science 139 (2): 161-166, December 2010 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Key Words: Barbs, Chicken Feather, Cement Composites, Coupling Agent, Dimensional stability, Hygroscopicity, Keratin, Silane, Superplasticizer *Corresponding author: mnacda@yahoo.com 161 Menandro N. Acda Waste Chicken Feather as Reinforcement in Cement-Bonded Composites Department of Forest Products and Paper Science, College of Forestry and Natural Resources University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines This study investigated the use of waste chicken feather (barbs and rachis) as reinforcement in cement-bonded composites. A series of composite boards consisting of various proportions of waste feather, cement, sand, and chemical admixtures were prepared. Mix workability decreased significantly as the proportion by weight of feathers or ground feathers increased from 5% to 20%. Boards containing 5% to 10% fiber and/or ground feather by weight showed comparable strength and dimensional stability to commercial wood fiber-cement composites of similar thickness and density. Stiffness, flexural strength, and dimensional stability of the feather-cement boards decreased as the proportion of feathers was increased above 10%. Higher proportions of feather, however, showed significant reduction in modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), and increased water absorption and thickness swelling after 24 hours of soaking in water. INTRODUCTION Chicken...
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...Review of Related Literature Introduction: Prepaid cards are made out of plastic and other synthetic materials chosen from a variety of cardboard, PVC, PET and Polystyrene. It can be plenty found everywhere especially at present because of the cell phone and as a need of the people especially in their cell phones. Because of the growing population, moreandmore make use of cell phones and the domino effect is the high quantity of used prepaid cards trashed in the environment, which is bad and has no good effect on us. Thickness Because it is made of such materials stated above, it is said to be durable and a good insulator. IV: Prepaid cards are made out of plastic and other synthetic materials chosen from a variety of cardboard, PVC, PET and Polystyrene. DV: Roof serves as support, outer layer of any building, serves as insulation, and drainage. In most countries, a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against wind. Roof cannot provide the enough insulation to keep a room free from the heat from the sun. That is why the used of thatch, a natural fibrous material have excellent in… Synthesis of the review: Prepaid cards are made out of plastic and other synthetic materials chosen from a variety of cardboard, PVC, PET and Polystyrene, which is a good insulator. Plastic on the other hand is strong like the containers made out of it. Prepaid card as an Additive in Roof Making ...
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...Johnson/ Sales Manager – He would need to know sales by territory and product line. Dave Thill/ Kayak Plant Manager – He would need to know the costs of producing each kayak. Rick Thrune/ Production Manager – He would need to know the costs related to the composite kayak production. b) Manager | Name of report | Information report would contain | How frequently should it be issued? | Mike Cichanowski | Analysis of proposed new product line | Projected revenues and expenses for a possible new product line | As needed and requested | Diane Buswell | Company-wide budget analysis | Revenues, expenses, and net income compared to the budgeted amounts for each | Monthly | Deb Welch | Purchasing History | List of items purchased and most recent cost for each item | Monthly or available on-line | Bill Johnson | Sales Summary | Sales by product line and by customer | Monthly or weekly | Dave Thill | Cost of Production Report | Direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead costs assigned to each product line | Monthly or weekly | Rick Thrune | Cost of Production Report for Composite Kayaks | Detailed direct material and direct labor costs for the composite kayaks | Weekly | C) | | Direct Materials | Direct Labor | Manufacturing Overhead | Period cost | Winona Agency | Property insurance for the manufacturing plant | | | X | | Bill Johnson (sales manager) | Payroll–payment to sales manager | | | | X | Xcel Energy | Electricity for manufacturing...
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...ARTICLE Nannan GUO, Ming C. LEU Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has been researched and developed for more than 20 years. Rather than removing materials, AM processes make three-dimensional parts directly from CAD models by adding materials layer by layer, offering the beneficial ability to build parts with geometric and material complexities that could not be produced by subtractive manufacturing processes. Through intensive research over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the development and commercialization of new and innovative AM processes, as well as numerous practical applications in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, energy and other fields. This paper reviews the main processes, materials and applications of the current AM technology and presents future research needs for this technology. Keywords additive manufacturing (AM), AM processes, AM materials, AM applications 1 Introduction The ASTM F42 Technical Committee defines additive manufacturing (AM) as the “process of joining materials to make objects from three-dimensional (3D) model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies” [1]. It is also known as additive fabrication, additive processes, direct digital manufacturing, rapid prototyping, rapid manufacturing, layer manufacturing and solid...
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...A PAPER ON “SELF-HEALING POLYMER TECHNOLOGY” [pic] SUBMITTED BY: Sreeja Gadhiraju, Naga vaishnavi.A, III/IV Mech, Sri Sivani Institute Of Technology. sreeja.btech@gmail.com INDEX |Topic |Page No. | | | | |ABSTRACT |1 | |introduction |2 | |INTRINSIC SELF-HEALING |2-3 | |EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING |4-5 | |HEALING MECHANISM | 5-7 | |APPLICATION |7-8 | |PROBLEM AND CHALLENGES |9 | |CONCLUSION ...
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...Let’s Go Green What is Green Building? Green building, or sustainable design, is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water and materials, and reducing building impacts on human health and the environment over the entire life cycle of the building. Green building concepts extend beyond the walls of buildings and can include site planning, community and land use planning issues as well. Why is Green Building important? The growth and development of our communities has a large impact on our natural environment. The manufacturing, design, construction, and operation of the buildings in which we live and work are responsible for the consumption of many of our natural resources. In the United States, buildings account for: 39% of total energy use 68% of total electricity consumption 30% of landfill waste 38% of carbon dioxide emissions 12% of total water consumption The Environmental Benefits are enhanced and protected biodiversity and ecosystems, improved air and water quality, reduced water streams, conserved and restored natural resources. The Economical Benefits are reduced operating costs, improved occupant productivity, enhanced asset values and profits, and optimized life-cycle economic performance. The Social Benefits are enhanced occupant health and comfort, improved indoor air quality, minimized strain on local utility infrastructure, and improved overall quality of life. Why go green? Thanks to more...
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...com October 5, 2011 India Research DOLAT CAPITAL October 5, 2011 Int en tio na lly Le ft B lan k 2 India Research Index Industry DOLAT CAPITAL Executive Summary..................................................................................................5 Indian Plastic Consumption......................................................................................6 Global Scenario………................................................................................................8 Innovation: Key to Growth & Margins.......................................................................9 Polymer Demand & Pricing.....................................................................................10 Plastic Composites.................................................................................................12 Major Companies: Key Parameters.........................................................................14 Companies Supreme Industries Investment Rationale.........................................................................................17 Company Background.......................................................................................25 Financials..........................................................................................................35 Sintex Industries Investment Rationale........................................................................................37 Company Background.................
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...Helman BUSN 427 – Global Issues in Business November 16, 2014 Case Analysis: Closing Case: Building the Boeing 787 SUMMARY: Boeing decided to build a new jet aircraft known as the wide-bodied 787. Boeing had aspirations of the aircraft being an example of the future. “Designed to fly long-haul point-to-point routes, the 250-seat 787 is made largely out of composite materials, such as carbon fibers, rather than traditional materials such as aluminum.” Hill, 2011 Since, 80% of the aircraft was made out of composite materials, it allowed the plane to be 20% lighter than the average aircraft of similar size. The end result of that was to reduce and save jet fuel consumption. Upon building the aircraft, Boeing decided to outsource 70% of its manufactured parts. By outsourcing, Boeing felt they could work with some of the more efficient producers to help build the new aircraft. Boeing had a plan in place, they were to design, market, sell, and assemble the plane in their Everett plant in Washington State, after each manufacturer has delivered their specific pieces. Albeit, Boeing having a strategic plan in place, there were some minor issues that led to trouble for the aircraft company. Some of its manufacturers that were building their outsourced materials did not finish on time for Boeing to assemble and reveal their plane on schedule. When the outsourced materials were finished, the items did not fit nor meet the quality standards. Even though Boeing had issues...
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...DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF EPOXY-CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES 1. THEORETICAL PART Composite materials have been used widely for daily life applications for many years. Polymer composite systems have a large scale for industry or research area due to their light weight, design flexibility, and processability [1,2]. Using polymer composite is widespread to use for special engineering materials such as aerospace industry, automotive and civil engineering structures because of their outstanding mechanical properties. Polymer composite theories were established on properties of composite constituents, volume fraction, shape, matrix-inclusion interface [3,4,1,2]. Mechanical properties of polymer composites are significant when they use for a building or an instrument which has critical points about temperature and strength properties [5-7]. Composite materials properties have been developed such as chemical, physical and mechanical, so their application area comes much bigger. Because of improvements on composites materials, their industry are growing on automotive, aerospace, electronics and biotechnology [8,9]. The important point of using nanocomposites is large scale, low cost, easy applicable [10]. In composites, two materials are mixed to make improvement in the mechanical properties. Matrix material is dominant and including material. The second material is particle, filler or fiber. Composites are manmade materials. Materials have properties such as strength (compressive, tensile...
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...A Project Plan for Building a Custom Backyard Deck Duane Skidmore Iana Arsova Mara Southard Parrish Major Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Course: PGMT 501, Fundamentals of Project Management Term: January 9 – March 11, 2012 Table of Contents Scope………………………………………………………………………………………………7 Project Charter…………………………………………………………………………………….9 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)……………………………………………………………...14 Schedule………………………………………………………………………………………….16 Cost Estimate…………………………………………………………………………………….18 Preparation Costs………………………………………………………………………...18 Construction Costs……………………………………………………………………….19 Clean-up Costs…………………………………………………………………………...21 Project Cash Flow Plan…………………………………………………………………………..22 Resource Allocation Plan………………………………………………………………………...24 Roles and Responsibilities……………………………………………………………….24 Project Organizational Chart……………………………………………………………..25 Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed (RACI)…………………………..26 Communications Management Plan……………………………………………………………..28 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………28 Communications Management Approach………………………………………………..29 Roles……………………………………………………………………………………..29 Homeowner………………………………………………………………………29 Project Manager………………………………………………………………….29 Project Team……………………………………………………………………..30 Homeowners Association (HOA)………………………………………………..30 Design Lead……………………………………………………………………...30 Project Team Directory…………………………………………………………………..30 Guidelines for Meetings…………………………………………………………………...
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...able to pass through rock. The primary waves travel through the inner core layer of the earths surface, while the secondary waves travel through the outer core. 2. Compare and contrast cinder cone volcanoes, composite cone volcanoes, and shield volcanoes. List examples of each. Cinder cone volcanoes have steep sides with a bowl-shaped crater at the top. Cinder cone volcanoes grow from a single vent in the Earth’s crust. Gas-charged lava is blown violently out of the volcano’s central vent, and the ash and rocks rain down around the vent. After multiple eruptions, the volcano takes on the familiar cone shape, with the erupted rubble forming the steep slopes. Cinder cones rarely grow much taller than 300 meters above their surroundings, and they’re common in western North America, and wherever there’s volcanic activity. A composite cone or strato-volcano is a large, nearly symmetrical structure composed of interbedded lavas and pyroclastic deposits, emitted mainly from a central vent. Composite cones are produced when relatively viscous lavas of andesitic composition are extruded. A composite cone may extrude viscous lava for a long period of time. Then, suddenly, the eruptive style changes and the volcano violently ejects pyroclastic material. Most of the ejected...
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