...problem again. Recall the problem is formulated as (x1 represents the weekly quality for PC, x2 for LT and x3 for WS) Problem P1 Maximize Subject to P 350 x1 470 x2 610 x3 x1 x2 120 (1.1) (1.2) (1.3) (1.4) x3 48 10 x1 15 x2 20 x3 2000 All x’s are non-negative Using the simplex’ method, we have x1=120, x2=0, and x3=40. The max profit P=$66,400. The marketing and sale manger may decline this production planning because it entails much heavier sales on PC (120) than the Work Stations (40), and no laptops. If the market fluctuates with less demand on PC, the manufacturer will carry excessive PC inventory, blocking the cash flowing. To express his concern, the market manager proposes the following condition: The number of PC/LT produced cannot be larger than the WS sold plus a constant Q. Mathematically, x1 x2 x3 Q Or (1.5) (1.6) x1 x2 x3 Q Equations (1) or (2) can be treated as the GOAL CONSTRAINT. This constraint can also be viewed as the objective function to be achieved by the computer producer. However, (1) or (2) can be incorporated into Problem P5, and the new formulation becomes Problem P2 Maximize Subject to P 350 x1 470 x2 610 x3...
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...MGT214 Class Exercise #1 Name:______________Solution________________________ ID#____________ Date# 02/04/2013 Problem #1 Mance Fraily, the Production Manager at Ralts Mills, can currently expect his operation to produce 1000 square yards of fabric for each ton of raw cotton. Each ton of raw cotton requires 5 labor hours to process. He believes that he can buy a better quality raw cotton, which will enable him to produce 1200 square yards per ton of raw cotton with the same labor hours. What will be the impact on productivity (measured in square yards per labor-hour) if he purchases the higher quality raw cotton? Productivity improves 20% = ( 240 - 200 ) / 200 = .2 Productivity improves 20% = ( 240 - 200 ) / 200 = .2 Solution Problem #2 Joanna French is currently working a total of 12 hours per day to produce 240 dolls. She thinks that by changing the paint used for the facial features and fingernails that she can increase her rate to 360 dolls per day. Total material cost for each doll is approximately $3.50; she has to invest $20 in the necessary supplies (expendables) per day; energy costs are assumed to be only $4.00 per day; and she thinks she should be making $10 per hour for her time. Viewing this from a total (multifactor) productivity perspective, what is her productivity at present and with the new paint? Solution Currently | Using the new paint | Labor | 12 hrs * $10 | = $120 | 12 hrs * $10 | = $ 120 | Material | 240 * $3.50 | = $840 | 360 * $3.50 | = $1260 | Supplies...
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...University London Faculty of Engineering Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Aircraft Engineering Composite Aircraft Module no: AE3110 Module Title: Aerospace Technology Submitted by: Muhammad Ariffin Bin Omar (K1068479) Abstract This report will contain the study of composite materials, why it is attractive for applications in the aerospace industry, factors limiting its use, as well as a brief review of the composite materials in commercial aircraft over the past 20 years. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Composite 5 Advantages of Composites in Aerospace Application 6 Factors limiting use of Composites 8 Applications of Composites in the last 20 years 10 Potential Challenges 12 Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction During the early years of aviation, aircrafts were constructed by using wood and cloth. Later on in the 1930’s it began to transit into the use of aluminum, steel and titanium as the main building materials for constructing aircrafts. Only in the 1950’s was composite material being introduced to construct aircrafts when it was used on the Boeing 707 commercial aircraft. Even so, its application in the aerospace industry was still very little. Only recently has composite material been more widely used for aerospace applications. The Airbus A380 uses composites in the construction of its wings, and the Boeing 787 has a structure that is 50 percent made of composites. This evolution in material used driven by economics, logistics and the expectations of society...
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...Macromolecules CHAPTER 4 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF EPOXY-CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES 1. THEORETICAL PART Composite materials have been used widely for daily life applications for many years. Polymer composite systems have a large scale for industry or research area due to their light weight, design flexibility, and processability [1,2]. Using polymer composite is widespread to use for special engineering materials such as aerospace industry, automotive and civil engineering structures because of their outstanding mechanical properties. Polymer composite theories were established on properties of composite constituents, volume fraction, shape, matrix-inclusion interface [3,4,1,2]. Mechanical properties of polymer composites are significant when they use for a building or an instrument which has critical points about temperature and strength properties [5-7]. Composite materials properties have been developed such as chemical, physical and mechanical, so their application area comes much bigger. Because of improvements on composites materials, their industry are growing on automotive, aerospace, electronics and biotechnology [8,9]. The important point of using nanocomposites is large scale, low cost, easy applicable [10]. In composites, two materials are mixed to make improvement in the mechanical properties. Matrix material is dominant and including material. The second material is particle, filler or fiber. Composites are manmade materials. Materials have properties such as strength...
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...Damage Analysis of the Cracks in Longeron 2 1.4 Conventional Metallic Patch Repair 3 1.5 Bonded/fortified Patch Repair 4 1.6 Repair Design 4 1.7 Testing of the Repair Concept 6 1.8 Inspection of the bonded patch repair 8 1.9 Concluding Remarks 9 1.10 Repair Design Diagrams 10 2. Redesigning the Aircraft Wing 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 How the Structure of an Aircraft being made 14 2.3 Design for Assembly and Manufacturing of Aircraft Wings 15 2.4 Types and Characteristics of Wings Assembly Method 15 2.5 Comparison of Wings Assembly Methods 17 2.6 Selection of Wing Assembly Method 18 2.7 Structural Wing Design & Analysis 18 2.8 Wing Structure (Spar) 19 2.9 Wing Structure (Ribs & Skin) 21 2.10 CFRP Composite Material for Constructing Wing Assembly 22 3. References 24 3.1 Books 24 3.2 Other Sources 24 Revision History Name | Date | Reason For Changes | Version | | | | | | | | | Repairing a cracked aircraft longeron A fighter was found with a fatigue crack on one of its longerons, which may eventually lead to a catastrophic failure. So, here in this report some of the techniques and possibilities are discussed as how to repair the cracks on the flange of the wings or longerons and what factors affect the repairing schemes and techniques. Abstract A two or three cracks or splits were detected in the flange of the upper left longeron of an aircraft. I first thought of how possible it is to apply the bonded patch...
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...Modern cars are made from a variety of materials. The materials chosen depend a lot on their cost, repairability, and durability. Fuel efficiency is just one of many variables on the minds of car designers. The typical family sedan these days is usually made from steel body panels with plastic front and rear fascias. Some of them may have an aluminum hood and rear deck lid for weight savings. The unibody (the underlying frame) is almost always made from a combination of steel and special (and costly) high-strength steel. Let's take a look for a moment at the unibody. It has a number of jobs to do, including absorbing and distributing crash loads, serving as the mounting skeleton for the body panels and drivetrain/suspension, and providing structural rigidity to the vehicle. Structural rigidity affects a number of aspects of the driving experience, including NVH levels (noise, vibration, and harshness) and the handling of the vehicle (by providing a solid mounting point for the suspension components). Post-crash repair is an important consideration as well, as complex manufacturing methods (such as bonding aluminum with exotic epoxies, for example) are extremely hard to replicate in your neighborhood body shop. The body panels must consider not only weight and cost, but other factors such as the ease of manufacturing and repair. Paintless Dent Removal is nearly impossible to do on aluminum, for example, due to its limited memory properties. Complex shapes are easier to...
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...A PAPER ON “SELF-HEALING POLYMER TECHNOLOGY” [pic] SUBMITTED BY: Sreeja Gadhiraju, Naga vaishnavi.A, III/IV Mech, Sri Sivani Institute Of Technology. sreeja.btech@gmail.com INDEX |Topic |Page No. | | | | |ABSTRACT |1 | |introduction |2 | |INTRINSIC SELF-HEALING |2-3 | |EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING |4-5 | |HEALING MECHANISM | 5-7 | |APPLICATION |7-8 | |PROBLEM AND CHALLENGES |9 | |CONCLUSION ...
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...FISCAL IMPACT OF GROUND OPERATION INCIDENT INVOLVING AIRCRAFT Tan Poh Tiong, Sherman AE6200 – Individual Project (Aircraft IEng) 27 April 2014 SUMMARY For the year 2010 to 2012, ground operation incident involving aircraft has cost the United Kingdom (UK) aviation industry an estimate of US$ 20 Million. It is estimated that each incident involving traditional aircraft (mainly metallic structure) would cost the Aircraft Operation (AO) close to US$ 1 Million in expenditure and if the aircraft is assumed to be of high composite ratio, the cost of each incident increase by 50% to US$ 1.5 Million. Do note that this cost does not include damage to the facilities, equipment, or vehicles. Which mean the overall cost could be higher than the estimate. If damage were assumed in all ground operation incident report, the estimated cost would increase 3.5 times. And with high composite ratio aircraft becoming the norm, the cost could spiral upward in excess of more than 5 times. Thus, it is important these ground operation incidents are reduced. Ground operation incident, occurs primarily due to human errors. Possible common reasons include insufficient training, complacency and environmental factors. There are also no detailed legislations in place to regulate the industry, unlike Maintenance Repair Overhaul (MRO) organisations, which is governed by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of UK. Since human errors aren’t a new problem, many researches have been...
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...Contents Introduction ..................................... 2 AV Receiver TX-SR504 TX-SR504E TX-SR8450 Instruction Manual Connection .................................... 16 Turning On & First Time Setup..... 32 Basic Operation Playing your AV components ....... 36 Listening to the Radio .................. 38 Enjoying the Listening Modes ..... 48 Thank you for purchasing an Onkyo AV Receiver. Please read this manual thoroughly before making connections and plugging in the unit. Following the instructions in this manual will enable you to obtain optimum performance and listening enjoyment from your new AV Receiver. Please retain this manual for future reference. Advanced Operation ..................... 54 Troubleshooting ............................ 62 En WARNING: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS APPARATUS TO RAIN OR MOISTURE. WARNING RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN AVIS RISQUE DE CHOC ELECTRIQUE NE PAS OUVRIR CAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE COVER (OR BACK). NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL. The lightning flash with arrowhead symbol, within an equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user to the presence of uninsulated “dangerous voltage” within the product’s enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock to persons. The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended...
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...WD TV Live Hub Media Center User Manual ® ™ Table of Contents 1 Important User Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Important Safety Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 WD Service and Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Recording Your WD Product Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Registering Your WD Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 3 Product Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Features and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Power Button and LED Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Package Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Operating System Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Installation Procedure...
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...When the large numbers of dislocations get accumulated near the grain boundary, dislocation 'pile up' occurs. These pile up causes dislocation diffusion across the grain boundary, allowing further deformation in the material. Now the larger grain brakes into two or more parts to reduce the additional pile up across the grain boundary. More grains in the structure means more number of grain boundaries, therefore, these additional grain boundaries itself act as a barrier for the movement of dislocations and ultimately the yield strength of material increases. Thus, there is then an inverse relationship between grain size and yield strength, as demonstrated by the Hall–Petch equation. Eq....
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The machining conductive as well as nonconductive advanced engineering materials such as glass, ceramics, quartz, granite and composite materials are difficult to machine by usual process. These materials are having wide range of applications in the field of automobile, aerospace and defense field. So processing of these materials is necessary with easy and economical way. Hence Hybrid Machining Process (HMP’s) like ECSM is evolved and is shown in fig1.1. ECSM is the combination of ECM and ESM process, Electro Chemical Machining (ECM) and Electro Spark Machining (ESM) can machine only electrically conductive materials and these two are mot preferable for machining non-conducting and partially conducting advanced materials....
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...metals and by a number of the welding processes. Dissimilar joint compose the problem of the transition zone between the metals and the intermetallic compounds formed in this transition zone. The phase diagram of the two metals involves was investigated for the fusion type welding processes. The intermetallic compounds that are formed, between the dissimilar metals, must be investigated to determine their crack sensitivity, ductility, susceptibility to corrosion. The microstructure of this intermetallic compound is extremely important. In some cases, it is necessary to use a third metal that is soluble with each metal in order to produce a successful joint. Dissimilar metals joint involves to the coefficient of thermal expansion of both materials. There will be internal stresses set up in the intermetallic zone during any temperature change of the weldment if these are widely different. Failure may soon occur if the intermetallic zone is extremely brittle service. The difference in melting temperatures of the two metals that are to be joined must also be studied. This is of primary interest when a welding process utilizing heat is involved since one metal will be molten long before the other when subjected to the same heat source. When metals of different melting temperatures and thermal expansion rates are to be joined the welding process with a high heat input that will make the weld quickly has an advantage. By selecting the proper materials for the composite insert like metals...
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...Chapter 2 Literature Review Nonwoven fabrics are produced directly from a web of fibres rather than from interlacement of yarns. There are a number of techniques for producing nonwoven fabrics like, adhesive bonded, needle punched, thermal bonded, stitch bonded, hydroentangled etc., These fabrics find applications in various field like filtration, geo textiles, interlinings, wipes, garments, medical textile products, as composites in civil engineering etc., Within a very short time a considerable amount of research work has been carried out to have a better understanding of the properties and applications based on the end-use requirements. The relationship between the structure and properties of various types of nonwoven fabrics is well documented....
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...Fibre Composites Compared with Traditional Metallics Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction According to Elaheh Ghassemieh (2011), the automotive industry has experienced lots of changes that occurs by day through the application of composite materials in the manufacturing of motor vehicle parts and body. Several reasons have been advanced in support of this shift from the traditional use of metals. In comparison to the metallic counterparts, many composite materials exhibit relatively greater strength characteristics as compared to the metallic materials. They are also comparatively lighter than the metals and thereby reducing the fuel cost per passenger in the vehicles. It is also believed that composites exhibit higher resistance to fatigue from repetitive use and thus reducing the maintenance cost of the vehicles and increasing the usage time. In reference to Long, A. C. (2005), the composite material can be defined as a material consisting of strong carry-load materials (reinforcements) embedded in a relatively weaker material (matrix). The purpose of the reinforcement is to provide the strength stiffness, rigidity and mechanical properties needed to support the structural load. The matrix on the other hand acts to provide a fixed orientation of the reinforcement and in many cases is more brittle. Question 1 Advantages of carbon fibre reinforced polymers in over metallics Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP is one of the classes of the composite materials...
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