CHAPTER 1
Programs that make a computer useful for everyday tasks are known as ___.
Application Software
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Which of the following is not an example of operating system software?
Microsoft Word
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What function(s) does an interpreter perform with the instructions in a high-level programming language?
Translates and Execute
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The term used for a set of rules that must be strictly followed when writing a program is:
Syntax
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____ was the first high-level programming language designed that could perform complex mathematical calculations.
FORTRAN
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Which computer language uses short words known as mnemonics for writing programs?
Assembly
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The process known as the ____ cycle is used by the CPU to execute instructions in a program.
Fetch-decode-execute
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Which of the following is not a microprocessor manufacturing company?
Dell
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The following is an example of an instruction written in which computer language? 10110000
Machine language
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What is the encoding technique called that is used to store negative numbers in the computer’s memory?
Twos complement
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The ______ coding scheme contains a set of 128 numeric codes that are used to represent characters in a computer's memory.
ASCII
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What is the largest value that can be stored in one byte?
255
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The smallest storage location in a computer’s memory is known as a ______. bit ******
The disk drive is a secondary storage device that stores data by _______ encoding it onto circular disks. magnetically ******
A computer system consists of all of the following, except _______.
Operating System
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TRUE/FALSE
******
Programs that use an interpreter generally execute faster than compiled programs because they are already entirely translated into machine language when executed.
ANS: F
Most programs written in a high-level language need to be translated into machine language.
ANS: F
Each instruction written in a high-level programming language is called a statement.
ANS: T
Assembly language is referred to as a low-level language because it is close to the C++ language.
ANS: F
The instruction set for a microprocessor is unique and is typically understood only by the microprocessors of the same brand.
ANS: T
The CPU understands instructions in machine language, which are written in binary.
ANS: T
A bit that is turned off is represented by the value -1.
ANS: F
The main reason for using secondary storage is to hold data for long periods of time, even when the power to the computer is turned off.
ANS: T
RAM is a volatile memory used for temporary storage while a program is running.
ANS: T
A computer is not a single device, but a system of devices that work together to manipulate data according to the instructions provided.
ANS: T

Chapter 2
Which error produces incorrect results but does not prevent the program from running? logic ******
The program development cycle is made up of ______ steps that are repeated until no errors can be found in the program.
Five
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What is the informal language that programmers use to create models of programs that have no syntax rules and are not meant to be compiled or executed?
Pseudocode
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The_____ is a diagram that graphically depicts the steps that take place in a program.
Flowchart
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A____ structure is a set of statements that execute in the order they appear.
Sequence
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Which symbol is used for an assignment statement in a flowchart?
Processing
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Which mathematical operator is used to raise five to the second power?
^
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The value of the expression 12 – 4 * 3 / 2 + 9 is ____.
15
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Which of the following is not a variable data type?
Number
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A___ is a name that represents a value that cannot be changed during the program’s execution.
Named constant
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____ documentation is a reference guide that describes the features of the program, designed for the user.
External
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The process where the programmer steps through each of the program’s statements one by one is called ____.
Hand tracing
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What is another term used for ‘desk checking’?
Hand tracing
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The following is an example of what type of statement: Set rate = 5.75
Assignment
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What symbol is used to mark the beginning and end of a string?
Quotation

TRUE/FALSE

Programmers start writing code as the first step when they begin a new project.
ANS: F The structure of the camelCase naming convention is to write the first word of the variable name in lowercase letters and then to capitalize the first character of the second and subsequent words.
ANS: T The expressions (a + b) / c and a + b / c will always yield identical results.
ANS: F An uninitialized variable is a variable that has been declared and automatically initialized to zero.
ANS: F A named constant can be assigned a value using a Set statement.
ANS: F A sequence of characters that is used as data is called a string in programming.
ANS: T Ovals are used as terminal symbols marking the starting and end of the pseudocode.
ANS: F Programmers use pseudocode to create ‘mock-ups’ of programs because they do not have to worry about syntax rules.
ANS: T
It has been proven by a group of mathematicians that all programs can be written using only three structures.
ANS: T A variable is a storage location in memory that is represented by a name and can hold different values during the execution of the program.
ANS: T

CHAPTER 3
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Which of the following is not a benefit of using modules?
None of the above
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The module definition comprises the module header and the module __________.
Body
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The following is an example of a module ____. Call showNetPay()
Execution
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What is the term used for the memory address of the location of the statement immediately after the module call?
Return point
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In a flowchart, the module call is represented by a ___ symbol with vertical bars at each side.
Rectangle
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What tool would a programmer use to visualize the relationship between modules?
Hierarchy charts
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What is the term used for the variable that receives an argument that passed into a module?
Parameter
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Passing an argument by ____ means that only a copy of the argument's value is passed into the parameter variable.
Value
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Which type of variable is visible to every module and the entire program?
Global
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Pass by ______ argument means that the argument is passed into a parameter that will reference the content of the argument in the module.
Reference
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Which type of variable is not recommended to be used in programs because they make programs hard to understand and debug?
Global
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When an argument is passed by _______, it is not affected by a change of the content of the parameter variable.
Value
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Function is another name for _______.
Module
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______ variables are useful for establishing two-way communication between modules.
Reference
******
What phrase is placed in the starting terminal symbol of a module in a flowchart?
Name of the module

TRUE/FALSE

Modules make it impossible for programmers to work in teams.
ANS: F
The top-down design process is sometimes called stepwise refinement.
ANS: T The scope of a variable is the segment of the program in which the variable can be accessed.
ANS: T A module can have two variables of the same name because they are within the same scope.
ANS: F The arguments in a module call and the parameters listed in the module header must be of compatible data types.
ANS: T

The scope of the parameter variables is the entire program and it is visible to any statement in the program.
ANS: F
When an argument is passed by value, the communication channel works only in one direction.
ANS: T
The hierarchy chart does not reveal any details of the steps taken inside the module.
ANS: T A pass by reference argument establishes a two-way communication with the module, but the value of the argument cannot be modified via the reference variable.
ANS: F
An attempt to pass a non-variable argument into a reference variable parameter will cause an error.
ANS: T
******
Chapter 4
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Which structure is a logical design that controls the order in which a set of statements executes?
Control
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Consider the following statement: A store is giving a discount of 30% for all purchases of over $100.
Which of the following is not the appropriate structure to use to program the statement?
Sequence
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The _______ symbol indicates that some condition must be tested in a flowchart.
Diamond
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What type of operator can be used to determine whether a specific relationship exists between two values?
Relational
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Which operator is used to determine that the operands are not exactly of the same value?
None of the above
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A case structure is a ___________ alternative decision structure.
Multiple
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Which of the following is a logical operator?
All of the above
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The _________ operator is a unary operator as it works with only one operand.
NOT
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The ________ operator could be used, in some situations, to simplify nested selection structures.
AND
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Which operator is best to determine whether x contains a value in the range of 10 through 57?
AND
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Which operator would make the following expression true?
False _______ True
OR
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Which operator would make the following expression false?
True _______ False
AND
*****
If the expression is false, the ____________ operator will return true.
NOT
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What type of operators are the following? > < >= <= == !=
Relational
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A condition is a _____________ expression.
Boolean
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TRUE/FALSE

True/False: It is possible to write a complete program using only a decision structure.
ANS: F
A nested decision structure can be used to test more than one condition.
ANS: T
Pseudocode could be logically incorrect if not properly indented.
ANS: F
In an expression with an OR operator, it does not matter which sub expression is true for the compound expression to be true.
ANS: T
A nested decision structure can achieve the same logic as a case structure.
ANS: T
The first line of the case structure starts with the word CASE followed by the test expression.
ANS: F
The If-Then-Else statement can be used to simplify a complex nested decision structure.
ANS: T
An If statement will produce unpredictable results if the programmer does not use proper indentations in pseudocode.
ANS: F
The If-Then-Else statement should be used to write a single alternative decision structure.
ANS: F
The short-circuit evaluation is performed with expressions containing any logical operators.
ANS: F

Chapter 5
Which structure causes a statement or set of statements to execute repeatedly?
Repetition
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What type of loop uses a Boolean expression to control the number of times that it repeats a statement or set of statements?
Condition-controlled
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Which pair of loops causes a statement or set of statements to repeat as long as a condition is true?
While and Do-While
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Which loop repeats a statement or set of statements as long as the Boolean expression is false?
Do-Until
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The statements that appear between the While and the End While clauses are called the ______.
Body of the loop
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Which of these are posttest loops?
Do-While and Do-Until
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In a count-controlled loop, the counter performs _______ action(s).
Three
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Which loop statement does not contain an increment statement but automatically increments the counter at the end of each iteration?
For
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The following is an example of what type of loop? For k = 7 To maxValue
Count-controlled
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The ___ represents a special value that marks the end of a list of values.
Sentinel
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Which loop is specifically designed to initialize, test, and increment a counter variable?
For
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How many times will the following loop iterate?
For j = 1 To 5 Step 2 Display j
End For
(a) Three
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How many times will the following loop iterate? Set k = 1 While k < = 5 Display k End While
Infinite
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How many times will the following loop iterate? Set k = 1 While k > 5 Display k End While
No iterations
****
How many times will the following loop iterate? Set k = 1 Do Display k Set k = k + 1 Until k > 1
One

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TRUE/FALSE
****
The conditions that control a loop repetition are Boolean expressions.
ANS: T

The While loop gets its name from the way it works: While a condition is false, do some task.
ANS: F

A While loop repeats infinitely when there is no statement inside the loop body that makes the test condition false.
ANS: T

The While and For loops are considered pretest loops because they test the condition before processing the statement(s) in the loop body.
ANS: T

A posttest loop does not perform any iteration if the Boolean expression is false to begin with.
ANS: F

A condition-controlled loop can be used to iterate the body of the loop a specific number of times.
ANS: T

In the For statement, you can only use positive integers as step values.
ANS: F

In a For loop, the programmer should know the exact number of iterations the loop must perform before writing the code.
ANS: F

Modules can be called from statements in the body of any loop.
ANS: T

The While loop is known as a pretest loop, which means it tests its condition before performing an iteration.
ANS: T
******
Chapter 6
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The term ___ is used to describe any mechanism that accepts input, performs some operation that cannot be seen on the input, and produces output.
Black box
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The function ____ specifies the return data type, name of the function, and the parameter variable(s).
Header
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What term is used in the ending terminal symbol of a function flowchart?
Return
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In the IPO chart, the ___ column describes the data that is passed to the function as arguments.
Input
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The ___ function does the same thing as using the mathematical ^ operator. sqrt ****** Which function accepts two strings as arguments, returns "True" if the first string contains the second string, and otherwise returns "False"?
Contains
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Which function returns a string within a string?
Substring
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Which of the following errors occur when a real value is attempted to be assigned to an integer variable?
Type mismatch
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Which of the following statements is true after the execution of the following statement? y = abs(x) y contains the absolute value of the value in x
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The variable r would contain the value __ after the execution of the following statement.
Declare Integer i = 12
Declare Real r
Set r = toReal (i)
12.0
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A ___ is a module that returns a value back to the part of the program that called it.
Function
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Which of the following statements is true after the execution of the following statement?
All of the above
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The function __ comprises one or more statements that are executed when the function is called.
Body
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Examine the following piece of code and determine the data type of the function’s return value. Function Real sum (Integer num1, Integer num2) Declare Integer result Set result = num1 + num2 Return result End Function
Real
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Examine the following piece of code and state the return value of the function. Function Integer product (Integer num1, Integer num2) Declare Real result Set result = num1 + num2 Return result End Function
Result
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Library functions are built into the programming language, and can be called any time they are needed.
TRUE
The parameter list that accepts arguments is optional in a function definition.
TRUE
The input column in the IPO chart describes the process the function performs on the input data.
FALSE
Most programming languages let you assign an integer value to a real variable without causing an error.
TRUE
The library functions in every programming language have the same function names and accept the same arguments, but their behaviors might differ slightly.
FALSE
The number of arguments that can be passed to a function are limited in most programming languages.
FALSE
Programming languages have not yet started to support localization.
FALSE
Random numbers are useful in simulation programs where the computer must randomly decide how an object will behave.
TRUE
The function body follows the function header in a function definition.
TRUE
The toInteger function accepts a real number as its argument and preserves any fractional part in the returned number.
FALSE
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
1. What is the famous saying among computer programmers that refers to the fact that computers cannot tell the difference between good and bad data?
Garbage in, garbage out
2. The purpose of the __ is to get the first input value for the validation of a loop.
Priming read
3. Designing a program to avoid common errors is called __________ programming.
Defensive
4. ____ happens when an input operation attempts to read data, but there is no data to read.
Empty input
5. Input ____ is commonly done with a loop that iterates as long as an input variable contains bad data.
Validation
6. ____________ is sometimes the term used for input validation.
Error trap
7. In addition to using loops to validate data, ___ can also be used to validate data.
Boolean Function
8. Which of the following is not a check for data accuracy?
All of the above are checks for data accuracy
9. Which of the following is not an input validation error type?
All of the above are input validation error types
10. What is the first step to use in detecting data type mismatch errors?
Read the input as a string
11. The priming read is placed _________ the loop.
Before
12. Which of the following statements is true about this Boolean expression? score < 0 AND score > 100
This expression would never be true.
13. What type of function can be used to see if the password entered has the minimum number of characters?
String
14. If, when asked for a date of birth, the user enters a future date, this error should be caught by a _____ check.
Reasonableness
15. Accepting February 29 in only a leap year is a check that is done by a ___ check.
Date
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
TRUE/FALSE
1. An input validation loop is sometimes called an error handler.
TRUE

2. If the user provides bad data as input to a program, the program will correct the data and produce output.
FALSE

3. Programs should be designed such that all input is inspected before it is processed and bad data is discarded.
TRUE
4. The priming read is needed when a pretest loop is executed.
TRUE
5. Often a Boolean function can be used to validate data.
TRUE

6. The empty read is not an obvious input error and is a difficult one to handle.
FALSE
7. The practice of anticipating errors that can happen while a program is running and designing the program to avoid those errors is called defensive programming.
TRUE
8. Checking for accuracy of data, even when the user provides the right type of data, is part of input validation.
TRUE
9. Checking for reasonableness of data is programmatically impossible.
FALSE
10. When using string input validation it is wise to use the library function to convert the input to upper case or lowercase so case-sensitive string comparisons can be made.
TRUE