1) Introduction to HTML:
It stands for hyper text markup language. It was created by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, the European Laboratory for Practical Physics in Geneva. HTML is a special formatting language that defines the appearance and contents of a webpage. Its specific syntax rules allow you to define the placement and format of the text, graphics, sound and videos on the webpage. HTML is one of the most commonly used interface language used now a days for the web.

2) Terminology:
a) Hypertext: It refers to the text which acts a link. You can jump to any page on the Internet by simply clicking at the link.
b) Hypermedia An extension to hypertext which supports linking graphics, sound, and video elements in addition to text elements. The World Wide Web is a partial hypermedia system since is supports graphical hyperlinks and links to sound and video files. New hypermedia systems under development will allow objects in computer videos to be hyperlinked.
c) Web Client The client, or user, side of the Web. It typically refers to the Web browser in the user's machine. It may also refer to plug-ins and helper applications that enhance the browser to support special services from the site. The term may imply the entire user machine or refer to a handheld device that provides Web access.
d) Web Server Web servers are computers that deliver (serves up) Web pages. Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name. Web pages to browsers as well as other data files to Web-based applications. The Web server includes the hardware, operating system, Web server software, TCP/IP protocols and site content (Web pages, images and other files).
For example, if you enter the URL http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html in your browser, this sends a request to the Web server whose domain name is pcwebopedia.com.
e) URL
• It stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
• The first part of the URL is called a protocol identifier and it indicates what protocol to use, and the second part is called a resource name and it specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located. The protocol identifier and the resource name are separated by a colon and two forward slashes.
• The address that defines the route to a file on an Internet server (Web server, FTP server, mail server, etc.). URLs are typed into a Web browser to access Web pages and files, and URLs are embedded within the pages themselves as hypertext links. The URL contains the protocol prefix, port number, domain name, subdirectory names and file name.
f) HTML Tools
• HTML Editor: An HTML editor is a software application for creating web pages. Although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor, specialized HTML editors.
Example: Notepad, Adobe GoLive
• Browser It is the program which is used to display HTML pages . A browser is also known as web client. It is the software invention used to access the web. It is the most important internet software in use. The major browser used to net are:-
• Microsoft Internet Explorer
• Netscape Navigator
g) Absolute Path: Absolute paths are called that because they refer to the very specific location, including the domain name. The absolute path to a Web element is also often referred to as the URL. For example, the absolute path to this Web page is:
Example: file:///C:/Users/sukhvir/Desktop/Holidays_India.jsp.htm
h) Relative Path The most useful URL path is the relative path! The relative URL points to a file or directory in relation to the present file or directory (folder). Relative URL's help in web site maintenance. It is easy to move a file from one directory (folder) to another, or a web site from one domain name to another. And you don't have to worry about updating the link(s) or the image source path(s).
i) Document Type Definition: The declaration must be the very first thing in your HTML document, before the tag. The declaration is not an HTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what version of HTML the page is written in. In HTML 4.01, the declaration refers to a DTD, because HTML 4.01 was based on SGML. The DTD specifies the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the content correctly.

3) Tags:

i. : The declaration must be the very first thing in your HTML document, before the tag. The declaration is not an HTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what version of HTML the page is written in. In HTML 4.01, ii. The entire HTML document is enclosed within and tags. It actually tells the web browser where the webpage starts and where it ends. iii. The head section specifies the descriptive information about the web documents. It is marked by an opening tag and a closing tag. It consist of information such as the title of the webpage, the keywords used, linking information about the webpage etc. iv. The tag serves two (2) important purposes:
 The text is shown in the top (blue-bar) of the browser window, so it gives the user a quick summary of your page, product, or service.
 Most search engines display the text from your Title tag in their search results.
v.
The tag defines the document's body. The element contains all the contents of an HTML document, such as text, hyperlinks, images, tables, lists, etc. The body element contains the actual contents of the HTML document that can be seen by the end user, when the web page is loaded in the browser’s window.
Syntax: ………….. vi. It is used to display the text bold. The Text written between and is displayed as bold than the normal text. Syntax: Text.......... vii. It is uses for emphasizing on text or code. It emphasizes on text, which is present in and tag. viii. The ......... tag indicates a citation or reference to another source. ix. In HTML, a marquee is a small section of the browser window that displays text that rolls across the screen. This tag works only in Internet Explorer.
Attribute Value Description behavior scroll slid alternate Defines the type of scrolling. bgcolor Bgcolor=” color name” Deprecated - Specifies the background color. direction up down left right Defines the direction of scrolling the content. height pixels or % Defines the height of marquee.

x.
The HTML tag is used for indicating preformatted text. The code tag surrounds the code being marked up. Browsers normally render pre text in a fixed-pitched font, with whitespace in tact, and without word wrap. xi. This tag will display a blank line both on the top & bottom of the paragraph.
Value Description left Left-align text right Right-align text center Center-align text justify Stretches the lines so that each line has equal width (like in newspapers and magazines) xii. It is a HTML tag, which is used for changing the view of your text which will display on view page.

Attribute Value Description color rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname Deprecated. Use styles instead.
Specifies the color of text face font_family Deprecated. Use styles instead.
Specifies the font of text size number Deprecated. Use styles instead.
Specifies the size of text

Example: This is Table. xiii. The tag inserts a single line break. The tag is an empty tag which means that it has no end tag. xiv. The comment tag is used to insert comments in the source code. Comments are not displayed in the browsers. User can use comments to explain your code, which can help you when you edit the source code at a later date. This is especially useful if you have a lot of code.
Syntax:
xv. An HTML tag that defines the location of a graphic image such as a GIF or JPEG file.
Attribute Value Description alt text Specifies an alternate text for an image src URL Specifies the URL of an image

xvi. The tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page. The element can be used to separate content in an HTML page.

4) List: Lists are used to group related pieces of information together, so they are clearly associated with each other and easy to read. In modern web development lists are workhorse elements, frequently used for navigation as well as general content. Lists are good from a structural point of view as they help create a well-structured, more accessible, easy-to-maintain document.
There are three list types in HTML:
 unordered list — used to group a set of related items, in no particular order.
 ordered list — used to group a set of related items, in a specific order.
 description list — used to display name/value pairs such as terms and their definitions, or times and events.
Advantages of using Lists:
• Making sense out of context
• Assisting in usability
• Further reading