...philosophy that explores the whole concept of existence. Sometimes scientist have to assume that something exists in reality in the physical world even if they have never come across an example of it, because a combination of factors indicate that there must be X, even if we have not found it yet, in order to explain other things. The ontological argument for the existence of God is an a priori argument, working from first principles and a definition in an attempt to demonstrate the existence of God. It is also a deductive argument, using logic rather than depending on the evidence of sense experience. In this way, then the ontological argument is different from other attempts to argue for the existence of God. The ontological argument argues that almost everything, which exists, does so in a contingent way; it depends upon other factors. We as individuals are contingent beings; everything else apart from God exists contingently. God, however, it is argued by religious believers, is necessary rather than contingent, there was no time when God didn’t exist. There is nothing that could happen which would cause God to cease to exist. The ontological argument begins with assumptions about God, without any empirical evidence such as the characteristics of God: Omnipotent, omniscient and omnipotent. This is what makes the argument an a priori argument, as most of the evidence used are based on assumptions of what God is like. St Anselm was an Archbishop of Canterbury; he produced...
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...Paynter claims it's a fact that there is no credible evidence that would lead scientists to believe aliens have come to Earth. Paynter believes analysis should be conducted with the highest standards of scientific inquiry. The reason is, so the UFOlogists need to prove what they claim. He also says that one should remain skeptical about the existence of UFO’s without any physical evidence to support the claim. Word of mouth is simply not enough proof. We should not believe everything, and we need to be skeptical so that we use critical thinking skills to come up with our conclusions. I think Paynter makes valid claims about the need for better evidence to prove there are UFO’s and alien lifeform. If the UFOlogist wants to demonstrate the existence of alien’s and UFO’s they need to be testing all evidence they find and following up on credible sightings. Paynter was right when he said, “The UFOlogical community have to support their conclusions with probative evidence and rigorous reasoning and to confront the skeptics with the evidence they so dearly seek a demonstrably alien artifact.” (Boss, 2014) Some believers maintain the demand for physical proof of alien visitations are unreasonable because aliens are too intelligent to leave physical evidence of their presence on Earth. (Boss, 2014) Paynter responds to their claims by saying “such an argument may make sense to somebody who is prepared to believe in alien visitations as an act of faith, in the same way, which some people...
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...18, 2011 A Response to Atheism In reading McCloskey’s article it’s obvious he is searching for definitive proof that God exists. He is unable to find proof and therefore comes to the conclusion that God must not exist. He believes that the existence of evil discredits arguments made in support of believing in God. There is not one single thing in this world that we can know definitively without looking at the evidence. You have to look at the whole picture. Just like in a criminal investigation, the crime scene investigators gather evidence they are not looking for just the bullets or just the body. They look and gather all the data before coming to any conclusions. We will discuss each of the arguments and some additional reasons McCloskey gives as reasons not to believe that God exists. Cosmological Argument When we examine the cosmological argument we find that for something to exist there has to be a cause for its existence. The universe exists and was necessary for human beings to exist. We are contingent beings; our existence relies on the existence of the universe. We exist, and therefore so does the universe exist and there must be an ultimate cause of that existence. McCloskey makes a good point when he says the cosmological argument does not prove there is an all powerful, perfect uncaused cause but it provides strong evidence that there is some necessary cause to the world we live in and instead of being dismissed it should move us to investigate that...
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...existence can’t be proved using reason as we need both observation and empirical evidence to prove God’s true existence. Others argue that faith doesn’t need logic in order to prove the existence of God, through believing in his existence he exists, alongside knowledge from revelation in the Bible. Kant argues that existence is not a predicate of God, it adds nothing to our knowledge of God, and so we cannot just assume that he exists. It is impossible to compare God to a perfect island, just because he appears to perfect does not mean we can assume he exists; applying logic to a being doesn’t bring it into existence. Others would argue that God’s existence is logically necessary. It could be argued that philosophers like Plato use logic and reason to prove God’s existence for example in the allegory of the cave. Anselm would have disagreed with this statement completely as he clearly thought that God could be proved by logic and reason alone. His ontological argument relies upon using logic as he deducted, he argues that God is, ‘than that which nothing greater can be conceived’ thereby if there is nothing greater than the most Supreme Being conceivable, the most Supreme Being must exist. Thus his entire argument is based upon the foundation of logic in order to prove God’s existence. Similarly Descartes would have also disagreed with this statement as he felt it was as logically necessary for God to exist in the same way that it was logically necessary for triangles to have three...
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...nothing can prove it is wrong or you can’t provide evidence to prove it is false. In logic, if a proposition is true, it must have enough evidence to be proved that it’s true, and then people should believe that it is true. On the other hand, if people have enough evidences to prove that this proposition is false, this proposition is false. Here is the third: appeal to ignorance-no evidence can be proved that it’s true or false. Then it must be true or false. First, “I don't know of anyone who's ever had a problem hiking during a storm. Nobody has ever convinced me it's threatening, so I feel like we're really safe”(study.com P1) In this video, Carina told her friends that hiking near the thunderstorm is safe due to no one tells her that it is unsafe. “She's never had experiences that tell her it's unsafe. She's concluded that this means that they are safe” (study.com P1). This is a classic example of appeal to ignorance that shows people follow the disprove argument. Carina walks into misdirection. Although Carina proves that it’s safe to hike near the thunderstorm according to her no unsafe experience, it’s still unsafe because there is not enough evidence proved that it is safe. People always are obedient to an argument in order to no opposite evidence. Maybe this argument is false but you couldn’t find evidence to prove it. This example points out that we can’t just follow the unknowing experience due to without disprove evidence. Second, the biggest debate of appeal to ignorance...
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...causes, so, that led to the conclusion that there must be a First Cause. Likewise with motion, there must have been a first cause; Aristotle calls this the ‘Prime Mover’. There is a God, says Aristotle -for how else does motion begin? Whilst this argument does generally offer some support for the existence of God, it does not prove his existence. Aquinas believed that, since the universe is God's creation, evidence of God's existence can be found in his creation using intellect and reason, as such a concept of God is beyond all direct human experience. Hence, he devised his 'Five Ways,' 5 a posteriori arguments for the existence of God, based on our empirical experience of the universe. The Cosmological argument rests on the first three of Aquinas' Five Ways. The first way is called the argument from motion or ‘change’. It is in this first way that Aquinas follows Aristotle’s ‘prime mover’ thesis. The first way (The 'Kalam' argument) follows as: • Everything in the world is moving or changing • Nothing can move or change by itself • There cannot be an infinite regress of things changing other things • Therefore there must be a Prime Mover (or changer) • This is God, thus God exists The 2nd way: Argument from causation states that • Everything in the world has a cause • Nothing is the cause of itself • There cannot be an infinite regress of causes • Therefore there has to be a first cause to start the chain of causes • This first cause is God, thus he exists The 3rd way: Argument...
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...Framework Auditing Standards and Practices Council PHILIPPINE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS Framework PHILIPPINE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS CONTENTS Paragraph Introduction 1-6 Definition and Objective of an Assurance Engagement 7-11 Scope of the Framework 12-16 Engagement Acceptance 17-19 Elements of an Assurance Engagement 20-60 Inappropriate Use of the Practitioner’s Name 61 Effective Date 62 Acknowledgment 63-64 Appendix: Differences Between Reasonable Assurance Engagements and Limited Assurance Engagements Framework FRAMEWORK PHILIPPINE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS Introduction 1. This Framework defines and describes the elements and objectives of an assurance engagement, and identifies engagements to which Philippine Standards on Auditing (PSAs), Philippine Standards on Review Engagements (PSREs) and Philippine Standards on Assurance Engagements (PSAEs) apply. It provides a frame of reference for: (a) Professional accountants in public practice (“practitioners”) when performing assurance engagements. Professional accountants in the public sector refer to the Public Sector Perspective at the end of the Framework. Professional accountants who are neither in public practice nor in the public sector are encouraged to consider the Framework when performing assurance engagements;1 (b) Others involved with assurance engagements, including the intended users of ...
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...Mackie argues that God does not exist because of his idea of the 3-0-God which states that God has to be omniscient, omnipotent and omni-benevolent to fulfill the properties of a true God. Perhaps the strongest argument that Mackie gives is that God can only be two out of the three properties in order for evil to exist thus stating that god cannot exist because he does not fulfill all three properties. In this paper, I will argue that this argument fails because Mackie is basing his points on his own thoughts about God. Mackie starts out his argument by stating that the problem of evil proves that either no god exists or at least the god of Christianity, Judaism and Islamic does not exist since the problem of evil provokes the three properties of God. Mackie supports this claim by saying, “These additional principles are that good is opposed to evil, in such a way that a good thing always eliminates evil as far as it can, and that there are no limits to what an omnipotent thing can do.” (Abel p.91) and concludes this claim with, “…propositions that a good omnipotent thing exists, and that evil exists, are incompatible.” (Abel p.91) Adequate solutions are also what backs up his major point about the problem of evil and states that God cannot be all knowing while being all-powerful and all-good because evil exists and would mean that God is unaware of evil in the world. God can be all-knowing and all-powerful but cannot be all-good since evil exists and gives God the false impression...
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...the creator. Some question if it even exists as an entity. Others question of the operation of God, wondering if God is a single being or an umbrella term that describe multiple individual entities that operate as a unit. Regardless of the specifics, there is always been the argument and research/conversation about the existence of a universal God, and a continual search for evidence to prove once and for all if indeed God exists, or not. In this paper I plan to discuss the above topics, and provide evidence to support my assessment. The social influence on religion, the mind and science will be the primary area of focus. The Existence of God Statement of Research Problem Intuition can be defined as the ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning (Wikipedia). I will also include a personal definition for intuition: Intuition is the inherent spiritual compass that is used by man to guide his/her steps along the proverbial pathway of life. Some to validate their reason for belief in religion uses this spiritual compass. Others believe it only exists on a personal level, independent of any internal or external spiritual influence. Some believe in a spiritual element of life, which is something we cannot see, taste touch or feel; a “God” component that allows us to understand the ethereal, because it is something we can feel, but not necessarily something we can explain. Philosopher’s Conclusion There are others that believe that the...
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...Evaluating Evidence for the Existence of UFOs Name Institution In the “Perspectives on Evaluating Evidence for the Existence of UFOs”, Edward Condon and Royston Paynter have divergent and convergent views about whether or not UFOs exist. Condon's general contention is that we don't have adequate proof to demonstrate UFO's existence. He firmly believes they don't exist. He expresses that individual perspective focuses or sightings don't bolster a genuine general view that UFO's do exist. He likewise contends that teachings of UFOs are decimating students. The author's principle point is that we have not concentrated on UFOs enough to know whether they exist or not on the grounds that the legislature overlooks the UFOs that are not known. The author clarifies that we could say that UFO' do exist due to numerous sightings by several individuals from various societies around the globe. Paynter's fundamental point is that if we don't have genuine physical proof of a UFO or aliens, then they don't exist. He additionally expresses that if individuals’ claim that they were stole by aliens, then they require genuine evidence proves or supports their argument. For example, uncommon DNA or characteristics, or anything that demonstrates they are from aliens. He additionally expresses that more research should be done on UFOs. Paynter’s argument to some extent holds water since he says that the law of physics will not be violated it were to be said that the aliens visited the...
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...whether “Truth” exists. The argument usually contains whatever truth was, is, or will be, and the arguments are just the test of the rightness or wrongness of people’s ideas and theories beyond doubt and dispute. Those people who accepted the existence of “Truth” believed it was a spiritual reality but not a physical one. The simply sum of reality can also be called “Truth”. On the other hand, those people who rejected the existence of “Truth” thought “How could all reality be summed up that way?” We should find evidence to support of its existence. With the purpose of finding the evidence of the existence of “Truth”, I will talk about what is truth or what it might be, and I will also talk about how to attain the truth. In my opinion, “Truth” cannot be only judged as a specific thing or word, it also seems like a process of finding the knowledge or the conclusion which we don’t know. We will usually ask: “What actually the truth is?” Briefly speaking, the facts we believed and the knowledge we have learned are all means “Truth”. But why there are still so many persons do not believe the existence of “Truth”? It was because that no one can ensure the knowledge we are learning now or the way of life nowadays is right, we just follow what the old have done. There is seldom people will try to confirm the original of the things that most people have known, so no one can definitely saying “this is true”. For example, the formulas we are using in math are the conclusions which were proved...
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...Client name: DEVELOPMENT LIMITED |Sign-off: |Initials |Date | | | | |Prepared: |MNK |17/7/2012 | |Period end: |30/6/2012 |Reviewed: | | | |The objectives of the auditor are: | |To obtain appropriate audit evidence regarding the appropriateness of management's use of the going concern assumption in the preparation of the | |financial statements; | |To conclude, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt | |on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern; and | |To determine the implications for the auditor's report | PART I – Identification of Events and Conditions |No. |Audit procedure |Comment and/or Ref. ...
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... 5) P-value=sig= >0.05 Decision: Do not reject H0 6) Conclusion: insufficient evidence that true mean cost is different than $168. 二、第十章 操作：independent sample→t test→①Local 检验变量 ②Chain(1,2) 拆分变量 ①H0: σ12＝σ22 H1:σ12≠σ22 ②FSTAT=S12S22=0.01 sig=0.980＞0.05 Decision: Do not reject H0 Conclusion: the σ2 are equal. 1）H0:μ1 = μ2；H1:μ1 ≠ μ2 2）two-tail test表格抄下来 = 0.05 df =21+25 - 2 = 44 critical values: t=± 2.0154 即p-value (查书本表格得) 3）test statistic: t=X1-X2-(μ1-μ2)Sp2(1n21+1n2)=2.040(表格中t) 4)p-value(表格中sig)=0.12>0.05 Decision: do not Reject H0 Confidence level of 95%: lower≤X±tα2Sp21n1+1n2≤upper 6)Conclusion: There is evidence of a difference in means. 三：单因素方差分析： 操作：one-way ANOVA Dependent list: distance 检验变量 Factor: club(标有1,2,3) 拆分变量 1. H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3；H1: μj not all equal 2.抄写ANOVA表格 = 0.05，df1= 2，df2 = 12 Confidence level of 95%:lower≤X±tα2Sn≤upper FSTAT=MSAMAW=Mean aquare(between)Mean square(within)= p-value(sig)= >0.05 Decision: do not Reject H0 6)Conclusion: There is evidence of a difference in means??? 四：12章： 操作：analyze—regression—linear regression Dependent: house price Individual: square feet Save:predicted value √unstandardized Prediction intervals √individual 1) H0: ρ = 0,H1: ρ ≠ 0 2) model summary 抄下来 R2=SSRSST=0.581>0.5 (R方为表中R square) SYX=(表中std error of the estimate) XY correlation exist is good. 3)ANOVAb表抄下来 H0: B=0 H1:B≠0 p-value(sig)= <0.05rejectH0 XY exist correlation 4)coefficientsa表抄下来 Y=B(constant)+B(square feet自变量) House...
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...included in the physical crime scene where it is located. The investigation includes the preservation of the system, the search for digital evidence, and the reconstruction of digital events. The focus of the investigation is on the reconstruction of events using evidence so that hypotheses can be developed and tested. This paper also includes definitions and descriptions of the basic and core concepts that the framework uses. 1 Introduction Since the first Digital Forensic Research Workshop (DFRWS) in 2001 [Pal01], the need for a standard framework has been understood, yet there has been little progress on one that is generally accepted. A framework for digital forensics needs to be flexible enough so that it can support future technologies and different types of incidents. Therefore, it needs to be simple and abstract. On the other hand, if it is too simple and abstract then it is difficult to create tool requirements and test procedures for each phase. For this paper, we have examined the concept of an investigation to determine what is required. The result is an event-based framework that can be used to develop hypotheses and answer questions about an incident or crime. Hypotheses are developed by collecting objects that may have played a role in an event that was related to the incident. Once the objects are collected as evidence, the investigator can...
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...An Interview with the Unknown Who do you interview when you haven’t stepped outside of your Christian bubble since you left College Station? The only thing I knew to do was pray that God would provide me the wisdom of who I should interview. Thirty minutes later, I received a text message from a good friend of mine that I hadn’t talked to in a couple months. A couple minutes later I received another text message from a different friend as well. Both were non-believers. Automatically, I looked up and thought, “Thank you Lord but can you work that fast all the time? I would really appreciate it.” Both of these friends are non-believers. Laura, the first to contact me, is someone I have known for around 2 years. Logan, is someone that I used to be best friends with but grew apart when I started to have a relationship with Jesus Christ. I was so torn of who to interview. I knew God brought me both of them for a reason. As I sat there weighing to see who I should choose, I decided to interview both. For you to understand both of them a little more, let me give you a brief summary of who they each are. Laura is an Oil and Gas lawyer in downtown Houston. I met her at a bible study Christmas party 2 years ago. She was and still is an atheist. Nevertheless, we hit off instantly and have been friends ever since. Logan is someone, like I stated earlier, who I used to best friends, but with unfortunately we grew apart. Logan is a 22-year-old male student at University of Houston...
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