...processes. Classical conditioning was the first learning theory, introduces in the 1900s followed by operant conditioning in the 1940s and the social learning theory after that. Classical conditioning examines how a response is associated with a stimulus to cause conditioning looking at reflex / involuntary behaviours; operant conditioning involves learning through consequences – punishments and rewards in order to reinforce or decrease the occurrence of behaviour looking at deliberate / voluntary behaviour. Social learning theory accepts the role of reinforcement and rewards, and so incorporates operant conditioning within its theory. All three theories use controlled lab experiments with careful controls and manipulation of the independent variable. This is because they all investigate observable behaviour, which can be tested experimentally. Classical and operant conditioning use animals where as the social learning theory uses humans as role models and subjects. Operant conditioning has been used in therapy – for example token economy – and classical conditioning in aversion therapy where an undesirable behaviour is removed by associating it with an aversive stimulus. Therefore both kinds of conditioning have practical applications and are useful. Social learning theory is also useful – it has helped to highlight the need to take care over role models in society because they are likely to be imitated – particularly by children. Classical conditioning is perhaps the least...
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning shapes many of society’s common, everyday tasks. Why are we conditioned to stop at stop signs and red lights? Why does our heart start beating faster when a certain type of music plays in a horror film? Why do we sometimes get excited when we smell or see our favorite food? Anyone who has taken psychology will tell you that this is because of the way humans act is known as classical conditioning, founded by Pavlov half a decade ago while experimenting on a hungry, dog. Whether we are aware of it or not, many actions that we do so many times a day are a direct result of classical conditioning. To better understand why we act the way we do in society, classical conditioning must be defined and described. Classical Conditioning Defined Classical conditioning is defined as: a process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. Classical conditioning stems from the experiments conducted by Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's experiments assumed a simplified conditioned response based upon just three primary components: How often the stimulus is presented, how recently it is presented, and response itself. The method whereby the conditioned response is strengthened is through both the frequency that the stimulus is presented and how recent it is presented. ...
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...PAPER #1: CONDITIONING Definition of classical conditioning Classical conditioning is defined in Psychology as “a process by which a stimulus that previously did not elicit a response comes to elicit a response, in reflex—like fashion, after it is paired with one or more trials with a stimulus that already elicits a response” (Gray, 1999, p 100). Having to do with the reflexes, the definition of classical condition can be abbreviated into the idea of involuntary behavior. The example of Pavlov’s dog illustrates this as the dog came to associate the sound of a bell with food, causing a reflexive action of salivating, resulting in salivation even when the bell was not paired with food. Personal experience with classical conditioning My boyfriend has two dogs whom he loves very dearly and spends much time playing with. They are both extremely affectionate and smother people with kisses. However, their over¬zealous behavior often leads to fighting between the two of them, especially over attention from any new corner to the house. They also have two different personalities: one is passive and one is very nervous, and sometimes has a problem with uncontrollable urination when very excited. On one occasion when I was at my boyfriend’s house, I was sitting with the passive dog in my lap, watching television when I saw the other dog approaching. Thinking nothing of it, I remained seated, stroking the fur of the dog on my lap. The other dog, watching this, suddenly ran towards...
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...Classical conditioning is defined in Psychology as “a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response” (Feldman, 2010, p 163). Having to do with reactions and learning, the definition of classical conditioning can be abbreviated into the idea of involuntary behavior. The example of Pavlov’s dog illustrates this as the dog came to associate the sound of a bell with food, causing a reflective action of salivating even when the bell was not paired with food. Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist that never intended to do psychological research is best known for his intricate work with the drooling dog experiment that lead to his further research in conditioning. His experiment to demonstrate classical conditioning and how much a dog salivates when the animal thinks food is going to be given; Pavlov attached a tube on the dogs’ mouth to measure precisely salivation. What’s learned with Pavlov’s experiment is a condition stimulus to a condition response. From the moment we are born to the day we pass to be with the lord, we are currently learning new things day by day. A person often learns through some form of conditioning in life. Some people associate learning with school or other kind of educational institutes, but we learn in different places and situations our life. Learning is the result of the consequences from inappropriate behavior. Respect, discipline and good manners...
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...Learning Theory is the work of Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov. It is he who discovered the principles on how human and animals learn. Learning is defined as a permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience. There are two kinds of learning or conditioning: Classical conditioning is one of many different types of learning. One instance would be when a person learns to relate a signal with a meaning on how the two are presented. An example of classic conditioning is a small child’s ability to hear the sound of say eight chimes on a grandfather clock and know its eight o’clock, time to leave for school. Habituation is exactly that, habitual (habit forming). For instance, if a small child is exposed to a certain food repeatedly, at first he may be interested, like it, and want it a lot. However, after a number of times, the child may grow weary of the same thing over and over (as many adults would). Operant conditioning is reinforcement in learning. Because most behavior is learned according to the main beliefs of conditioning, the learning theory can be used to help people figure out how to change. It applies the theory of reinforcement. For instance, positive reinforcement occurs when an employee shows up at work in exchange for a paycheck. The paycheck is the persons reward for working. If the employee continues to do a good job, work well on his own and with others, the positive reinforcement could be a cash bonus. The same principles that are used to train...
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...Classical Conditioning Lon H. Gray University of Phoenix PSY/390 Learning and Cognition SC11BSP07 April 11, 2012 Dr. Rick Bazant Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov is the father of classical conditioning, a learning theory that is also called Pavlovian conditioning. Pavlov was a Russian physiologist centered in experimental science, in which his experiments were novel and innovative. Pavlov and his team accidently discovered classical conditioning while studying the functions of the digestive system in dogs. While conducting studies Pavlov and his team noticed increased salivation for objects other than the food. The dogs began salivating when unrelated stimuli, such as the experimenters, footsteps, or white lab coats appeared. They initially noted these responses as a psychic reflex. As a fundamental scientist and possessing little faith in psychology, Pavlov struggled with this notion and nearly dismissed the opportunity to investigate it. Against the advice of his colleagues and under strict team rules Pavlov and his associates decided to investigate conditioned reflexes. Classical conditioning is a learning theory that focuses on an association between paired stimuli, in an attempt to draw like responses. According to Olson and Hergenhahn (2009) classical conditioning is “An experimental arrangement whereby a stimulus is made to elicit response that was not previously associated with that stimulus” (p. 446). Exploring classical conditioning requires...
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...Classical Conditioning The comprehension of the classical conditioning concepts helps professionals identify various factors affecting this procedure. The four basic classical conditioning concepts become various stages of environmental stimulus. These environmental stimuli processed through sensation and perception converts the classical conditioning concepts into changed behavioral patterns. Classical conditioning concepts also introduce the repetitive exposure of different stimuli within any individual’s learning environment. The purpose of this paper is to explain, analyze, and evaluate classical conditioning and the factors that affect this process, such as the four phenomena, and awareness. The analysis of these factors helps professionals understand the application of classical conditioning in the learning process. Stimuli Processes Environmental stimuli become processed by sensation and perception converting the information into data used to modify learned behavioral patterns (Davis, 2004). This physical process of sensation shows in the use of the five senses responding to the stimulus. The sensory means of perception becomes the analysis of the stimulus. The brain continually sorts the information gathered to make decisions. This unique concept stores unnecessary information from the interpretation of the stimulus. The ability to decide on multiple options shows the subject responding to only the priming prompt (Davis, 2004). Classical Conditioning Technique ...
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...How does Research describe Instrumental Conditioning? Ernestine Knight Learning and Cognition PSYC3500 Brian Uldall June 9, 2013 Statement of Purpose When first researched, Instrumental (operant) conditioning was regarded as a type of learning that involves the acquisition of emitted responses (i.e., responses, like a wink of the eye, that can occur in the absence of reliable or well-defined antecedent stimuli and are experienced as voluntary) (Kirsch and Lynn, 2004). Recently there has been more insight of Instrumental Conditioning. It is currently been described as Operant conditioning that is a method of learning that occurs through responses of changes of behavior. Through operant conditioning, there is an association is made between the behavior and a results that are encountered for that behavior. Statement of How Topic Factors into Personal and Professional goals The research of topic will increase my knowledge of how to expect and teach certain responses to behaviors. I will learn how the differences between positive and negative reinforcements. This research of information can be used on a personal level in my home with my children and family. Introduction Instrumental conditioning is seen as a type of learning in which organisms associate their own actions with consequences; behavior is strengthened if followed by being reinforced or it is diminished if followed by some type of punishment. Instrumental conditioning often involves operant behavior, as the organism's...
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...When training a dog to sit, classical conditioning does not serve as the only way to train a dog to sit, but it usually is the easiest. Humans enjoy food, much like a dog does so if we were to be trained to type one-hundred words and then we’d get a treat that we enjoy, that would be a good example. Now if we were training a dog to sit, we would show them what the word sit means. You would use the word sit and physically show the dog how to sit, maybe by pushing the dog’s backside down on the ground and then give them a treat. We would then expect them to sit when commanded to sit, but what motivates them to sit down when commanded? Classical conditioning is important because when a treat is presented while they are being told to sit, they have something to work for. If we were to ring a bell just before we gave them the treat, they would likely be conditioned to expect a treat when the bell is rang. When using classical conditioning to train a dog, the command of sit won’t serve any purpose unless it is followed by a treat or a reward of some sort. The dog would then think about food every time the trainer would use the word “sit” and that in a nutshell is how to use classical conditioning to train a dog. Depending on whether it is a positive or negative reward, the dog will associate the command with food or punishment. References Cattet, Ph.D, J. (2014). Smart Animal Training System. Retrieved from...
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...Operant conditioning is defined in our text book as “behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli (Myers, 275). Vina smokes cigarettes to help reduce her feelings of tension and anxiety; her feelings of tension and anxiety were most likely her negative stimuli causing her to want to get rid of them. Smoking which for her, causes those unwanted feeling to disappear was her negative reinforcer. Although Vina may know that smoking has a negative effect on her health, it may not be enough to make her discontinue the bad habit. Vina’s reinforcement to her habit is most likely conditioned. Assuming that she tried other things to help lessen her anxiety and tension, after trying cigarettes for the first time she realized that almost instantly her negative stimuli seemed to have disappeared; causing her to want to continue the behavior that removed her negative emotions. As long as she continues to smoke she won’t feel tension or anxiety. This also explains how her addiction to cigarettes is negative reinforcement. Tension and anxiety are the stimuli that trigger her need or want for a cigarette, once she finally smokes those feelings are removed. In continuation to operant conditioning, her reinforcement can also be explained as immediate. The feeling of tension and anxiety can be intense for some people, although it is not explained to what extent Vina’s feelings of tension and anxiety are it is safe to say that she does not like feeling that...
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...In order to fully comprehend classical and operant conditioning , first we need to understand what exactly behaviourism is and what it focuses on. This essay will outline behaviourism and look at the explanations for how we learn, these include classical and operant conditioning. Both learning methods have several practical applications used to treat people, these will also be discussed. Behaviourist’s believe that when you are born your mind is blank and behaviorism focuses on learning based on the concept that all actions are acquired through conditioning processes. John Watson who was considered “the father of behavioursim”, argued that conditioning occurred through interaction with the environment and our responses to the environmental stimuli shape our behaviours. Conditioning can be separated into two types, classical and operant. Classical Conditioning is defined as the conditioning of reflexes so that they occur in response to new situations. It was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov when he was working on dogs, studying their digestive systems. He noted that the dogs produced saliva when a bell(auditory stimulus) and food (unconditioned stimulus) were presented together. Eventually the bell alone(conditioned stimulus) would come to evoke the salivating response(conditioned response) . The link between the saliva and the bell is defined as conditioned stimulus and response because the dogs were conditioned to associate the bell with receiving the food. However if the...
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...Running Head: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective [Name of the Student] [Name of the Institution] Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning also called respondent conditioning; packaging type I or Pavlovian conditioning is a concept of behaviourism proposed by Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century. This theory focuses on the learning achievements due to the association between stimuli of the environment and automatic reactions in the body. This notion of involuntary reaction is the main point that differentiates the operant conditioning. It is a learning theory that states that a natural, mostly innate, unconditioned reflex can be added by learning a new conditioned reflex. The assumptions and techniques of classical conditioning can also be used to treat anxiety, compulsive behaviours or anxiety-like symptoms. From the classical conditioning, the concerns triggered behaviours that are instrumental and operant; conditioning to distinguish that affect spontaneous behaviour (Clark & Squire, 2008, pp. 77-81). Phenomena Associated With Classical Conditioning ← Generalization: The conditional response (CR) is not only obtained with a specific stimulus, but with elements that have some resemblance to the conditioned stimulus (CS). The behaviour...
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...What Is Operant Conditioning? Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist B.F. Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences" (1953). In other words, Skinner's theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day. Examples of Operant Conditioning We can find examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. Consider the case of children completing homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or employees finishing projects to receive praise or promotions. In these examples, the promise or possibility of rewards causes an increase in behavior, but operant conditioning can also be used to decrease a behavior. The removal of an undesirable outcome or the use of punishment can be used to decrease or prevent undesirable behaviors. For example, a child may be told they will lose recess privileges...
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning which can explain how we develop fears, phobias and other emotional reactions, and food aversions. Ian Pavlov (1849 – 1936) was the first to study it formally. Pavlov was studying dogs digestive processes. Dogs automatically salivate when food arrives in their mouths, but after being in the experimental situation for a while, they would salivate in anticipation of the food arriving, as if they had learned to recognise the signs that the food was on its way. Pavlov took control of these signs and showed that dogs could be trained to salivate to bells, lights, and cardboard shapes instead of food. The classical conditioning process works like this: There must first of all be an innate reflex action, an automatic involuntary response to a stimulus. E.g. blinking, salivation, startle, these are the areas that are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Such reflexes consist of an unconditional stimulus (UCS) which brings about an unconditional response.(UCR) The experimenter presents a neutral stimulus just before or along with the UCS. The new stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus (CS), Conditional means dependent upon learning. The UCR occurs as before. After several pairings of the CS and UCS the CS alone will be enough to bring about the UCR. The animal now has a new conditioned reflex. The model gives us an explanation for all kinds of learned behaviour. Watson and Rayner (1920) classically...
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is an influential process. Two unrelated stimuli when they are repeatedly paired lead to a situation where a response to the second stimulus can be achieved by initiating only the first stimulus. This theory involves learning a new behavior through the process of association. In this theory, we assume that the surrounding shapes behavior and also those mental or internal states of a human or animal like feelings or thoughts are not relevant in behavioral explanations. Part I For a classically conditioned learning process in my life, I always study and do my academic activities normally homework on my desk. After a long, hard semester; I realize that the sight of that desk or sitting on it depresses me. I always associate the desk with not only huge but also difficult academic tasks hence being at it, even if I am free after the semester, it reminds me of books to read or simply hard tasks to be done. This has a panic and fear effect on me because the desk is associated with strenuous tasks. A classically conditioned learning process has got several stages or steps which include: neural stimulus (NS), Unconditional stimulus (UCS), Unconditional response (UCR), Conditioned stimulus (CS) and Conditioned response (CR). Neural stimulus (NS) has no effect on behavior or person unless it is paired with the unconditioned stimuli. It can be a person, event, object etc. In my case, the neural stimulus is the study desk. This is because it...
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