...Answer : A breach of confidentiality. Comment : Privacy is about people and their expectations. Privacy risk pertains primarily to the methods used to obtain information about subjects. Confidentiality pertains to the actual treatment of the personal information once it is obtained. In other words, now that the researcher has obtained private information, how will it be used, stored, and reported. Clearly, this event represents a breach of confidentiality. Points Earned : 0 Question 2 Question : A researcher wants to conduct a secondary analysis using a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) database that was collected by the agency solely for surveillance purposes from 1996-2006. The researcher did not participate in the initial collection of the data. The database is publicly available. The database does not include any identifiers. The IRB makes a determination that the individuals whose records will be reviewed do not meet the federal definition of human subjects. Which of the following considerations was relevant to the IRB's determination that this activity does not constitute research with human subjects? Your answer : The researcher will not be interacting/intervening with subjects and the data has no identifiers. Correct Answer : The researcher will not be interacting/intervening with subjects and the data has no identifiers. Comment : Record-based research activities may not meet the federal definition of “human subjects” research. A human subject...
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...of psychology. Without bias to the methodology (research, experimentation, testing, or therapy), the psychologist is obligated by law, and the APA Code of Ethics to have consent to treat. The consent is in place for many reasons. The foremost is to inform the patient of the treatment plan to be undertaken, how the psychologist/clinician will administer care, and the prognosis of such treatments hopes to achieve (May, 2004). However, consent also places legal backing to the treatment given to the patient, recording necessary information such as possible diagnosis, personal and confidential information given by the patient, and a record of treatment versus effect. Informed consent creates a level and understood beginning to the treatment process, by which the patient and clinician are understood to the process of therapeutic services, or psychological testing and research that is to take place. The APA Code of Ethics is in place for the psychologist to have rigid and enforceable standards of not only how to effectively treat individuals in the therapy setting, but also of how to protect the confidential and highly sensitive nature of psycho-therapy. The psychologist in the clinical setting is observing and offering therapy to individuals who are communicating highly personal and sensitive information. Therapy given outside of the clinical setting is un-ethical and in some cases illegal, because informed consent and confidentiality cannot be maintained in an open setting (Harris...
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...Applied Nursing Research The nursing topic of interest is bedside handover, which is the concept of conducting shift handover at the patient’s bed instead of doing it at the front desk. Part A The article being analysed is: Tobiano, G., Chaboyer, W. & Murray, A. (2012). Family Members’ Perceptions of the Nursing Bedside Handover. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 192-200. The analysis of the primary research report is done in the form of a graph (figure 1). Each of the four analysis areas is rated within a scale of 1-10; 1 denotes extremely weak while 10 denotes very strong. Table 1 then gives justifications for the rating by explaining why each area of analysis was rated that way in the analysis chart. [pic] Figure 1 Table 1 |A1 Article: Tobiano, G., Chaboyer, W. & Murray, A. (2012). Family Members’ Perceptions of the Nursing Bedside Handover. Journal | |of Clinical Nursing, 22, 192-200. | |A2 Background or introduction |The researchers provided an in depth introduction of the research topic outlining | | |important issues, previous research on the topic and their findings. The introduction | | |and background sections lead to the identification of the research gap, which the...
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...University of Phoenix Material The Practice of Clinical Psychology Worksheet Answer the following questions. Your response to each question must be at least 150 words in length. 1. What are at least two legal issues associated with clinical psychology? Provide an example of a situation that could be legal but unethical. Explain your response. One major legal issue associated with clinical psychology is adhering to the Ethics Code irrespective of legal covets. The Ethics Code was cultivated and put into place by the American Psychological Association (APA) for the safety of both psychologist and patient. If the psychologist is a member of the APA (which is a voluntary endeavor), he or she must adhere to the Ethics Code (Plante, 2011). There are clear cases where this loyalty to the code undermines legal authority. However, the APA encourages its members to explain the obedience of the code, and to decide whether he or she should break their vow and go against it. Plante (2011) avows, “Generally, ethical standards represent a much higher standard of behavior than the law,” (p. 374). Another major legal issue is confidentiality, which not only ties into the abovementioned Ethics Code, but provides an example of a circumstance that could be lawful but unethical. Confidentiality is one of the foremost aspects of going to a psychologist; a psychologist is believed to break confidentiality only in the most extreme circumstances including immediate harm to the patient...
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...Administrative Ethics Paper Balancing the access to health data and privacy has caused a dramatic increase in the types of microdata, and this directs great expectations for health services research. Legislative attempts to protect individual privacy reduces the flow of health care data for research purposes and increases costs and delays, and this affects the quality of analysis. The journal provides a summary of the challenges that data confidentiality raises concerning health services research, the current methods used to ensure data security, and a description of one successful concept to balancing access and privacy. The analysis of these issues of access and privacy using a conceptual framework based on balancing the risk of re-identification with the utility associated with data analysis. The primary goal should be to generate released data that are as close to the maximum acceptable risk as possible. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and other privacy measures are considered having had the effect of lowering the ‘‘maximum acceptable risk’’ level and interpreting the data that is unable to be released. The journal discuss the levels of risk and utility associated with different types of data used in health services research and the ability to link data from multiple sources as well as current models of data sharing and their limitations. One particularly compelling approach is to establish a remote access ‘‘data enclave,’’ where statistical...
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...System The Maricopa County Community College District has cooperative agreements with over 500 agencies for the clinical training of its students enrolled in all health-care fields and programs. To ensure that MCCCD students, faculty, and staff involved in those programs understand the patient privacy requirements of those clinical sites and of applicable law, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, MCCCD offers this guidance for those persons to ensure compliance with those requirements. Note that the discussions, uses or disclosures discussed below encompass written, verbal, or electronic communications. |DO’S |DON’T’S | | | | |Do sign the MCCCD Faculty/Staff/Student Confidentiality Agreement before |Don’t discuss, use or disclose any patient information while in the | |any involvement in a clinical program. |clinical setting unless it is part of your clinical assignment. | |Do attend MCCCD training or in-classroom clinical instruction on |Don’t remove any record from the clinical site without the prior written | |requirements relating to patient privacy. |authorization...
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...Three Trends in Clinical Systems Training Instructor Profession The Clinical Systems Training Instructor profession corresponds to NAICS 611519, Medical Technician Schools, under Other Technical and Trade Schools. This industry is engaged in the provision of technical courses that lead to job-specific certification. Notably, the key concepts and terms related to researching, describing, and discussing the top three trends in the provision of instruction to clinical systems trainers include privacy, confidentiality, data security, risk management, accessibility, and data backup. This is because the industry’s top trends involve threats to clinical systems and confidentiality in the sharing and accessibility of patient information....
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...behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how people and other animals relate to one another and the environment.” The psychologists express theories that have possible explanations and concentrate on an individual behavior that influence a person’s action where understanding and explaining thoughts, emotions, feelings and or behavior is in attention. However there is a legal aspect of professional psychology that is the most important part in professional practice. “Legal aspects of professional psychology cover abroad spectrum of any application of psychological ethics, and ways of understanding legal issues and questions. Additionally to the practical practices, legal aspects of psychology also include empirical or academic research on topics concerning the relationships of government laws and regulations to human behavior and mental processes”(Roger Rivera, “Legal Aspects Of Professional Psychology”). Legal issues related to informed consent and refusal Most important factor of legal issue in professional phycology is the informed consent of the client, where the doctor gets consent of the client for performing tests and medical treatments including records of the patients. It is the psychologist’s duty to offer and explain services, and if the patients have no ability for opinion, take consent from the person who has the legal power to do on behalf of the patient. The discussion that takes place in between the doctor and the patient has an ethical and legal...
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...Privacy and Confidentiality in Nursing Margaret A Stone, Sarah A Redsell, Jennifer T Ling, and Alastair D Hay (2005). Sharing patient data: competing demands of privacy, trust and research in primary care. British Journal of General Practice, 55: 783 – 789. Retrieved from http://bjgp.org/content/55/519/783.full?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=maintaining+privacy+and+confidentiality++in+nursing+&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=10&tdate=3/31/2014&resourcetype=HWCIT In this article, Margaret et al. (2005) have focused on privacy and confidentiality as key principles in the nursing profession. In the current time, the issue of balancing confidentiality and protection of patients’ information over the requirement to advance public health is a concern under discussion. Health care providers are required to ensure privacy and confidentiality of their clients’ information and this has been evidenced as vital in establishing a trusting association between the two parties. General care practice holds lifetime records of patients’ information and this has exposed it to various issues related to confidentiality. Margaret et al. (2005) have attempted to investigate the attitudes and awareness of healthcare professionals and patient on issues related to patient information sharing for the purpose of research. They also aimed at investigating how such information sharing may affect trust between care providers and...
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...Practice of Clinical Psychology Worksheet Answer the following questions. Your response to each question must be at least 150 words in length. 1. What are at least two legal issues associated with clinical psychology? Provide an example of a situation that could be legal but unethical. Explain your response. There are many legal issues that exist in clinical psychology. Two of these legal issues are maintaining confidentiality and getting written consent to treat. A clinical psychologist is required by law to obtain the patients written consent before treating them or before any experiment takes place. A patient can opt out or withdraw consent whenever they deem it appropriate during treatment. If consent is withdrawn the treatment or experiment that involves the patient must stop (Plante, 2011). A psychologist must maintain confidentiality, this means that they are not allowed to disclose personal records and treatment with anyone but the patient unless child abuse is suspected, the patient may harm themselves or another, or there is a court order (Plante, 2011). An example of something that is legal but not ethical would be if there is an order from a judge to provide the records of the patient but the patient is unaware or refuses to consent. The therapist must turn over the patients file, however they may not believe it is ethical because the patient does not consent. 2. What are at least two ethical issues associated with clinical psychology...
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...The legal aspects of professional psychology covers a large area; such as assessments, HIPPA, confidentiality, testing, written consent, competence, and diagnosing. It is a large part of the psychology that most struggle with just to make sure that they do not break any laws and at the same time, giving the right treatment to every patient. The clinicians and patients have guidelines set forth according to the American Psychological Association (APA) that protects both parties from unethical and legal decisions. In this paper, the importance of informed consent and refusal, the legal issues within assessments, testing, and diagnosis, confidentiality in the therapeutic relationship, the impact of legislation and the role of competence in professional psychology will be discussed in detail. Legal Issues Related to Informed Consent and Refusal The informed consent is the agreement between two parties to work collaboratively (Pope & Vasquez, 2007). In psychology, the client signs the consent form to allow treatment from the psychologist who may include testing, treatment, and initial psychological assessment. The patients have the right to their information; in terms of benefits, alternative treatments and about the risks. If the patient does not understand what he or she is giving permission to, he or she can allow an authorized decision-maker. The law requires that all persons take reasonable steps to clarify and communicate adequately with their patients about their risks and...
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...Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics Foreword by Pro-Vice Chancellor Research The University of Nottingham‟s Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics provides a comprehensive framework for good research conduct and the governance of all research carried out across the University. The Code underpins the University‟s commitment to maintaining the highest standards of integrity, rigour and excellence in all aspects of our research and for all research to be conducted according to the appropriate ethical, legal and professional frameworks and standards. The Code is a fundamental component of the research environment which is characterised by our culture of research integrity, good research practice, and the development and training of researchers at all stages of their careers. The Code outlines the duty of researchers including their responsibilities towards all participants and subjects of research including humans, animals, the environment and cultural materials, and it provides a basis for the transparent and appropriate communication and dissemination of research findings. The University welcomes the national framework for good research conduct and governance published as the Concordat to Support Research Integrity and endorses the Concordat as a recipient of public funding for research. This Code has been reviewed to be consistent with the commitments and aims of the Concordat and is the basis for applying...
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...limited to the Nazi regime The use of prisoners in research is a concern under the Belmont principle of Justice because: Prisoners may be used to conduct research that only benefits the larger society Issued in 1974, 45 CFR 46 raised to regulatory status: US Public Health Service Policy (45 CFR 46 raised to regulatory status the US Public Health Service policy of 1966 "Clinical research and investigation involving human beings".) Which of the following brought increased public attention to the problems with the IRB system? Death of Jesse Gelsinger (Although all of these are related to the problems with the IRB system, the death of Jesse Gelsinger was what received public attention.) Which of the following is included in the Nuremberg Code? Voluntary Consent Informed consent is considered an application of which Belmont principle? **** Respect for Persons (Respect for persons involves respecting individual autonomy in the decision to participate in research. That respect is implemented through the process of informed consent) How should the investigator proceed, with respect to the IRB, after the discovery of the adverse event occurrence? Report the adverse drug experience in a timely manner, in keeping with the IRB's policies and procedures, using the forms or the mechanism provided by the IRB. How long is an investigator required to keep consent documents, IRB correspondence & research records? For a minimum of three years after completion...
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...|Department: |Depression and Anxiety Service | |Base: |Newton Abbott | |Responsible To: |Local Team Clinical Lead | Job Purpose The principal purpose of the job is to improve the psychological health & wellbeing of people within an identified Devon locality. The post holder will be part of an Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service and will provide high intensity interventions - initially cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The post holder will work with clients who have a range of complex Anxiety and Depression related problems for which CBT is demonstrated to be clinically effective. The post holder will work with people with different cultural backgrounds and ages, using interpreters when necessary and should be committed to equal opportunities The post holder will act as a lead specialist for IAPT, providing professional clinical supervision to less experienced staff, trainees & students. As a senior clinician the post holder will be expected to contribute to the leadership of the local service providing support and undertake delegated responsibilities under the...
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...afford to offer health insurance. Leo’s annual salary of $30,000 allows him to purchase only the most basic of health plans, one that does not include coverage for prescription medications. Leo frequently must decide between medications and food, often opting for cheap junk food that is neither nutritious for his young family nor appropriate for a diabetic diet. Leo has recently applied for and been offered several other jobs, but at a lower salary and with no health insurance coverage. Recently, Leo’s diabetes has worsened. He has developed a serious infection that has led to lost wages and, far worse, the loss of his right leg below the knee. Leo is weighing his options. He has heard about a new clinical research trial open to insulin-dependent diabetics that pays $100 a week to research subjects. He has also been quite depressed and begun to wonder if his children might not be better off without him. He has several life insurance policies that would pay off generously if something were to happen to him, and he has broached the subject of assisted suicide with his long-time physician. Is there a way, he asks his physician, to have his death look like it was from natural causes so his children could collect on the policy? CHAPTER QUESTIONS 1. What ethical responsibilities do health care professionals have to their patients? 2. What ethical rights do patients have?...
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