...Uganda: Beyond the Simplicity of Peace vs. Justice Paper by David Lanz The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy May 2007 The ICC in Northern Uganda David Lanz Introduction The creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) via the entry into force of the Rome Statute on July 1st 2002 sparked enthusiasm. For M. Cherif Bassiouni, “The ICC combines humanistic values and policy considerations essential for the attainment of the goals of justice, redress and prevention as well as the need for the restoration of world order and world peace.”1 Ironically, five years after its creation, the Court has been accused of being an impediment to what it was created to promote: peace. With regards to Northern Uganda, Bassiouni remarks that the ICC indictments against five senior members of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), “was received negatively by some individuals involved in the Ugandan peace process,” who “have argued that it has undercut their efforts to advance peace initiatives.”2 The claim that the ICC’s intervention in Northern Uganda obstructs peace seems obvious. It is expressed in its simplicity by Father Carlos Rodriguez: “nobody can convince a rebel leader to come to the negotiating table and at the same time tell him that when the war ends he will be brought to trial.”3 This paper examines the criticism that the ICC obstructs peace in Northern Uganda. It aims to go beyond the simplistic framework of peace vs. justice, which suggests that the pursuit of peace...
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...Organizational effectiveness can mean many things for different organizations, from making sales to managing employees and even time and data management. Within the criminal justice organization it is much more important than just making sure the criminal justice agency is merely operating properly. Achieving and maintaining efficient productivity, performance values, and efficiency are crucial in order for any organization to be successful (Mihalicz, 2012). Applying the theories of organizational effectiveness to the management aspect of criminal justice organizations and personnel will help supervisors and administrators to be truly effective in operating and managing a criminal justice entity. Prioritizing, obtaining constructive feedback, and keeping your focus on specific tasks at hand are all important tools to successfully and effectively manage a criminal justice entity. Define Organizational Effectiveness Organizational effectiveness is the concept of how effective an organization is in completing and achieving the greatest outcomes within the organization that will produce the best results, according to Dwight Milhalicz 2012. He believes that the short term areas of organizational effectiveness are just as important as the sustainability, concerns for others, and the corporate culture of the organization (Milhalicz 2012). Strong management and leadership are key in demonstrating to others that communication and strategy methods are necessary when attempting to lead an organization...
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...Communication and Conflict Management Competent interpersonal communications show the future of conflict management strategies throughout the police operations from administration command to street officer. The experienced operational manager helps the police chief’s communication using carefully place conflict management strategies. The future of electronic and information technology has changed swiftly and dramatically in last 10 years. Technology for different areas within the police department causes these areas to work together as a well-oiled machine. Conflict management strategies along with these advances create different aspects for the advancement of communication skills. Police Operational Manager The police department operational manager uses more than two conflict management strategies throughout the day. A successful operational manager does not use the formal authority given him, or her to force the other departments work harder than currently needed. The operational manager uses coordinating forces within the police department levels for communicating clear and concise information. Accommodating but not avoiding clear action for an immediate need for a supervisor at the crime scene. As each section works with compromise until the collaboration shows completion of the daily reports from chief to street officer (Wallace, & Roberson, 2009). Police Chief Conflict Management Skills Learning interpersonal communication and conflict management skills becomes a natural...
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...Public/Police Relations: An Intractable Conflict? David A. Mercury damercury1921@gmail.com (416) 333-7523 Public/Police Relations: An Intractable Conflict? Purpose of this Paper The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the conflicts described, between the police and the Afrikan Canadian diaspora [sometimes referred to as the Communities] and the Original Peoples communities and other racial minorities, can be defined as being intractable. If so, the exploration of possible approaches to resolve these conflicts is beyond the scope of this paper. It is my hope and intention to conduct this exploration in later works. What is an Intractable Conflict? The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace, defines intractable conflicts through a discussion the common features. First, [emphasis added] intractable conflicts are protracted, persisting for a long time. Second, [emphasis added] they are waged in ways that the adversaries or interested observers regard as destructive. Third, [emphasis added] partisans and intermediaries attempt, but fail to end or transform them. Conflict intractability, however, is not a fixed dichotomous feature; conflicts vary in their degree of intractability. The degree to which the three defining features are manifested varies and changes, and they are best treated as dimensions of conflict. . . . Even duration is not a fixed characteristic of a conflict. The beginning of a conflict is often contested, with one side pointing back...
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...Criminal justice programs around the world face various challenges especially in rehabilitating the behavior of inmates within correctional facilities. The purpose of this research paper will be to assess the various issues that exist in rehabilitative programs within prison systems. Basically, rehabilitation programs are used to correct and rehabilitate criminal offenders so that they can emerge as useful members of society once they complete their prison sentences. Some of the rehabilitation programs that are commonly used to reform inmates include counseling, health and fitness programs, transcendental meditation, academic programs and religious programs. These rehabilitative programs are usually based on the assumption that criminal behavior in most suspects is caused by some contributing factor such as a history of violence, psychological or mental disorders. Such an assumption does not refute that some criminals make their own personal choices to break the law but rather it argues that these personal choices are usually caused by certain factors which contribute to criminal behavior. Rehabilitation programs are therefore based on such perspectives where the various correctional programs are designed to deal with criminal enforcing behavior. For example counseling programs could focus on the behavior that led to the criminal offender committing the offense while educational programs could focus on how to change negative behavior to positive behavior. Correctional programs...
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...Criminal Justice and Society CRJ 201 Melissa King Corrections is most relevant to the Eighth Amendment of the . The Eight Amendment, which states, “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” This prohibiting the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments, including torture. Laws should be applied to persons equally, without discrimination on prohibited grounds, such as gender, nationality, handicap, or age. In criminal cases, fair procedures help to ensure that an accused person will not be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=634211903). One theory that is based on why crime occurs and how corrections use it is the social learning theory. This basically states we are a product of our environment and that crime is learned. For example, if a person grows up in a neighborhood of crime, where his/her parents have a criminal history, it is more than likely he or she will end up committing a crime as well. Going to jail or prison would probably not be an issue for them, because he/she only knows this sort of lifestyle, and probably expected this outcome in their future ( Smith, 2012). Another theory that is based on the cause of crime is conflict theory. This theory is based on the conflict of opposite groups. For example, the poor against...
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...1) When considering an organizational structure as complex and varied as that of a criminal justice organization, one must examine the existence of conflicting goals. It is the ultimate goal of every organization to meet established and expected goals. This is a direct measure of that organizations effectiveness. However, when an agency has numerous and complex goals, is it desirable that these goals may conflict? Stojkovic et al., 2008 point out that organizations may seek to attain satisfactory levels of all of their goals, as opposed to attempting to entirely meeting every goal. While certain goals of an agency may conflict with others, this is not necessarily negative, but simply a constraint that may influence the outcome of these goals (Stojkovic et al., 2008). For example, while it may seem unreasonable that a known criminal be released from jail and acquitted due to a legal technicality in our judicial system, this due process is essential to our countries liberty (Stojkovic et al., 2008). Criminal justice organizations are, in their nature complex and there are a variety of external and environmental issues that influence these agencies. Their primary goal is to maintain order and reduce crime. While attempting to attain these goals, police agencies come into contact with several other organizations with varying goals of their own. For example in the course of their function the police agency encounters the prosecutor’s office; the division of corrections; federal...
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...Chapter One – Introduction 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Origin of the study 1.3: Objectives of the study 1.4: Data collection process 1.5: Limitations 1.1: Introduction Juvenile Delinquency is a terrible problem in the unequal management system of society of the modern world. Juvenile Delinquency is increasing for the fast and speedy development of Industrialization and Urbanization. Industrialization and Urbanization make changes the Family structure which increases the propensity of Juvenile Delinquency. A large scale of people has been shifted to City town from rural area and keeps staying in the abdomen. This also increases Juvenile Delinquency. Now Juvenile Delinquency has emerged as a matter of concern in Bangladesh in recent times with the number of children and young people involved in "criminal activities" rising at an alarming rate. In most of the cases this is not a deliberate choice for the children. Numerous social factors coupled with poor parenting, family troubles and above all extreme poverty are pushing these children to this anti-social position. A child is born innocent and if nourished with tender care and attention, he or she will be blossom with faculties physical, mental, moral and spiritual into a person of stature and excellence. On the other hand, noxious surroundings, neglect of basic needs, bad company and other abuses and temptations would spoil the child and likely to turn him a delinquent. Therefore, expressing his concern for Child...
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...critically discuss whether victims are at the heart of criminal justice (CJ) considerations for policy reform. It will consider a number of theoretical perspectives, including victimology and critically discuss how the needs of victims of crime, including the services available, are tackled through a criminal justice response and the demands of the victim movement. The essay will demonstrate the impact of politics upon policy and practice initiatives on both a national and local level. Furthermore, there will be a discussion predominately about how probation policy and practice can appropriately respond to the needs and diversity of different victim groups, whilst touching briefly on other criminal justice agencies. To allow this assignment to be focused it will also concentrate largely on issues surrounding women as victims of domestic violence and examples within Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities. The 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power broadly defined the term ‘victims’ as: Persons who individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts…that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States. (cited in Goodey, 2005:10) While Goodey suggests that victims are ‘now at the heart of criminal justice considerations for policy reform’ (2004: 4), the development...
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...Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Labelling theory claims that deviance and conformity results not so much from what people do but from how others respond to those actions, it highlights social responses to crime and deviance Macionis and Plummer, (2005).Deviant behaviour is therefore socially constructed. This essay will describe in full the labelling theory and comment on the importance of the theory to the deviant behaviour of the youth and the anti-social behaviour of the youth in Britain today. The labelling theory becomes dominant in the early 1960s and the late 1970s when it was used as a sociological theory of crime influential in challenging orthodox positivity criminology. The key people to this theory were Becker and Lement.The foundations of this view of deviance are said to have been first established by Lement, (1951) and were subsequently developed by Becker, (1963).As a matter of fact the labelling theory has subsequently become a dominant paradigm in the explanation of devience.The symbolic interaction perspective was extremely active in the early foundations of the labelling theory. The labelling theory is constituted by the assumption that deviant behaviour is to be seen not simply as the violation of a norm but as any behaviour which is successfully defined or labelled as deviant. Deviance is not the act itself but the response others give to that act which means deviance...
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...SEE HOW WE CAN HELP Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Labelling theory claims that deviance and conformity results not so much from what people do but from how others respond to those actions, it highlights social responses to crime and deviance Macionis and Plummer, (2005).Deviant behaviour is therefore socially constructed. This essay will describe in full the labelling theory and comment on the importance of the theory to the deviant behaviour of the youth and the anti-social behaviour of the youth in Britain today. The labelling theory becomes dominant in the early 1960s and the late 1970s when it was used as a sociological theory of crime influential in challenging orthodox positivity criminology. The key people to this theory were Becker and Lement.The foundations of this view of deviance are said to have been first established by Lement, (1951) and were subsequently developed by Becker, (1963).As a matter of fact the labelling theory has subsequently become a dominant paradigm in the explanation of devience.The symbolic interaction perspective was extremely active in the early foundations of the labelling theory. The labelling theory is constituted by the assumption that deviant behaviour is to be seen not simply as the violation of a norm but...
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...CJA 444 Week 2 DQs This archive file of CJA 444 Week 2 Discussion Questions comprises: DQ 1: What are the advantages and disadvantages of group decision making? Provide examples from your agency. What are some of the organizational and individual purposes of the formal and informal groups you belong to at work? Does high cohesiveness in a group lead to higher group productivity? Explain. DQ 2: Imagine that you are the chief executive of a criminal justice agency and you see the need to change the culture from the traditional criminal justice culture that values the status quo to one that values innovation. What steps would you take to initiate and sustain cultural change? Law - General Law CJA 444 Week 1 Individual Assignment Criminal Justice Workplace Observation Paper CJA 444 Week 2 Individual Assignment Decision Making Case Study CJA 444 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Team Diversity Paper CJA 444 Week 3 Individual Assignment Conflict Management Styles Paper CJA 444 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Learning Team Behavior and Processes Paper CJA 444 Week 4 Individual Assignment Political Environment Case Study CJA 444 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Motivation Paper CJA 444 Week 5 Individual Assignment Communication Process Paper CJA 444 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Types of Teams Presentation Whether you take college courses online or on campus, you will do well to prepare...
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...Organizational Effectiveness Farrah D. Webber- Baker CJA/474 Managing Criminal Justice Personnel May 2, 2016 Maxine Craig Organizational Effectiveness Organizational effectiveness is much more critical than offering assurance that an association or an organization is working as it ought to be. Achieving overall effectiveness, profitability, and daily operations is a noteworthy part that is required for any company to be beneficial and fruitful. Depicting organizational effectiveness and the associated theories and principles can assist in the supervision of criminal justice equity staff. Organizational effectiveness can likewise help people in setting up an upgraded impression of the connection that should be available keeping in mind the end goal to work successfully an office. By utilizing techniques for criticism, organizing, and maintaining focus on the specific job; the company or organization will have the profitable apparatuses that are required to make utilization of control in a hierarchical environment. Organizational effectiveness can be defined as an arrangement of objectives intended to lead the association in a particular bearing. To accomplish these objectives, administrators ought to prepare workers to take after a particular way or set of standards that will prompt an effective organization. The estimation of adequacy and effectiveness is accomplished through fulfillment of the company’s objectives. To fully gain an understanding in organizational...
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...to crime control and prevention utilizing a risk prevention paradigm which uses evidence based intervention to control and prevent future risks of offending. Actuarialism was defined by Feeley and Simon (1994) as being a defined approach to crime control and management which dispenses with concerns about the meaning or motives behind offending and replaces these with an emphasis on ‘technologies’ of ‘risk minimization’ and the elimination of potential threats to social order. The Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm (RFPP) uses risk assessment and survey to identify factors in the key domains of a young person’s life that statistically increase the likelihood of offending or decrease its likelihood (Case, 2007. p. 92). Youth justice today is increasingly dominated by risk management however it has been heavily criticized. In this essay an explanation will be given of what the risk factors are, what the RFPP is and how actuarial practices are based on this methodological approach. It concludes that a focus on actuarial principles in the current youth justice system works against the fundamental principles of individualization in the criminal justice system . Society has become increasingly concerned with risk and the management of it. It is defined as being an uncertain prediction of future behaviour with the possibility that the behaviour will be harmful or negative. The National Crime Council’s Document Tackling the Underlying Causes of Crime (2002) provides five categories of risk...
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...Changes in the Aboriginal Justice System through Colonialism Austin Jamieson 11153678 Native Studies 107 Ron Laliberte November 20, 2013 Aboriginal justice system has gone through many changes throughout history. This has mostly been because of Colonialism. Its presence is highly noticed in the formation of cultures and their ways, as well as in the elimination of others cultures and their ways. Colonialism has affected Aboriginal culture in several ways; however, a significant area that has been affected is the traditional Aboriginal justice system. Aboriginal communities had their own sense of justice and punishment prior to the arrival of the Europeans in Canada, Aboriginal communities lost their traditional means of sentences to the implementation of European corporal punishment. In the Western concept of justice, the system punishes the offender through a process of trying to make the offender conform, often locking them away to protect society from the dangers that offender brings to those around them. Aboriginal systems (which varying) try to focus on restoring the peace and harmony of the community. The concept is meant to use the justice system to bring equilibrium into the offender and community, as balance is necessary for kinship and relationships to flourish. Elders within Aboriginal communities began to bring many of these traditional correction techniques back into society to fix the growing numbers of criminal offenders throughout the country nearing...
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