...Consequence of Religious Tolerance/Intolerance This paper will first define several words related to the title, expose some consequences of religious intolerance, and finally explain how religion connects with our culture. Our team discovered while looking at different religions that there were many religions than what we will define here. It is certain that a discussion about religion will at some point bring up the subject matter of there being so many different religions, and do they have any common components. Our group agreed that although that are many differences, there are some similarities, impacting four basic areas, such as : what people believe, what people do, what people think, and what people feel. For many people religion is their way of life. David Barrette in an a weekly column writes, “it is well known that those who think about their own religion often work hard to establish what they believe to be the correct interpretation for the time in which they live.” Another thing to take into consideration before moving on to the next definition is behavior. Behaviors of religion according to David Barrette could include rituals, meditation, and prayer, much of this list is learned after joining a particular religion, and again these all in turn become a way of life. In each particular religion, most members live very close to others practicing the same religion for comfort, strength, and in order to keep growing stronger in order to help newer members as...
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...Religion and the State In The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau concludes with a chapter on how religion lays an essential foundation in civil state that can both benefit and damage society. He claims that the gods were the first kinds of political leader, thereafter setting an example for the way government are run. However, his near-deification of the general-will is simply secularized Christianity. Rousseau is clearly not opposed to religion in essence: “no state has ever ben founded without religion at its base.” But he does list some aspects of religious practice not nearly as defective as others. Curiously, Rousseau states that there are two types of religions, but ends up identifying three types of religion that influences the...
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...edu Abstract. The notion of a clash of civilizations has gained notoriety since the terrorist attack on WTC on 9/11/2001. Professor Samuel P. Huntington has popularized the view that the coming global conflict will be among major civilizations, not among different political ideologies. He identifies eight major civilizations: the Western (Europe and North America), Slavic (Russia and Eastern Europe), Islamic, Confucian, Hindu, Japanese, Latin American, and the African. Of particular focus in the present paper is the threat to civilization from radical Islam. Three factors that foment radicalism are described: the Islamic theology of exclusiveness, the nostalgic memory of a Muslim empire that lasted nearly 1,000 years, and the consequences of oil boom in the Middle East. Population estimates for different civilizations are provided at the end. Introduction The theory of a clash of civilizations has been with us for some time. British historian Arnold Toynbee used the term in a series of lectures he delivered in 1953. The Middle East specialist Bernard Lewis wrote in 1990 that the Muslim rage against the West is “no less than a clash of civilizations” (Lewis, 1990, p 60). Samuel P. Huntington, a Harvard University political science professor, has given new currency to the notion of a clash of civilizations. His 1993 article in Foreign Affairs has gained global audience. A few years ago, I lectured to a political science class at Pondicherry University in Southern...
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...TERRORISM I. Introduction II. Causes of terrorism A. Illetracy B. Injustice C. Poverty D. Food insecurity E. Madrasshs F. Unemployement G. Soviet invasion H. Iranian revolution I. Intolerance J. Extremism K. Geopolitical location III. IMPACT OF TERRORISM A. ECONOMIC LOSS B. SOCIAL BREAKDOWN C. PSYCHOLOGICAL DIORDERS IV MEASURES NEEDED TO CURB TERRORISM A. National commission B. Propagation of education C. Religious integration D. Employment for youth E. Dispensation of justice V . conclusion Pakistan is plagued with myriad problems, the gravest of them probably being terrorism. it has crippled the economy of the country and deteriorated the social fabric. it has also effected the psychological health of the citizens of the country. Many factors such as poverty, illiteracy, social injustice, madrassas, weakness of government among others have bred terrorism. Strickly speaking, there is no formal definition of terrorism. however, generally it is defined as the use of violence or threat of violence by individuals or groups, against non combatants, to further their vested interests. As is rightly said “ terrorism is tactic of demanding the impossible and demanding it at gun point” Illetracy is probably the most significant contributing factor of terrorism. according to the survey conducted, only one out of 5 aged 18-25 is capable of reading and writing and only one out of 20 individuals holds a college degree. with such a bleak picture, it is little...
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...The short story "Dead Men's Path" is written by one of Africa’s most acclaimed writers, Chinua Achebe, who grew up in a Christian family. The main character in the story is Michael Obi, a young and energetic perfectionist who is excited about modernize everything of a traditional school after he got assigned as the new headmaster. Not a while into his job, Michael finds that along with his misguided enthusiasm, ignoring the traditions and beliefs of the villagers can have great consequences. The major theme of this story is the collision between new ideas and traditions. Society can move forward by adapting new ideas, but still maintain respect for past traditions and maintain cultural beliefs. The fact that Obi and his wife are obsessed with modernizing everything is pretty obvious in the story. After Obi was assigned the job of headmaster, he and his wife are both eager to bring new ideas and share the modern life with everyone. Chinua Achebe shows their modern enthusiasm when he writes: "We shall do our best,” Obi's wife replied. "We shall have such beautiful gardens and everything will be just modern and delightful…” (200). He also shows Obi's views of the traditionalist people by attacking their character referring to them as, "these old and superannuated people in the teaching field” (200). An unused path started the collision between new ideas and traditions. In time the gardens blossomed with beautiful red and yellow flowers. As Obi is admiring his work, he comes across...
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...prepared for this big community. The next big issue Obama mentions is he talks about the N.P. And that the N.P constitutes also that everyone is supposed to change something for a better future. (Line13-18). Afterwards he starts to talk about the problems, which he and the world has to deal with for now and in the future. The first problem he talks about is that everyone shall take responsibilty for the world and do something e.g. supporting the abolition of the nuclear weapons. (Line 19-25) Moreover he talks about the problem of the climate change and that the people should care about the environment. The next aspect ht mentions is the tolerance problem and that everybody is supposed to show tolerance to every religion and ethics. So he wants the reader to accept the differences of the human beings withougt discrimaton and intolerance. (Line 30-36) In addition to this he talks about the issue of the equality of all human beings and that everyone is supposed to have a good life with good standards. (Line 37-43). He wants that all allies work...
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...Islam vs. the Rest of the World Islam vs. the Rest of the World Introduction There are hundreds of different religions and cultures throughout the world today and each is interpreted differently within the religious communities, families, or individuals and many of these cultures and religions have been morphed into a different form with different practices based on how each deems appropriate for them. There have been great strides in recent years to reduce discrimination and prejudice towards minority groups that are of a culturally different background than the dominant, more accepted groups and there is still a long way to go to meet total equality. While it is true there have been many improvements for some cultures in recent years, the opposite is true for those of the Muslim decent. Since the terrorist attacks starting from September 11 and since then, Muslims and those of the Islamic faith have been unfairly stereotyped negatively as demons and as many as 46 percent of Americans view the group as a whole as having terrorist tendencies. (Deane, Fears 2006) Not only are their religious practices criticized and viewed negatively, but nearly every other action they commit is thought to be “suspicious”, from the way they dress, to the way they talk, how they practice their religion, and how women are viewed and treated in their culture. Some view their form of lifestyle to be geared towards hatred and violence, with every action being held under a microscope and...
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...Proposing a Solution Stopping Bullying in Schools Bullying in schools is a phenomenon that has received increased attention in the media. Boys and girls both experience bullying. Bullying in boys is more physical and verbal; bullying in girls is more psychological and relational (cdc.gov). According to the National Center for Education Statistics, “bullying activities were as common as daily or weekly happenings in 25 percent of public schools during 2007-08” (nces.ed.gov). Bullying often starts as verbal teasing, and then leads to physical threats and even violence. Bullying creates problems of low self-esteem, decreased focus on school work, and emotional distress in victims. Bullies continually target those that are weaker than them either physically or emotionally. It is important to make schools safer for students by preventing bullying. Many people think of bullying as an act of one child or group of children physically assaulting or teasing another child (eHow.com). The most common type of bullying is name calling or making belittling remarks about another child, whether it be their physical or socioeconomic characteristics. Other types of bullying include spreading rumors, intimidation, and group isolation. Children and teenagers in schools around the world face discrimination, mental and physical violence and other types of bullying every day. From nonviolent to physical abuse, the safety of a student in the school environment can be compromised...
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...WHEN THE BLOOD TURNS SAFFRON OR GREEN SUMIT DALAL Assistant professor Delhi University Abstract – India being home to countless communities and religion, taking pride in its diversity, is yet to fulfil the dream of secularism in a real sense. Even in 21st century when communal riots can be the potent way to settle political scores, it takes no time to understand that there is something severely wrong at the top level. Therefore the masses need to understand that ultimately its they who suffer and mourn, the ruling elite class goes untouched as always. The solution can thus, only come from the mango people itself. Keywords- communal violence, bloodshed, caste and communities, religion, indifferent authorities. Right in the middle of the violent clashes, the critically acclaimed Bollywood movie released a way back in 1995, demands a mention to portray the recent communal turmoil. The hindu protagonist in the film cuts the wrist of himself and his muslim love interest to prove that the blood flowing is of the same colour, making it impossible to differentiate on any basis, leave alone religion. Mr. Mani Ratnam would have never thought that his plot would win the test of times and still stand relevant in the seventh decade of independence of world’s largest democracy. With an economy among the world’s ten largest India’s status as a re-emerging global power is now not just recognised, but is increasingly institutionalised with a seat in G-20 , increasing clout in international...
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...What is Prejudice? Researchers struggle to define prejudice. Some say it is “a negative attitude or feeling toward an individual, group, place or thing” ( (Bokanic, 2009). Others say that this attitude is based on assumptions, which leads to the prejudgments of others. Whatever the case, prejudices can be formed against another person because of race, weight, gender, language, religion, or virtually any difference. Prejudices lead to discrimination and stereotypes. For example, Wrenee, a French-American, was a victim of racial prejudice as a child. As she grew up, she searched for a place where people would not prejudge her based on her racial background. She became a doctor in a town in Southern Alabama, where her physical appearance...
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...historians David Fintz Altabé, Mark R. Cohen, Henry Kamen, Erin Morris, Mary Elizabeth Perry, Rukhsana Qamber, Saey, Tina Hesman Saey, Matthew E. Falagas, Effie A. Zarkadoulia, George Samonis, Hugh Kennedy and Maya Soifer, with their different views have tried to solve the mystery to what exactly happened? What were the conditions in Al-Andalus? Did people of different religious faiths coexisted at that time under Muslims’ rule? What caused the massacre and conversion of Jews and Christians into Islam? What led to the Spanish Inquisition? This paper is focused on the Spanish Inquisition, its causes and its consequences which includes the conquest of Spain by Muslims, the co-existence of Muslims, Christians and Jews, the fall of Al-Andalus leading to the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Muslims from Spain beginning in 1478. This paper will also distinguish between religion and the wrongdoings of men, staining it for their ulterior motives. This paper will include different views of historians and their arguments about all of the incidents stated above. The central argument of this paper is, history of Al-Andalus, through many historians is biased; with little evidence, many of historians blames Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, for the eradication of Muslims from Spain, whereas Muslims (Almohads) did in fact, exterminate Jews in communities and forced Christians to convert to Islam. Muslims entered Spain in 711, overthrowing the Visigoth Rule. After that, they slowly...
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...hoped to establish within France a principle of territorial sovereignty akin to the Peace of Augsburg * Calvinism served the forces of political decentralization. Calvinist conversations among powerful aristocrats as a means to achieve political goals o John Calvin and Theodore Beza saw this as a means to advance their cause o Beza converted Jeanne d‘Albert, the mother of the future Henry IV o The prince of Condé was converted by his Calvinist wife in 1558 o Calvinist religious convictions proved useful to their political goals Two main reasons to become a Calvinist with something to gain from the other o Religious Resistance made Calvinism a possible religion in Catholic France Secular/political reasons cast suspicion on religious intent Wanted to spread Calvinism, the religion As she had earlier sought Protestant support when Guise power threatened to subdue the monarchy, she now sought Guise support as Protestant influence grew. 1. Protestant Resistance Theory * Protestant leaders view on resistance against the emperor: o Luther: * approved resistance to the emperor after the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 o Calvin: * Condemned wilful disobedience and rebellion against lawfully constituted governments as un-Christian * He also taught that lower magistrates had the right and duty to oppose tyrannical higher authority * John Knox [Scots reformer] (1513–1572): o Laid the groundwork for...
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...Freedom of Religion or Belief - how the FCO can help promote respect for this human right “The UK condemns all instances where individuals are persecuted because of their faith or belief, wherever this happens and whatever the religion of the individual or group concerned.”1 SUMMARY Freedom of religion or belief is a human right whose enjoyment is important to achieving the UK’s strategic priorities, particularly as regards conflict prevention and resolution. It is a sensitive issue in many countries. These guidelines, elaborated with the help of specialist stakeholders, aim to provide a simple introduction to the issues for FCO posts and desks, an analytical matrix to identify problems, some general responses to frequently raised issues, and other resources for those who wish to go deeper into the subject. 1 FCO Human Rights Annual Report 2007, p. 106 1 CONTENTS What is freedom of religion or belief? Paras 2-9 Why is freedom of religion or belief important to the UK? Paras 10-11 What is needed to achieve freedom of religion? Para 12 Vulnerable groups and freedom of religion Para 13 Children and freedom of religion Para 14 Freedom of religion and freedom of expression Paras 15-19 Restrictions on freedom of religion Paras 20 – 25 What problems are Posts most likely to encounter? Paras 26 – 32 How can Posts help to promote freedom of religion? Paras 33 – 38 Regional mechanisms Para 39 Some basic...
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...1. Introduction Terrorism, Religious and Ethnic Intolerance are constantly affecting more or less every country of the world in the 21st century. These unexpected phenomena are all-pervading the stable economic and social, cultural and political aspects of the peace loving people. Therefore, these issues become the prime concerns for whole world especially after unexpected happening in 9\11, while after starting of war on terror by the United States of America and her allies. It is a method of employing violence in the quest of an ideology. The people of South Asia are constantly threatened by the varieties of terrorist activity. The convergence of limited institutional capacities in governments and law-enforcement agencies with grievances about widespread corruption, underdevelopment, socioeconomic marginalization, and the sometimes problematic role of the state, make South Asia an attractive operating base for terrorist groups. The recent horrific acts of terrorism, such as the November 2008 attacks in Mumbai, underscore the regional nature of the terrorist threat in South Asia, and they highlight the need for greater cooperation within the region to address it. There are no quick-fix solutions when it comes to combating terrorism. The aim of the paper to place the nature of terrorism in South Asia from Bangladesh perspective by analyzing the ways to counter terrorism and how can the threat of the phenomenon be reduced. 2. Terrorism in South Asia Every nation in South Asia...
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...Morillo, Deniel Salvador B. 2010- 62273 The true measurement of work is through time. Indeed, leaving a footprint in the sand of life is a challenge only a few noble persons had conquered. The book Law of Success in 16 Lessons is undeniably one of the priceless treasures that our generation can touch. It is a culmination of the knowledge of different individuals gathered together in one piece by a genius who devoted his time for more than 20 years to study and interview successful people including such self-made industrial giants as Henry Ford, J. P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison. “The book was commissioned at the request of Andrew Carnegie and was based upon interviews of over 500 American millionaires.” Upon the click of the mouse to open such strange PDF file was the first step to a new world of enlightenment. The astonishing 1170- page book revealed a four lined claim saying, “Teaching, for the First Time in the History of the World, the True Philosophy upon which all Persons Success is Built.” It was such a strong claim that a normal average person would consider as a fallacy, but, through the pages of the book, you would realize, that the claim is valid, even an understatement at that. The genius, Napoleon Hill, established the start of the journey by sharing the story of a man who preached a sermon entitled: “What I would do if I had a million dollars.” Along the story, you would see how that imagination was transpired into...
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