...Non-verbal communication affect us?-----(6) 2. Nonverbal Communication with workplace interactions: i. Managers------(7) ii. Employees-----(8) 3. Conclusion (9) 4. References (10) 1. What is Non-verbal communication? According to Dr. Albert Mehrabian, who conducted several studies on nonverbal communication 7% of any message is conveyed through words, 38% through certain vocal elements, and 55% through nonverbal elements. This makes 93% of our communication nonverbal. Nonverbal communication is nonverbal stimuli and behaviour in a communication setting that transmits a meaning. The first 4 minutes you meet a person you decide nearly 80% of your attitude towards them, even if that person didn’t speak, his nonverbal behaviour makes you like or dislike him. There are many types of nonverbal behaviour and elements that can affect how we react towards someone including; Types of Non-verbal communication: Facial Expressions are motions human beings do using face muscles in order to react nonverbally to an action or to show a state of emotion consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or a frown. Gestures Intentional movements and signs are an effective way to convey meaning without using words. Common gestures include waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Other gestures are related to culture and traditions. Paralinguistics Paralinguistics refers to vocal patterns such as tone, loudness, inflection, and pitch. Although...
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...International advertising strategies Theodore Levitt's seminal article ‘The Globalisation of Markets' (Harvard Business Review 1983) caused many companies to examine their international advertising strategies and to adopt a global strategy. What problems do you see in such an approach? Advertising is a universal business activity today. As media has spread across the world and marketers have expanded it reaching different unexplored counties, advertising is gaining impetus in the whole globe and it is easy to identify when you move from a place to another or simply when you travel that you realize that advertising is the most visible manifestation of the globalization of business in general and of brands in particular. Advertising allows consumers to “compare goods, which often results in lower prices and improved product quality; advertising stimulates the economy by encouraging consumption; and it has the potential to improve living standards” (Mueller, 1996, p. 256). When you talk about International Advertising it is means that you are talking about cross-border advertising and it is possible to have a specific connotations that you can adopted as a global strategy. According to Jones, J. (2000) there is two countries who believe that their advertising is the best in the world: United Kingdom and United States, and he stressed that the language (English) has becoming the primary worldwide language, at least for business; that belief make it change Levitt's concept of global...
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...organized into four sets of variables; product, place, promotion, price Consultative Selling- an approach to personal selling that is an extension of the marketing concept. Emphasis is placed on need identification, need satisfaction, and the building of a relationship that results in repeat business Transactional Selling- a sales process that most effectively matches the needs of the value-conscious buyer, who is primarily interested in price and convenience The major features of consultative selling are as follows; 1. The customer is seen as a person to be served, not to be sold a. NEED DISCOVERY 1. The buyers needs are identified through two-way communication (key for sales person to learn about the needs of the consumer as much as possible) a. SELECTION OF THE SOLUTION 1. Helping the buyer make an informed and intelligent buying decision adds value to the sales process a. NEED SATISFACTION PRESENTATION 1. Emphasizes service at every phase of the personal selling process a. SERVICING THE SALE The Evolution of Strategic Selling Strategic Planning- the process that matches the firm's resources to its market opportunities Tactics- techniques, practices, or methods that a salesperson uses during face-to-face interactions with customers Strategies- the thing that salespeople do as the result of precall planning to ensure that they call on the right people. At the right time, and with the right...
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...(ScienceDirect, 2005). The cosmetic industry is very competitive with the presence of those largest global players. They are L’Oreal, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Johnson & Johnson, Avon, Shiseido, Estee Lauder, Revlon, Mary Kay and Max Factor. (Drug & Cosmetic Industry, 2000). 2.0 Behaviour analysis 2.1 Internal Consumers may choose products that can be used to express consumer personality, social status or to fulfil their internal psychological needs. Everybody is motivated by needs and wants to attain their desired goals. (Schiffman, Bednall, O’Cass, Paladino & Kanuk, 2005). Needs are defined as the basic forces that motivate a person to do something and wants are the needs that are learned during a person’s life (Weber & de Villebonne, 2002). Meeting consumer needs is the fundamental goal of a marketer. Cosmetic products are generally marketed to appeal to three basic types of consumer needs; functional, social and experiental needs (Kim, Forsythe, Gu & Moon, 2002). A product’s functional attributes satisfy the consumer’s need to prevent or solve problems. For example, Amway strongly emphasises the functionality of their products where they clearly target consumers who are seeking the need to merely fulfil their functional need (Euromonitor, 2009). Next, social images satisfy social needs such as social...
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...On-screen characters: their design and influence on consumer trust J.T. Luo Mayfair Artist Ltd, Bolton, UK, and Peter McGoldrick, Susan Beatty and Kathleen A. Keeling Manchester Business School, Manchester, UK Abstract Purpose – Previous research has focused on how trustworthiness can be evoked by the physical design of on-screen characters (OSCs) within the e-commerce interface. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not the OSCs representation, along with user differences, influence, how likeable, appropriate and trustworthy they are. Design/methodology/approach – A web site was created for a simulated online bookseller and 183 people from various countries participated in the experiments. OSC representations were tested under four conditions in the main experiment: facial appearance (human-like vs cartoon-like) and gender (male vs female). Findings – The results suggest that the human-like characters are more likeable, appropriate and trustworthy in general terms. However, when perceived capabilities of OSCs are measured, a mismatch can occur between expectations and capabilities of the human-like OSCs. In fact, cartoon-like OSCs, especially female, had more positive effects on the web site interface. Research limitations/implications – This study was limited to simulations of on-screen scenarios. Future work, with access to the huge database required, could investigate the effects of truly interactive OSCs. Larger national sub-samples would permit generalisations...
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...to say "they're just ads" because, at worst, they feel like a nuisance or interruption. A lot of people have difficulty accepting the idea that ads are manipulative because we want to believe we're in complete control of our choices. Advertising exists because there's a product a company wants to sell and they want people to know about it so they can buy it. This much is obvious. There are all kinds of ads, but in general they all aim to keep you from thinking and, instead, make your buying choices based on an emotional response. Basically, if you're not prepared to think—and you often are not when you're watching television or reading a magazine—you'll pretty much accept any suggestion if it is offered to you. Since you're being so passive, you may not even realize its happening. Product advertisements such as beauty products, food and clothing pay a great deal of influence in Filipino viewers, especially young people. The consumer preference id often based what they see on T.V. as portrayed by various stunning, and often times ideal, commercial models. It is noticeable that people, especially young people/students, has the tendency to be idealistic, and tends to imitate what they often see as appealing to majority. Advertisements aren't inherently bad, but many use manipulative tactics that influence in ways students don't...
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...Consumer Behavior Outline of the Study The first chapter of the study covers the introduction about the company (Iceland Frozen Foods) and consumer behavior and follows with the scope and significance of the study. The second chapter of the study will represent several literature reviews on research relating to the previous studies carried out by various authors. The third chapter of the study will conduct the methodology chapter, which will indicate the research methods and designs. The analysis and finding for the research study will be in the fourth chapter. The final and fifth chapter will conclude the study and provide useful and justified recommendations for the further research (Welford, 2007, 52–62). Observing consumer behavior while they are shopping gathers a wide variety of information about their behavior in choosing products and services. The consumer behavior is observed upon number of observable phenomenon like physical actions, such as the actual shopping pattern of consumers (in store or through online interface); verbal behavior, such as sales conversation between buyer and the seller or communication of buyer with other buyers in the store; expressive behavior, such as facial expressions and tone of voice or behavior while interacting with product features they are buying; and temporal patterns, such as amount of time spent by consumers while making their purchase decision (Zikmund, pp. 239-240). The marketing activity of Starbucks can be made more effective...
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...The environment plays a huge role in human behavior from larger things like whether the country that a person lives in is at war to smaller things like the type of weather that is typical for that specific area. You may have heard of the term nature vs. nurture before. This is a term that psychologists use to describe different reasons for why people behave in the ways that they do. Nature refers to people’s DNA. This is their inherent genetic makeup that plays a role in not only their behavior but also in their outward appearance. Nurture describes the environment that people live in including each person’s own experiences within their family but also their experiences in the larger world and within their community. Human beings are programmed response in every sense of the word. We learn everything that we are from others. We are not born with knowledge or personality; we acquire those from society-at-large. As an example; if, at the moment you were born, you were exchanged with a baby being born in Ethiopia, and your skin, hair, and eyes were altered to that of other Ethiopians, you would grow up and be an entirely different person. Your taste in food, music, dress, and all your aspects of culture would be entirely different from who you are today. If the two of you were to meet as adults, neither would recognize similar behavioral attributes in the other. Each of you would have entirely different personalities. Genetically, you may have the same physical...
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...University Washburn University 1700 S. W. College 1700 S. W. College Topeka, KS 66621 Topeka, KS 66621 Phone: 785-670-1601 Phone: 785-670-1601 Email: susie.pryor@washburn.edu Email: bingqing.yin@washburn.edu Beauty in the Age of Marketing Beauty, it is said, is in the eye of the beholder. It is, accordingly, subjective and presumably both socially and culturally influenced. From a marketer’s perspective, this is a less than useful perspective, for beauty sells. A body of research suggests, for example, that physically attractive models used in advertising produce consumer expectations of accountability, dynamism and trustworthiness; therefore, marketers tend to use these models to enhance and strengthen the appeal of their advertisements and products (Atkin and Block 1983; Kamins and Gupta 1994). Physically attractive people are known to be perceived by consumers as friendly, warm, dominant, sociable, outgoing, responsive, and possessing both self-esteem and intelligence (Adams, 1977; Adams & Read, 1983; Berscheid & Walster, 1974; Bloch & Richins, 1992; Cann, Siegfried, & Pearce, 1981; Dion & Dion ,1987; Goldman & Lewis, 1977). Individuals favor and are favorably disposed towards physically attractive people (Caballero, Lumpkin & Madden, 1989). More broadly, research in other fields finds physical attractiveness both a determinant and moderator of various processes including heterosexual liking (Berscheid, Dion, Walster,...
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...WHAT SIGNS OF MOD CULTURE ILLUSTRATE A DOMINANCE OF MASCULINE AND EUROPEAN INFLUENCE SEEN THROUGH THE CREATIVE MEDIUMS OF PHOTOGRAPHY, MUSIC AND FASHION? Danny Lowe A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree BA (Hons) Fashion Photography London College of Fashion University of the Arts London Date: 15th April 2012 i Declaration I, Danny Lowe, certify that this is an original piece of work. I have acknowledged all sources and citation. No section of this literature review has been plagiarised. Signed: ….......................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract List of Illustrations Introduction Methodology Literature Review Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Historical and Cultural Contexts – Defining the 'Mod' and Youth Cultures in Post WWII Britain Americanisation – Music, Motives and Movement The Signs of Style iv v vi ix xi xi xvii xxi xxii xxiv xxvi xxviii xxix xxxii Interpretative Analysis Photography: Music: Fashion Conclusion Bibliography Appendix iii Abstract The purpose of this research study is to identify the signs of masculinity and European influence that dominated aspects of 'Modernist', or Mod, culture and lifestyle. The Mod is a British subculture which developed in the 1960's. The first stage of this study involves introducing the subcultural theories attributed to the Mod...
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...icedTHE SERVICE EXPERIENCE AS THEATER Stephen J. Grove, Clemson University Raymond P. Fisk, University of Central Florida INTRODUCTION Services marketing play a major role in the economies of the United States and the entire world, this has been indicated by the increased interest in the etiquette of how most people are taking it up, the past decade reflects a growing appreciation of the part they play in the frugalities. Lovelock 1991, states that services are said to be approximately amounting to seventy per-cent of the Gross National Product of the United States and the world, and supporting the same notion is Bateson 1989 who indicates that three quarters of those employed in some countries labour in service sector occupations Berry 1980, Sasser 1976, Zeithaml, and Parasuraman 1985 have given significant attention to how the marketing of services is distinguishing from the marketing of goods. The simultaneity of production and consumption of the service product is one key characteristic that differentiates services marketing, according to the above mentioned scholars and researchers. They noted that services exist only in the time in which they are rendered and they cannot be disassembled. Essentially, services are fashioned from the interaction between service providers and customers and, as such, service quality is comprised of both process and outcome dimensions. These various aspects of service delivery underscore the notion that services are complex, behavioural...
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...people recognize the dangers of gender stereotyping; yet continue to make these types of generalizations. Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is to put her family's welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, nurturing, and sympathetic; and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the financial provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, career‐focused, and always initiate sex. These sorts of stereotypes can prove to be harmful; they can suppress individual expression and creativity, as well as hinder personal and professional growth. Children learn gender stereotypes from socialization. Gender socialization is the process where children learn to develop behaviours regarding what constitutes being a male or female. Beginning at a young age, parents, school, peers and the media highly influence the gender behaviours children replicate and ultimately internalize. My compilation of media entries focuses on the progression and adaptation of gender stereotypes in the media. Over time, perceptions of gender roles have changed, causing the media to modify traditional marketing tactics to conform to them. I chose to organize my entries into three sections. The first category, incorporating the first three entries, provides examples of existing gender stereotypes in the media and consumerism. The following two entries fall into the second category, describing products and...
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...International Consumer Behaviour ROBOLOVE Théo LAMARE By Robolove, we do not mean a feeling of love towards robots like it is depicted in Spike Jonze’s disturbing movie “her”, even if humanity could be soon exposed to this unexpected situation. Here, we rather mean the phenomenon characterized by the fact that there are more and more robots presents in our daily lives, which is also true in the business world. People will be more frequently in contact with robots in circumstances that they are rather used to communicate with humans so far. If this trend can be qualified as worldwide, I have decided to focus on a specific market: Switzerland. This country, whose capital city is Bern, is located in Western and Central Europe. From a political point of view, Switzerland is one of the most stable in the world, it remains a high performer according to the World Bank’s global governance indicators that rank between 91 and 99,5 in all parameters. Switzerland’s government is a team composed of seven members with equal rights. Thus, President and Vice President are elected by the Federal Assembly. The executive power is exercised by the government and the federal administration so it is not concentrated in any one person. Concerning its economic landscape, Switzerland ranks as one of the world’s most competitive economies, with a GDP of around $685bn in 2013. With prudent monetary and fiscal policies in place, the country has resisted to the economic recession much better...
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...tool that sets out activities, behaviours and guidelines to become a successful HR Professional. Without a Human Resources team, many companies would fall apart. By HR professionals following the guidelines set by the profession map, this would assure that any organisation would be sustainable and successful. The Core Professional Areas: There are two 2 Core Professional Areas • Insight, Strategies and Solutions – By having an insight into organisations, you are able to spot opportunities and are able to turn them into strategies and solutions. By doing this you are able to meet organisational needs now and in the future. • Leading HR – Having leadership skills allows you to work collaboratively with colleagues. You are able to guide and advise, enabling everyone, as a whole, to deliver valued skills and outstanding performance. These two areas are seen to be a requirement of any HR professional, regardless of their role, location or stage of their career. The Specialist Professional Areas: There are also 8 specialist professional areas that coincide with the HRPM. • Organisation Design - Ensuring that every aspect of the organisation is designed correctly and efficiently to deliver the maximum impact. • Organisation Development – is imperative. It sets requirements and strategies that need to be met to achieve goals. By training and developing individuals, you set out to have a team of people who have the appropriate skills, behaviours, culture and performance needed...
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...comes with continually changing faces. 3 Explain the concepts of emotional contagion and emotional labour and how they relate to customer service, using specific examples. Emotional labour arises when there is a discrepancy between the way frontline staff feel inside and the emotions that management require them to portray in front of customers. Frontline staff members are expected to have a cheerful disposition, be helpful, compassionate, sincere or even self-effacing—emotions that can be conveyed through facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice and words. Although some service firms make an effort to recruit employees with such characteristics, there will inevitably be situations when employees do not feel such positive emotions yet are required to suppress their true feelings in order to conform to customer expectations. 4 Identify the factors favouring a strategy of employee empowerment. * The firm’s business strategy is based on competitive...
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