...FAO FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPER NUMBER 65 RISK MANAGEMENT AND FOOD SAFETY Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Consultation Rome, Italy, 27 to 31 January 1997 ISSUED BY THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN COLLABORATION WITH THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ROME, 1997 The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. First issued in March 1997 in PDF format: reissued in April 1997 with corrections. The copyright in this document is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Application for permission to reproduce this book, in whole or in part, by any method or process, should be addressed, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO, Rome, 1997 CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ACRONYMS....................................................................................................................v 1...
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...Microbiology Overview Interpretation of preliminary microbiology data Gram-positive cocci Aerobic In clusters ● Coagulase (+): Staphylococcus aureus ● Coagulase (-): Staphylococcus lugdunensis and other coagulasenegative staphylococci In pairs/chains ● Optochin sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae ● Alpha-hemolytic: Viridans group Streptococcus, Enterococcus ● Beta-hemolytic: ○ Group A Strep (Streptococcus pyogenes) ○ Group B Strep (Streptococcus agalactiae) ○ Group C, D, G Strep Anaerobic: Peptostreptococcus spp. and many others Gram-positive rods Aerobic ● Large: Bacillus spp ● Cocco-bacillus: Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus spp ● Small, pleomorphic: Corynebacterium spp ● Branching filaments: Nocardia spp, Streptomyces spp Gram-negative cocci Aerobic ● Diplococcus: Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, Moraxella catarrhalis ● Cocco-bacillus: Haemophilus influenzae, Acinetobacter Anaerobic: Veillonella spp. Gram-negative rods Aerobic Lactose fermenting (Lactose positive): ● Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp ● Citrobacter spp*, Serratia spp* Non lactose-fermenting (Lactose negative): ● Oxidase (-): Acinetobacter spp, Burkholderia spp, E. coli, Proteus spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Serratia spp*, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ● Oxidase (+): P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas spp. Anaerobic ● Large: Clostridium spp Anaerobic: Bacteroides spp, Fusobacterium spp, Prevotella spp. ● Small, pleomorphic: P. acnes, Actinomyces spp *Serratia and Citrobacter spp...
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...REVIEW OF LITERATURE OF FAST FOOD INDUSTRY Previous Research on fast food Industry has shown us a light in this project: The Research done by UCLA Anderson assistant professor Raphael Thomadsen. He presented the result in the paper entitled, ³Seeking an Aggressive Competitor: How Product Line Expansion Can Increase All Firms¶ Profits.´ According to him, if a McDonald¶s and a Burger King compete in the center of a small town, and a Burger King opens in the suburbs, it can boost profits for the McDonald¶s store. In previous research, Thomadsen demonstrated that prices at fast food outlets located near other outlets belonging to the same chain often charge high prices to avoid cannibalizing sales between the two outlets. These price differences can be large, with prices at many restaurants 20 percent or more higher than they would be if the restaurant owners did not worry about cannibalization. Now he finds that a firm may also charge higher prices when faced with a new competitor or product. He said that product-line expansion would affect profits .He said that when a firm adds products to its line, the profits of the incumbent firms in the market must go down. He used a standard economic model in this study. ³Consumers have different utility preferences,´ He explains that some people like one type of food while other people like a different type. There are also variations in location. So model consumers based on preferences, location and other factors likely to affect their behavior...
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...as Threshold Limit Values (TLV). These values were derived from animal and human research as well as industry knowledge and epidemiology. Safe Work Australia creates exposure standards based on a range of information from work health and safety statistics to continuing formal research on exposures to substances found in the workplace. A significant increase in harmful health effects from a specific substance through statistical analysis prompts SWA to assess the current exposure limit to determine whether it needs to be controlled to protect the workforce. Proposed exposure limit changes are then put out into the community for feedback. Exposure Standards listed under the NOHSC Adopted National Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment (NOHSC: 1003, 1995) are then used as the limits for exposures in the workplace. Where the government determines there to be a significant risk to workers, exposure limits are drawn up into legislation such as Acts and Regulations. This can be specific such as the...
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...IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN BACTERIA It is virtually impossible to identify bacteria based on physical characteristics alone. This is due to the fact that there are only a few basic shapes and physical features commonly seen in the prokaryotic world. Instead, biochemical testing has been used to make bacterial identification down to the “species” level. These schemes are based on creating and matching biochemical profiles of the production of enzymes, acids and gases by isolated pure cultures of a given microorganism. Identification schemes and flow charts can be found in reference texts such as “Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology” or “The Prokaryotes”. Each group of students will receive a TSA slant or broth containing a pure culture of an unknown bacterium belonging to the Family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the responsibility of the group to maintain stock cultures of the organism provided. Working stock cultures will be used to inoculate the various biochemical test media over the next several weeks and should be fresh and free from contaminants. A reserve stock culture should be made and after incubation and comparison with the original slant, kept with the original slant in the refrigerator. It is critically important that aseptic techniques are used during transfers and inoculations to prevent contamination of your cultures. If contamination is suspected, you will be able to fall back to your reserve stock. If you fail to maintain a reserve stock...
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...MAGGI CRISIS RISK MANAGEMENT & HACCP ESS 101 Managerial Economics Group 12 Pushpdeep Bahade Shreya Madhur Bajpai Manasa Rajbarath KR TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Background _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Beginning ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Recent crisis and effects ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Objective of the report_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Financial analysis _________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Monopoly power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Substitution effect & Reverse Bandwagon effect ________________________________________________________________ 2 Impact on share price _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 Manufacturing Process ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Risk management ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 Hazzard Analysis & Critical Control Points _____________________________________________________________ 6 Overview ____________________________________________________...
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...quality seed has reasonable varietal and physical purity, a high germination percentage and is free of external and internal pathogenic organism. An experiment to study the impact of Aspergillus flavus on groundnut seeds was conducted in the laboratory using the blotter method. Groundnut seeds sample from Mutsamba were provided and four petri dishes were prepared containing each ten seeds placed on two to three sheets of wet (but not dripping with water) blotter papers. The petri dishes were incubated in the laboratory for two weeks. The results had shown that Aspergillus flavus was the seed borne fungi detected affecting the germination of seeds with 23.3%. The identification of this fungus was through use of a stereo microscope for habit characters identification and a compound microscope for conidia identification of the fungus. Keywords: Impact of Aspergillus flavus, groundnut seeds, stereo microscope, compound microscope. 1 Introduction Groundnut is one of the most nourishing foods and it contains five important nutrients such as food energy, protein, phosphorus, thiamin and niacin. However, the crop is affected by a number of fungus diseases among which Aspergillus flavus is a part (Singh and Oswalt, 1992). Aspergillus flavus grows by producing thread like branching filaments known as hyphae. A network of hyphae known as the mycelium secretes enzymes that break down complex food sources. The resulting small molecules are absorbed by the mycelium to fuel additional...
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...left blank Office of Solid Waste And Emergency Response (5102G) EPA 542-R-04-015 September 2004 www.epa.gov/tio clu-in.org/marketstudy Cleaning Up the Nation’s Waste Sites: Markets and Technology Trends 2004 Edition This page intentionally left blank Notice Preparation of this report has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under contract number 68-W-03-038. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendations for use. This document is intended for information purposes and does not create new nor alter existing Agency policy or guidance. The document does not impose any requirements or obligations on EPA, states, other federal agencies, or the regulated community. A limited number of printed copies of Cleaning Up the Nation’s Waste Sites: Markets and Technology Trends, 2004 Edition is available free of charge by mail or by facsimile from: U.S. EPA/National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) P.O. Box 42419 Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419 Telephone: 513-489-8190 or 800-490-9198 Fax: 513-489-8695 A portable document format (PDF) version of this report is available for viewing or downloading from the Hazardous Waste Cleanup Information (CLU-IN) web site at http://clu-in.org/marketstudy. Printed copies can also be ordered through that web address, subject to availability. For More Information For more information about remediation markets, including...
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...................................................8 2.3 Prediction of Environmental Effects.......................................................................9 2.4 Cumulative Environmental Effects.........................................................................10 2.5 Mitigation, Contingency and Compensation..........................................................10 2.6 Commitment to Monitoring and Follow-Up...........................................................11 2.7 Public, Stakeholder and Aboriginal Community Consultation..............................13 2.8 Terms of Reference (TOR).....................................................................................14 3.0 CONDUCT OF THE STUDY AND CONTENT OF REPORT......................................20 3.1 Project Description - Scope of...
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...There are 36 objective practice items contained in this Guide, whereas the actual CSHM examination contains 150 objective items. The 150 test items will have the following weighted breakdown. Management and Leadership Principles and Methods (21% of test/32 questions) Risk Identification, Management and Control (35% of test/52 questions) EHS Operations, Programs and Applications (28% of test/42 questions) Incident Investigation and Performance Evaluation (16% of test/24 questions) Exams administered outside the United States will be in US English. Exam questions for candidates in this category will contain fewer questions that pertain only to the United States (i.e. OSHA, NIOSH, etc.) None of these practice items will be found on the actual CSHM certification examination. These practice items are only meant to be representative of the type of items found on the certification examination. Following the practice items is a quick scoring key and the rationales for the answers. Remember to select the BEST answer. Good luck! I. GENERAL AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 1. A hazard analysis can be used to evaluate a potential hazard; what other information should be considered? a. b. c. d. Injury reports Statistical data Risk assessment Fatality investigations 2. Which leadership style will have the most positive effect on subordinate satisfaction for employees who work on stressful, frustrating or dissatisfying tasks? a. b. c. d. Supportive Achievement-Oriented Participative...
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...An outbreak investigation featuring a cohort study associated with food contamination with an unknown organism: Confirmed with a variety of biological identification techniques 2015 – Karl Olsen N0425691 During October 2015, an outbreak of 14 cases of symptoms related to gastroenteritis occurred at a bank staff party in Nottingham, it was confirmed via a cohort study that Salmonella was the infectious pathogen. A lack of significant association between specific food sources and illness suggests an attack rate distributed through multiple foods, including salad and chicken, which were considered to be contaminated through a food handler. Introduction A conventional outbreak investigation is when two or more people share identical or related diseases/symptoms or excrete the same pathogens. This is common when cases are shared between individuals that have circumstantial association. In this particular case, the number of confirmed symptoms exceeded that expected and illuminated the potential cause; a foodborne disease. Moreover, on the 11th of October 2015, the first incidence of 14 human cases of symptoms related to food poisoning occurred between bank staff colleagues in Nottingham; United Kingdom. Symptoms of diarrhoea and fever manifested themselves and were reported within a week of a party of which 36 of 42 staff members attended. Symptoms subsided by the 15th of October. The occurrence and proximity of these infections suggest a link which can be explained by the consumption...
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...Radio Frequency Identification Uses in Inventory Management By: Jared Farnsworth, LAT In the fall of two thousand two I was introduced to radio frequency identification or RFID while I was doing my advanced individual training (AIT) for the military in Fort Lee, Virginia. At this time RFID was still in its infancy and not too many people were using RFID at this time. Not really too much was known about the benefits that it provided for inventory management either. The military was in the beginning stages of development and found it useful to link all of the databases at every military installation to make inventory control that much more reliable. Throughout my career in the military I used the RFID system quite a bit, mainly for inventory management. I used it for the control of medical equipment for the Army hospital that I was attached to. Everything had to be documented since all the supplies were highly vital to the proper running of the hospital. Other uses for the RFID system are for loss prevention, tracking inventory replenishment, managing work-in progress, and the removal of production waste through lean management. However certain problems do exist with the RFID system such as misuses and privacy issues. Over the next few paragraphs the benefits and problems with the RFID system will be discussed. “Theft and loss prevention and price markdown management are two of the most promising uses for radio frequency...
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...Emergency Plan For Food Defense South-Western City School District TABLE OF CONTENTS I | Overview | | A | Purpose of the Plan | 4 | B | Planning Assumptions | 5 | II | Mitigation and Prevention | | A | Vulnerability Assessment | 6 | B | Prevention Strategies | 6 | III | Preparedness | | A | Security | 9 | B | Supervision | 11 | C | Safety | 14 | D | Maintenance | 15 | E | Record Keeping | 15 | F | Training | 16 | G | Emergency Contacts | 16 | IV | Response | | A | Detection | 18 | B | Contamination | 18 | V | Recovery | | A | After Action Review | 20 | B | Document Archive | 20 | VI | Appendices | | A | School Food Defense Assessment Checklist | 21 | B | Online Resources | 24 | C | Acronyms | 26 | South-Western City Schools Emergency Plan for Food Defense The Emergency Plan for Food Defense is an incident management strategy that serves to augment the South-Western City School District’s Schools Emergency Response Plan. In order to ensure efficient and effective emergency management, the Food Defense Plan must be implemented in its entirety. I. Overview Children are a high risk population for food-borne illness. Both natural disasters and human-caused mistakes have the potential to contaminate the food supply, debilitate food service facilities and cause disease. These incidents include weather-related emergencies (e.g., flood, earthquakes, drought, heat wave, extended power outages), processing errors...
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...Table 1. White cell count (WCC), red cell count (RCC) and bacterial colony count results from patient’s midstream urine sample. Parameter | Number counted | Count (no./mm) | Reported/cmm | units (CFU/ul) | units (CFU/ml) | White cell count (WCC) | 374 | 374,000 | >100WCC/cmm | - | - | Red cell count (RCC) | 27 | 2,700 | Present | - | - | Bacterial colony count | 200* | - | - | - | 2x105* | *= Macroscopic bacterial colony count was performed by the supervisor within a mixed but sparse colonial growth on the Orientation Chromagar medium. The macroscopic appearance of the urine samples was a cloudy turbid fluid. One epithelial cell was observed within the microscopic WCC and RCC. Table 2. Morphological and preliminary identification of UTI pathogen from MSU cultured sample. Characteristic | Chromogenic UTI agar | CLED agar with Andrades indicator | Colonial morphology | Purple raised 1.5-3mm shiny umbonate colonies with a purple periphery**. | 1. Moderately sized 2mm Round, entire, creamy, blue opaque slightly raised colonies*.2....
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...van der Woude, Date: 12/12/2014 Valerie SelsEmail: saburo_aikini441@yahoo.com | Lab Report DNA: Plasmids and Nucleases 1. Abstract The goal of this practicum was to isolate plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli (E. coli), to identify it, to prove that the plasmid is circular and double-stranded and to give bacterial cells new genetic properties via transformation. An unknown plasmid S was isolated from the bacterial stain Escherichia coli (E. coli). Then its purity was determined by calculating the ratio A260/A280. After that, the unknown plasmid S was identified, followed by the determination of its antibiotic resistance gene. Subsequently, a new culture of E. coli DH5α was transformed by using the isolated plasmids where only the transformed cells survived. Finally, the plasmid-DNA was treated with exonuclease V to prove the circular and double-stranded property of plasmid. The isolated plasmid S was identified to be pCTB2 which was found to be have two forms: (I) relaxed & (II) supercoiled. The ratio A260/A280 gave the value of 1.65 indicating the presence of proteins (RNA/contaminated DNA). Furthermore, the plasmids were partially digested with restriction enzymes during its identification and was shown circular and double-stranded. The amount of plasmid molecules that has transformed into a cell was 1.0 x 107 and the amount of competent cells transformed was 7...
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