...Contingency Theories of Leadership Name Class Affiliation Instructor Date Leadership is considered by psychologists and organizational researchers as one of the most multifaceted and complex phenomena (Field & Seters, 1990). As a result of its complexity, leadership is one of the most misconceived phenomenon in the whole world. This prompted the researchers to come up with various foundational theories which helped to shed more light about leadership (Burns, 1978). Thus, it is impossible to analyze and evaluate leadership theories without going back to their origins (Field&Seters, 1990) There are several leadership theories that have been researched, developed and discussed by various researchers. They include; personality, influence, behavior, situational, transactional, anti-leadership, culture, transformational and contingency theories. The sole objective of this essay is to critically evaluate a group of contingency theories of leadership. The most notable contingency theories of leadership include Fried Fiedler’s, Path-Goal and Vroom-Jago (Field&Seters, 1990). This essay will start by evaluating Fiedler’s theory, followed by Path-Goal theory and the last three theories will be evaluated as a single group. According to (Bryman, 2011), contingency theories are advanced on the platform that dictates that there is no single best method that can be used alone to make a decision or lead an organization. These theories seek to offer and explain the...
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...CheckPoint: Contingency Theory of Leadership Resource: Ch. 6 of Introduction to Business Complete Appendix D by using figures 6.3 & 6.4 on pp. 182–183 as a guide. Base your answers on a real or hypothetical work environment. Describe the components of the contingency theory of leadership as it applies to the work environment you selected. Conclude with your recommendation for the best leadership approach. Post Appendix D as an attachment. • Your paper must be done in a Microsoft Word document and saved as your First Initial, Last Initial, Last 4 of IRN (DM1234). All of the information should match the name of your individual forum. • Format your paper as shown in Appendix D, an example is provided below. The Description of Environment should be no more than one paragraph in length. A paragraph should be 3-4 sentences. Each of the four approaches sections need only be long enough to fully explain your actions in each role. You can organize through bullet comments or complete sentences. • Use your own words and ideas. For this project, I am not interested in seeing textbook definitions or quotes. Explain to me your understanding of the material through your descriptions. However, if you quote or paraphrase from any source, including the textbook, you must cite these properly and provide a reference list. Use the Axia Style Writing Handbook and the Center for Writing Excellence to ensure you are formatting properly. If you take a definition...
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...Contingency Theory of Leadership Description of work environment Describe the work environment you intend to review for this assignment. The work environment I am going to review is an environment where young adults, adults, and veterans with disabilities, work on a military base, serving the military their meals, and cleaning the dining facility. In the table below, categorize different leadership approaches that could be used in the work environment you have described. Provide different suggestions for each of the four approaches to leadership. Directive approach Supportive approach The direct approach used in this work environment is policy and procedures to maintain a safe work environment and discipline. A weekly work schedule is posted at the same time, each week, so each employee knows their schedule a week ahead of time. Employee incentives like employee of the month, and year, awards are used, along with the possibility of career advancement. Daily, monthly, and annual training or coaching to ensure each employee knows their job task and what is expected of them. A binder is kept in different areas of the dining facility so the employees can refer to them for reminders of job duties, policies, regulations, and procedures. Employees are evaluated annually and given a pay increase depending on the evaluation score. The supportive approach used is to show an interest in each employee and how they are doing. To know each employee’s...
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...Axia College Material Appendix D Contingency Theory of Leadership |Description of work environment | | | | | | |A clothing store that sells new and gently used brand name clothes at a cost most | | |consumers can afford. | | | | In the table below, categorize different leadership approaches that could be used in the work environment you have described. Provide different suggestions for each of the four approaches to leadership. |Directive approach |Supportive approach | |Have a meeting with each employee on his or her first day of work|Being supportive in this clothing business will allow for better | |and go over the company procedures and handbook. I will be sure |working conditions which in return will allow for better sales of| |to explain the company’s schedule and when employees should |the clothes. Employees will be treated with respect and | |expect...
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...THE DIFFERENCE AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP Contingency and Path Theories are methods of inspecting management. Contingency theories emphasize the numerous variables that may range in any given hindrance that make one context exceptional from an additional. Direction theories stress description, motivation and charisma. One of the crucial principal variations between the 2 tactics is that path theories emphasize the character of the chief, even as contingency theories stress the nature of surrounding instances. Situational management models are situated on the work of institution of Washington professor Fred Fiedler and leadership experts Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard. Fiedler suggests that management is determined by situational causes, reminiscent of favored management patterns and worker motivation. The factors that have an effect on leaders incorporate leader-member members’ family, which is the boldness staff have in their managers; assignment constitution, which is the character of the work; and position vigor, which is the formal authority and impact of leaders. Hersey and Blanchard advise 4 leadership styles depending on employee traits. Leaders can adopt the directing sort for unskilled and unmotivated employees, the teaching variety for motivated however unskilled employees, the supporting style for skilled however unmotivated staff and the observing sort for encouraged and expert employees. The path-goal concept means that leaders...
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...difference between a theory and a model? I suppose this question is asking is the difference between a leadership theory and a leadership model. A leadership theory is an explanation of some aspect of leadership; explanation of the variables and leadership styles to be used in a given contingency situation. A leadership model is a short summary of the theory to be used when selecting the appropriate leadership style for a given situation. What contingency leadership variables are common to all of the theories? For Followers, capability and motivation, for leaders, personality traits, behavior and experience, for situation, task structure, and environment. I have no idea what this means but the chart in the book stated that exhibit 4.1 was the framework for contingency leadership variables. How does the global economy relate to contingency leadership? Contingency leadership style is based on the leader, follower and the situation. Taking someone from a country such as the United States, have him/her try to lead in China the way they would in the United States, could be disastrous. In Contingency leadership it is best to match the leader to the follower or situation. What are the two contingency leadership theory leadership styles? Task and Relationship are the two leadership styles under the contingency leadership theory. Task relates to the job and relationship relates to the employee. Do the three situational favorableness factors of the contingency leadership model fit in only...
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...top school cricket teams in the city. Example: The team is playing in the finals of the inter school cricket tournament. The opening batsman is injured, so the coach pulls up a substitute at the last moment and says to him, “You better play your best. If the team loses, you’re out. Now go and win the match”. The substitute is visibly nervous and replies “ok”. Leadership style: From the above example I conclude that the coach is a low-LPC task-oriented leader, whose main objective is the successful completion of the task at hand. He is unable to change his behavior and leadership style according to the situation. His initiating behavior is useful and somewhat preferred during coaching sessions, to bring out the best in the players. But, to use the same behavior on a substitute player, who has only played during coaching sessions, and that also, during an important match is uncalled for. That not only demotivates him but also puts unnecessary pressure on him, which affects his performance. The leader’s style does not agree with Fiedler’s theory and is totally uncalled for, in the given situation. Leadership situation classification: * Leader/member relation is good. The coach is able to identify everyone’s weak spot and goes out of his way to strengthen them. He cares about the team and makes sure that everyone gets along with each other. Everyone looks up to him during crises. For example, during the training sessions a fast baller named Prashant had difficulty adjusting...
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...Leadership Theories There are successful leaders and then there are leaders who fail. Some people think of it as luck, but the truth is that there is no out of the world combination of characteristics that make some leaders successful. Often different characteristics matter at different situations. So what makes a great leader? Is it the personality traits of people or characteristics of the situation that makes people better than others? Studies conducted to find out how exactly certain people excel in their positions have given birth to a number of formal leadership theories. In this paper I will discuss about three different leadership theories; behavioral theories, contingency theories, and power & influence theories. Behavioral Theories As the name suggests behavioral theories emphasis on how leaders behave. For example; some leaders get involved with their team and some dictate terms in decision making. According to Kendra Cherry “Behavioral theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born” (para 9). This particular theory mainly focuses on the actions of leaders. An assumption of this theory is that people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation. Three types of leaders can be identified under the behavioral theory; I. Autocratic leaders II. Democratic leaders III. Laissez-faire leaders A study conducted by the Ohio State University, have found two groups...
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...Regulations on cheating, plagiarism and collusion. We declare that this piece of work is our own and does not contain any unacknowledged work from any other sources. We authorise the University to test any work submitted by us, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. We understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying our work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others. Note: The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to have the same authority as a signed statement. Signed: Signed: Signed: Signed: RICARDOSEMLER Signed: 22 Date: 1 GROUP ASSIGNMENT RICARDO SEMLER: ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP AT SEMCO ORGANIZATIONALBEHAVIOUR OBM60104 Dr. Shanthi Bavani RICARDOSEMLER 2 RICARDOSEMLER 2 1 (30%) Explain and differentiate the...
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...between a theory and a model? A theory begins with an idea or a set of ideas that sets out to prove or explain certain facts or events through evidence or experiments, however usually the evidence or experiment is weak and may not be able to be proven or verified to be true in all cases. Therefore it is determined to be a theory. A model is considered to be something that people follow or imitate, something individuals use as an example such as a formula in mathematics, directions in a recipe, plans for building a building, plans for meeting goals and objective even the way people learn patterns of behaviors. These examples are all types of models people follow in their everyday lives (Ahmad, 2011). Our text describes leadership theory as how situational variable interact with the leaders personalities and behaviors Fred E. Fiedler was the first to call this the contingency leadership theory in 1951 (Lussier, 2013, p. 115). Our text explains contingency model is usually used in determining a person’s leadership style whether their style is task oriented or relationship oriented to determine which situation leader-member relationship, task structure, or position power matches the leader’s particular style to maximize performance (Lussier, 2013, p. 51). 2. What contingency leadership variables are common to all of the theories? Situational, Behavioral, Participative and Achievement Oriented leadership variables are among the most common leadership variables...
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...Contingency theory has several major strengths. First, it is supported by a great deal of empirical research. contingency theory offers an approach to leadership that has a long tradition. Many researchers have tested it and found it to be a valid and reliable approach to explaining how effective leadership can be achieved. Contingency theory is grounded in research. Second, contingency theory has broadened our understanding of leadership by forcing us to consider the impact of situations on leaders. Before contingency theory was developed, leadership theories focused on whether there was a single, best type of leadership. However, contingency theory emphasized the importance of focusing on the relationship between the leader’s style and the demands of various situations. In essence, contingency theory shifted the emphasis to leadership contexts, particularly the link between the leader and the situations. Third, contingency theory is predictive and therefore provides useful information about the type of leadership that is most likely to be effective in certain contexts. It can also predict whether an individual was effective in a certain position can be effective in another. This gives contingency theory predictive power that other leadership theories do not have. Fourth, this theory does not require that people be effective in all situations. Under contingency theory, companies should try to place leaders in optimal situations, in situations that are ideal for their...
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...Managerial Assessment and Development-1 Bonita Hargrett Individual Assignment Unit #4 Contingency Leadership Theories Everest University Instructor: Jill Heaney November 11, 2014 Introduction In this assignment we were asked to read chapter #4 and Complete Review Questions 1-11 on page 138, and also answer question 1- 6 page 139-140 about Case on W. L. Gore. These answers will come from the finding I learn while reading this chapter about Individuals leadership traits or skills are lacking, characteristics of the subordinate, task, and organization can replace the need for a leader or neutralize the leader’s behavior. Plus the different personality traits that is needed and found in a great leader-Managers exchange and fellowship and how manager can be unethical with some followers and still be a team with people being faithful to their leader because of their relationship with them. Contingency Leadership Theories Review Questions 1-11 on page 138 1. What is the difference between a theory and a model? A model is the structure of a theory, so one is how you find the other, because the model is a short summary of the theory. 2. What contingency leadership variables are common to all of the theories? Situation, Leaders and Followers 3. How does the global economy relate to contingency leadership? Contingency leadership adjusts to any environment and culture, allowing the leader to deal with different...
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...1. What is the difference between a theory and a model? Answer: A leadership theory is a definition of some conditions of leadership. Theories have factual value because they are used to explain better, conclude, and control successful leadership. A leadership model is a sample for copying or used in a given position. All the contingency leadership theories having the leadership models. The leadership theory is the lengthy document that clarify the variables and leadership styles to be used in a given contingency situation. The leadership model is the small arbitrary of the theory to be used when choosing the proper leadership style for a given situation. 2. What contingency leadership variables are common to all of the theories? Answer: The contingency leadership variables used to describe the relevant leadership style are the leader, followers (employees), and situation. The leader element is positioned on personality traits, nature, and experience. The follower’s factor is pointed on effectiveness and motivation. The conditional factor is based on task, structure, and environment. A leader to be powerful, there must be a relevant fit between the leader’s nature and style and the followers and the situation. This leadership theory bid to explain the applicable leadership style positioned on the leader, followers (employees), and situation. 3. How does the global economy relate to contingency leadership? Answer: ...
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...Fiedler contingency model The Fiedler contingency model is a leadership theory of industrial and organizational psychology developed by Fred Fiedler (born 1922), one of the leading scientists who helped his field move from the research of traits and personal characteristics of leaders to leadership styles and behaviours. 1 Two factors 1.1 Least preferred co-worker (LPC) 1.2 Situational favourableness 2 Leader-situation match and mismatch 2.1 Examples 3 Opposing views 4 Summary Two factors The first management style, Taylorists, assumed there was one best style of leadership. Fiedler’s contingency model postulates that the leader’s effectiveness is based on ‘situational contingency’ which is a result of interaction of two factors: leadership style and situational favorableness (later called situational control). More than 400 studies have since investigated this relationship. Least preferred co-worker (LPC) The leadership style of the leader, thus, fixed and measured by what he calls the least preferred co-worker (LPC) scale, an instrument for measuring an individual’s leadership orientation. The LPC scale asks a leader to think of all the people with whom they have ever worked and then describe the person with whom they have worked least well, using a series of bipolar scales of 1 to 8, such as the following: Unfriendly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Friendly Uncooperative 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cooperative Hostile 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Supportive .... 1 2 3 4 5...
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...In Leadership: Review Questions MAN5355-Managerial Assessment & Development-1 Individual Work; Week 4 Anthony Freeman Instructor: Jill Heaney 1. What is the difference between a theory and a model? 2. What contingency leadership variables are common to all of the theories? 3. How does the global economy relate to contingency leadership? 4. What are the two contingency leadership theory leadership styles? 5. Do the three situational favorableness factors of the contingency leadership model (see Exhibit 4.3 on page 118) fit in only one of the three variables (follower, Leader, situation) or all contingency leadership variables (see Exhibit 4.1 on page 113)? Explain. 6. What is the difference in the outcomes of the contingency leadership and the continuum leadership models and that of the path–goal model? 7. What are the three subordinate and environment situational factors of the path–goal model? 8. What are the path–goal theory leadership styles? 9. What are the normative leadership theory leadership styles? 10. What is the primary difference between the contingency leadership model and the other leadership models (leadership continuum, path–goal, and normative leadership)? 11. What are the three substitutes for leadership? 1. Which leadership style would Fiedler say Li Chang uses? 2. Using Exhibit 4.3 on page 118, Fiedler’s contingency leadership model, what situation and leadership style are appropriate for the production department and for...
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