...Offer and acceptance analysis is a traditional approach in contract law used to determine whether an agreement exists between two parties. An offer is an indication by one person to another of their willingness to contract on certain terms without further negotiations. A contract is then formed if there is express or implied agreement. A contract is said to come into existence when acceptance of an offer has been communicated to the offeror by the offeree. One party, the offeror, makes an offer which once accepted by another party, the offeree, creates a binding contract. The Key concepts in relation to offer and acceptance include the distinction between an offer and an invitation to treat, The case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke ball co. is...
Words: 1755 - Pages: 8
...Journal of Politics and Law Vol. 4, No. 1; March 2011 Clarification of Rules of Acceptance in Making Business Contracts Dr. Md. Abdul Jalil Associate Professor of Law Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Management International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) E-mail: abduljalil@iiu.edu.my, abd_jalil2@yahoo.com Abstract Business firms and Business corporations enter into thousands of contracts everyday. Making a formal and written contract is very important for business corporations and firms although oral contracts are accepted and recognized by law. There are certain rules on making a valid formal contract. If the business firms do not have knowledge of those contract formation rules and they make contracts in ignorance of those rules, their contracts would be liable to be declared as null and void by the court of law if it is referred to it to determine its validity or to get a remedy for breach of contracts by one of the parties in the contract. In this paper I have not discussed all the elements of a valid contract. I have discussed only one of the fundamental elements of a valid contract that is ‘acceptance’. In a business contract, there must have be an ‘offer’ and an ‘acceptance’, to make a valid contract, if not the contract will not be valid, recognized and enforceable in the court of law. The objective of this paper is to clarify the rules of making a valid ‘acceptance’ which may lead to making a binding contract between the parties...
Words: 11771 - Pages: 48
...research after receiving your mail last week regarding some questions of the postal rule of acceptance and the case of Masters v Cameron (1954) 91 CLR 353. After researching those issues, and based on acceptance set out below, I believe that you will obtain some exact concepts of acceptance on the contract. Thus, I will explain the postal acceptance rule and whether it still operates in Australia or not, discuss how businesses generally modify the postal acceptance rule, and conclude the case of Masters v Cameron more fully below as I understand them. * Postal Acceptance Rule The postal acceptance rule or the mailbox rule, created in 1818, is a term of common law contracts and affect communication of acceptance. It is defined as acceptance by post has been requested or use an appropriate and reasonable means of communication between the parties, then acceptance is taken effect immediately upon the letter posted. This rule determines the timing of acceptance of an offer when mail is concerned as the medium of acceptance. The general principle is that a contract is formed when acceptance is actually communicated to the offeror. Thus, an offer made by letter is not effective until or unless received by the offeree. Acceptance is effective as soon as it is posted. The major case in the postal acceptance rule is Adams v Lindsell (1818) B & Ald 681 that a contract was formed when the acceptance letter was posted. As the case described, Adams posted a letter to Lindsell, offering...
Words: 2457 - Pages: 10
...European Business Law 1! ! Introduction to international business law and elements of contract formation! ! ! ! ! Useful for :! • Business relationships depend upon legally binding agreements! • Being aware of contract traps (avoid business troubles)! Law > Contract Law > French contract Law > International Contract Law (comparative law / Unidroit principles / Vienna Convention) > Common Law ! What is a contract law?! 3 main ideas = A contract is act of Freedom / of Willingness / of Foreseeability! 2 main principles = Principle of obligatory force / of good faith! Problems when negotiating a contract :! Is the negotiator empowered?! Severability or not?! Confidentiality or Non-disclosure agreement! ! A Contract is an agreement between 2 or more parties that is binding in law! ! When does a contract come into force? => Agreement on essential terms! ! BEFORE : Elements of contract formation! ! Offer and Acceptance ! ! ! An offer accepted is a contract / A statement of willingness to contract on specified terms! • Express / implied offer! • Adressed to one particular person, a group of persons, or the world at large! • Offer and Invitation difference to treat (= advertising)! Revocation of an offer : ! • Withdrawal of the offer : An offer may be withdrawn at anytime before acceptance! • Lapse of time :! • Where a time-limit : the offer automatically falls on the expiry of that time-limit! • Where no time-limit : An offer only remains open for a reasonable time! • Rejection...
Words: 1251 - Pages: 6
...Law of Contract The nature of contract law: The law relating to contracts is a subject matter of private law. The governing law of contracts is the Contract Act 1872, which is predominantly a private law. The public law, however, comes into play when the parties are at breach of contracts. For example, the courts can award damages/compensation for the breach of contract, which is an act of public law. Contract law is part of law of obligation, which has other sources such as law of torts which govern compensatory remedies for legal injuries arising out of breach of legal, not contractual, duties. An example of tort law is compensation for injury arising from the use of a faulty product, not based on a contract. Contract permeates every day business life. Business managers often need to enter into, and sometimes even draft, contracts with other enterprises or people. Sometimes, contracts give rise to disputes which need to be settled through courts or arbitration. A well-drafted contract however can minimize the rise of disputes, which in many ways depends upon the legal adviser’s or the manager’s knowledge about contract law. The contract law deals also with the laws of agency, partnership, and the sale of goods. Of these issues of contract law, contract law proper and the law of agency re governed by the Contract Act 1872, a British-era enactment. Definition of a contract: According to s. 2 (h) of the CA 1872 an agreement enforceable by law is a contract. Te...
Words: 2809 - Pages: 12
... Identify the essential elements required for there to be a valid contract Course : Diploma in Business Administration (International Business-DBID2 1501A) Module : Introduction to Business Law Name : FIN : Lecture : M. Lukshumayeh Due date: 18th June 2015 Table of Contents: 0 Introduction.......................................................................................1 1.1 what is a contract ？...................................................................1 1.2 The difference between an agreement and a contract ................1 1.3 The elements of a valid contract..........................................2 2.1 Offer...................................................................................................2 2.1.1 The definition of an offer .......................................................2 2.1.2 Two types of offer.................................................................2 2.1.3 Rules relating to offer ..........................................................3 2.1.4 An offer distinguished from an "invitation to treat".............3 2.2 Acceptance.......................................................................................3 2.2.1 The concept of acceptance ...................................................3 2.2.2 Rules relating to the acceptance............................................4 2.3 Intention to create...
Words: 1791 - Pages: 8
...thank my mom, whose support was very important in achieving the glory and success of this assignment. Executive Summary In this report it states that all aspect of contract and negligence of for business. Some of main aspects of contracts where further elaborated and discussed for the convenient of the viewer, some of those questions are definition of a contract, what a valid offer is, what postal rule is and so on. On the other hand this report it discuss the parameters of contract and all relevant topics underneath are covered by proposing solid analysis and evaluation have been made. Furthermore it discussed about the different scenarios and all those scenarios were discussed and evaluated according to law concept. Followings are some of the important solving’s in this report and all are solved according to the law of contract and had been used all the concepts which is appropriated for each case. After the brief answering to theoretical questions about contract law, the author had to short out a case about a lost dog, the scenario was Paul offered Rs 50000 for anyone who finds out his dog and hand over to him personally, dog was found by Brian his gardener but he fail to hand over dog to Paul personally so Brian has fail to get Rs 50000 from Paul. So offer has been considered to be a breach of contract as it is legally enforced. On the other hand, a case between a husband and wife, where the husband agrees to give Rs.4, 000 monthly to the wife for shoes and after he...
Words: 5143 - Pages: 21
...|Coursework Header Sheet |[pic] | |186606-24 | | |[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] | | |Course |LAW1091: Business & Co Law |Course School/Level |BU/UG | |Coursework |Business and company Law |Assessment Weight |100.00% | |Tutor |MF Ottley |Submission Deadline |01/12/2011 | [pic] |Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the student's own work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented | |elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged in accordance with the | |University's Regulations regarding Cheating and Plagiarism. | [pic] 000613042 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Han Tun |Tutor's comments ...
Words: 2059 - Pages: 9
...Elements of a Contract Week 3 Assignment Bus: 670 Legal Environment Micah Blount Prof. Jennifer Stephens February 17, 2014 Introduction The goals of a contract are to ascertain the concord that the parties have prepared and to allot their privileges and responsibilities in accordance with that contract. The legal courts should implement a legitimate contract as it is created, unless there are basis that affect its enforcement. It is the purpose of the decree to promote the development of contracts between capable parties for legal rationales. As a universal statute, contracts by able parties, justifiably prepared, are compelling and enforceable. The provisions to which they have settled force persons to a contract. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the contract in question is legally bidding. Many people call contracts “agreements”; however, I prefer the term contract, because it can mean one or more agreements within the contract. In contract, word “agreement” sounds as though only one agreement was made. A contract is formed when two or more persons or “parties” (hereafter party) agree to do, or to refrain from doing, something; and each party has some sort of stake in the outcome. In other words, one party cannot provide all the benefits while the other party provides nothing. For a valid contract to be formed that is enforceable by a court, each of the following criteria must be present: offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, and legality...
Words: 1393 - Pages: 6
...not hear from Michael, Laurel arranges a bank loan and posts a second letter to Michael, enclosing a cheque for $500. This letter does arrive, but Michael has already sold the equipment to his junior partner. Consider Michael’s potential liability towards Laurel and the remedies that she might pursue against him Under English law a contract is defined as “an agreement made between two or more parties which is legally binding on them”. Jones, L., p.87. For a contract to be binding it must contain the elements of agreement, consideration, intention to create legal relations, compliance and the capacity to contract. A contract can be made verbally, by conduct or in writing. Contracts may also be bilateral or unilateral in nature. Agreement means there is a valid offer and acceptance. This means one party offers a service or commodity in exchange for some value and the other party accepts this offer. It must be clear who is making the offer and who is accepting the offer and the terms of the agreement. Acceptance “is the unconditional agreement to...
Words: 1814 - Pages: 8
...Elements of a Contract A contract means a promise enforceable by law. Two or more parties are usually involved in a contract and can seek justice in the court if one party defaults by failing to execute their side of the bargain. Contracts make it possible for people to enter into agreements knowing that justice will prevail. Contracts are vital in everyday life and business since organizations and individuals now have the confidence to transact business with each other knowing that enough commitment that cannot just be broken has been made and one cannot just pull out without having the law to contend with. However, a contract must be binding before the law court can enforce it. Several elements make up the formation of a legal contract and these include: there must be negotiation, agreement made up of offer and acceptance, voluntary agreement, consideration to support both parties, capacity to contract, and legality. However, for the purpose of this study, offer, agreement and legal consideration will be discussed to determine the individual role of each and how all three combine to establish a contract. Offer Offer is the first step in any contract. An offer usually expresses the willingness to initiate a contract. Here, one party (the offeror) makes a proposal to the other party (the offeree). Without an offer, there is actually nothing for the other party to accept and so no contract can be formed. In other words, there must first be an offer which should...
Words: 776 - Pages: 4
...The postal rule (of acceptance) is the fifth and last of the relevant sub-rules affecting communication of acceptance. It can be summarized as, “If, and only if, the postal service is an acceptable method of communication between offeror and offeree, a letter of acceptance takes effect immediately upon posting, rather than upon receipt, and acceptance is therefore taken to have been communicated (to the offeror) at the time of posting the letter.” The rule itself was established in the 19th Century when the only communication between mutable parties was to deal wit each other via mail. There was none of the types of communication that we have today. Thus contracts were created face-to-face or by correspondence. The rationale for the creation of the postal law came form the case Adams v Lindsell which involved the sale of wool between two parties, the defendant wrote to the plaintiff about the selling of some fleeces and required an answer via the post. The response letter was misdirected and not received till three days later and the plaintiff posted there letter on the same day but was not received until four days latter. On the day before it arrived the defendants not having received a reply by the date they expected sold all of the wool. The defendant agued that there could not be a contract until the letter was received. The judgment of this was that if contracts were not created until the acceptance letter was received then...
Words: 2068 - Pages: 9
...Question 2 (a) Under contract law, this problem is engage with the postal acceptance rule which is a ‘term of common law contracts which determines communication between the parties by mail when a contract has been composed. The basic idea of the rule is to accept offer that is sent before received the revocation of the offer. However, if a communication is sent rejecting the offer, and a later communication is sent accepting the contract, then the first one to be received by the offerer will prevail’ (Contracts Law: Mailbox Rule, n.d). The issue in this case is whether there has been a valid acceptance of the offer to create a legally binding contract between Benny of Azman’s. According to Section 2-(a) of Malaysian Contracts Act 1950, ‘when a person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to the act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal’. Section 2(b) states that ‘when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted: a proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise’. Generally, silence of the offeree does not constitute an acceptance of the offer even though the offerer would consider offeree's silence. In accordance to another case, Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J 35 (Court of Common Pleas, n.d, the offerer wrote the offer mail to his nephew to buy his horse saying "If I hear no more about him, I consider the horse mine...
Words: 758 - Pages: 4
...Rules of offer and acceptance in a contract Offer and acceptance are elements required for the formation of a legally binding contract: the expression of an offer to contract on certain terms by one person (the "offeror") to another person (the "offeree"), and an indication by the offeree of its acceptance of those terms. The other elements traditionally required for a legally binding contract are (i) consideration and (ii) an intention to create legal relations. Offer and acceptance analysis is a traditional approach in contract law. The offer and acceptance formula, developed in the 19th century, identifies a moment of formation when the parties are of one mind. ------------------------------------------------- Offer[edit] Treitel defines an offer as "an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed", the "offeree".[1] An offer is a statement of the terms on which the offeror is willing to be bound. It is the present contractual intent to be bound by a contract with definite and certain terms communicated to the offeree. The expression of an offer may take different forms, such as a letter, newspaper advertisement, fax, email and even conduct, as long as it communicates the basis on which the offeror is prepared to contract. Whether the two parties have reached agreement on the terms or whether a valid offer has been made is an issue which...
Words: 2902 - Pages: 12
...Elements of the law of contract Catharine MacMillan Richard Stone 2009 LLB 2650040 Diploma in Law 2690040 page 2 University of London External System This subject guide was prepared for the University of London External System by: u Catharine MacMillan BA (Victoria) , LLB (Queen’s, Canada), LLM (Cantab), Lecturer in Law, School of Law, Queen Mary, University of London and u Richard Stone LLB (Soton), LLM (Hull), Barrister, Professor and Head of Law, Lincoln Law School, University of Lincoln. In the 2004 edition of this guide Catharine MacMillan was primarily responsible for Chapters 1–2, 4–5, 7–8, 10–14 and 16–17. Richard Stone was primarily responsible for Chapters 3, 6, 9 and 15. Catharine MacMillan was responsible for the 2009 revision. This is one of a series of subject guides published by the University. We regret that owing to pressure of work the authors are unable to enter into any correspondence relating to, or arising from, the guide. If you have any comments on this subject guide, favourable or unfavourable, please use the form at the back of this guide. Acknowledgements Figure 15.1 has been reproduced by kind permission of: u Figure 15.1: © Illustrated London News Picture Library. Photographs © C. MacMillan, 2003 Publications Office The External System University of London Stewart House 32 Russell Square London WC1B 5DN United Kingdom www.londonexternal.ac.uk Published by the University of London Press ©...
Words: 24271 - Pages: 98
