...censorship” (Newth). Everywhere free expression has been achieved, censorship follows, never too far behind. One of the more famous acts of censorship occurred when Socrates, a most influential philosopher of history was sentenced to drink poison for “corrupting” the youth with his ideals that varied from the current political and moral codes of his time. This happened in 399 BC. Gives you an idea of how long censorship has effected expression, and this is by no means the first time censorship took place in history. I personally never put too much thought into censorship and the severity of its faults until I read about the Byzantine Empire in chapter six of ArtForms. In the years of 726 to 843 a serious controversy took place among the empire, known as the Iconoclastic Controversy. During this time current Emperor Leo III ordered all images of Christ, Mary, the saints, and the angels to be destroyed upon discovery. Apparently Leo strongly believed these images prompted his people to commit...
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...Sandra Carlson Business Law 3321 421 U.S. 809 Bigelow v. Virginia Facts: Jeffrey C. Bigelow was the managing editor for The Virginia Weekly, a newspaper which was published in Charlottesville, Virginia. He was charged with violating Virginia law on May 13, 1971, after printing an advertisement for a New York City agency that helped women arrange for, finance and obtain abortions. The ad print was as follows: UNWANTED PREGNANCY LET US HELP YOU Abortions are now legal in New York. There are no residency requirements. FOR IMMEDIATE PLACEMENT IN ACCREDITED HOSPITALS AND CLINICS AT LOW COST Contact WOMEN's PAVILION 515 Madison Avenue New York, N.Y. 10022 or call any time (212) 371-6670 or (212) 371-6650 AVAILABLE 7 DAYS A WEEK STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL. We will make all arrangements for you and help you with information and counseling. 1 Specifically, Mr. Bigelow was charged with violating Va. Code Ann. § 18.1-63 (1960). The statute made it a misdemeanor to encourage or prompt the processing of an abortion "by publication, lecture, advertisement, or by the sale or circulation of any publication, or in any other manner, encourage or prompt the procuring of abortion or miscarriage". Mr. Bigelow was tried and convicted in Albemarle County Court. He appealed to the Albemarle County Circuit Court, where he was granted a de novo trial. De Novo is Latin for ‘new beginning’, so a de novo trial is a completely new trial. Typically, a trial de novo is ordered by...
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...the role of private security organizations with respect to both corporate, and public protection, along with recommendations for solutions to the challenges faced by the criminal justice system, and private security organizations. The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights are important to every member of society to ensure their rights are protected and justice is serve for all parties involved in civil and criminal cases heard within the courts system of the United States. Victims and offenders have certain rights during the course of a trial and all members of the court and law enforcement must follow special guidelines mandated by the Constitution when pursuing any case under the law. Each Amendment of the Constitution is equally important however, this paper will only explain the first, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fourteenth amendments as they pertain to the criminal justice system in the United States. First Amendment According to the Constitution of the United States, congress shall not make any laws regarding religion, or prohibiting the freedom of religion (The Bill of Rights, 2012). All Americans are guaranteed the freedom of speech, the press, and peacefully...
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...Pornography on Public Library Computers An Ethical Controversy by Bret Clancy Ever since the fall of man the seed of immorality has continued to grow, adapt, and morph like the influenza virus. Pornography is one of those immoral viruses that persistently sicken societies. Scientists continue to make vaccines against the illness and while some are more effective than others, none of them have ever cured the illness. The same can be said of pornography. Defining pornography is not black and white. There are a variety of definitions for pornography and some definitions are used by individuals to help their cases when taking legal action. Merriam-Webster defines pornography as, “the depiction of acts in a sensational manner so as to arouse a quick intense emotional reaction” (merriam-webster.com). Merriam-Webster describes pornography in a docile manner making it appear inviting. The Oxford dictionary defines pornography in a more intense visual cue of the actual intent. The definition states pornography is, “printed or visual material containing the explicit description or display of sexual organs or activity, intended to stimulate sexual excitement” (oxforddictionaries.com). Dictionary.com defines pornography as, “obscene writings, drawings, photographs, or the like, especially those having little or no artistic merit” (dictionary.reference.com). They appeal to the artistic aspect of pornography by stating that pornography is not art because of the obscene nature...
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...Chapter 1 ------------------------------------------------- The Constitutional Foundations ------------------------------------------------- N.B.: TYPE indicates that a question is new, modified, or unchanged, as follows. N A question new to this edition of the Test Bank. + A question modified from the previous edition of the Test Bank, = A question included in the previous edition of the Test Bank. | TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. State laws are the supreme law of the United States. ANSWER: F PAGE: 2 type: N BUSPROG: Analytic LO: 1-1 Bloom’s: Knowledge DIF: Easy AICPA: BB-Legal 2. The federal government and the states have the same constitution. ANSWER: F PAGE: 2 type: N BUSPROG: Analytic LO: 1-1 Bloom’s: Knowledge DIF: Easy AICPA: BB-Legal 3. State constitutions are supreme within their respective borders. ANSWER: T PAGE: 2 type: N BUSPROG: Analytic LO: 1-1 Bloom’s: Comprehension DIF: Moderate AICPA: BB-Legal 4. Statutory law includes state statutes and ordinances passed by cities and counties. ANSWER: T PAGE: 2 TYPE: N BUSPROG: Analytic LO: 1-1 Bloom’s: Knowledge DIF: Easy AICPA: BB-Critical Thinking 5. Statutes are laws enacted by Congress and the state legislatures...
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...Constitutional Law Introduction Many people assume that a government acts from a vague position of strength and can enact any regulation it deems necessary or desirable. This chapter emphasizes a different perspective from which to view the law: action taken by the government must come from authority and this authority cannot be exceeded. Neither Congress nor any state may pass a law in conflict with the Constitution. The Constitution is the supreme law in this country. The Constitution is the source of federal power and to sustain the legality of a federal law or action a specific federal power must be found in the Constitution. States have inherent sovereign power—that is, the power to enact legislation that has a reasonable relationship to the welfare of the citizens of that state. The power of the federal government was delegated to it by the states while the power of the states was retained by them when the Constitution was ratified. The Constitution does not expressly give the states the power to regulate, but limits the states’ exercise of powers not delegated to the federal government. Chapter Outline I. The Constitutional Powers of Government Before the U.S. Constitution, the Articles of Confederation defined the central government. A. A Federal Form of Government The U.S. Constitution established a federal form of government, delegating certain powers to the national government. The states retain...
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...the Iraqi war, classified Pentagon documents concerning the conflict in Afghanistan, and U.S. State Department diplomatic cables. There was an outcry from members in the U.S. government, U.S. lawmakers, and U.S. citizens as they questioned how WikiLeaks could have legally obtained and released this information. There were also those who applauded WikiLeaks and saw them as part of the new media, simply carrying on the struggle between the people’s right to know versus national security. In this new Internet age, where data can be immediately published to an enormous audience from anywhere in the world with the simple push of a button, and where wars are no longer declared on a country but on generalized “terror,” is a site like WikiLeaks protected? WikiLeaks Background WikiLeaks states on its website: WikiLeaks is a non-profit media organization dedicated to bringing important news and information to the public. We provide an innovative, secure and anonymous way for independent sources around the world to leak information to our journalists. We publish material of ethical, political and historical significance while keeping the identity of our sources anonymous, thus providing a universal way for revealing of supposed and censored injustices. WikiLeaks, founded in 2006 by Australian Julian Assange and a small group of activist and computer experts, is a whistle-blowing website which “aims to bring to light secret information about governments and corporations” (“Times Topics”)...
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...1/13/16 The Basics of the Legal System – Chapters 1 & 4 Sources of Law in the U.S 1. The Constitution * The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land * The U.S Constitution establishes the federal government and enumerates its powers * The body of the constitution * Creates the three branches of government and grants certain powers to each branch * The amendments to the constitution * Protect individual rights by putting limitations on the governments ability to act in certain ways * Amendments protect the government, not private individuals The Legislative Branch * Created by Article 1 of the Constitution * House of Representative * Senate * Responsible for the creation of new laws * Congress is generally responsible for where the money comes from and where the money is spent * All statutes start as BILLS * Bills must be passed by both the House and the Senate * Bills that pass both houses must be signed into law by the president or.. * The president can VETO the bill * If signed by the president the Bill becomes a STATUTE 2. Statues, Codes and Ordinances * Statutes are enacted by Congress and state legislatures * Ordinances are enacted by municipalities and local government agencies * Code = Codified Law = Statute The Executive Branch * Created by Article 2 of the Constitution * President * Vice President * Cabinet Members * Responsible...
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...* LEGL 200 * Course Outline Chapter 1: Introduction to the Legal System 1. The law consists of enforceable rules governing relationships among individuals and society. 2. The law serves several purposes. a. Protect individuals b. Protect society c. Protect property, and d. Protect objectives 3. How does the law achieve the aforementioned purposes? a. By establishing confidence in the enforcement of laws b. Providing a certain degree of predictability as to what will happen if the laws are violated 4. If any society is to survive, its citizens must be able to determine What is legally right and wrong and be able to determine what sanctions may be imposed on them if they commit wrongful acts 5. Why should you care about the law? a. The law affects virtually ALL business transactions and activities, including: i. Hiring and firing ii. Workplace safety iii. Manufacturing, distributing & marketing of products iv. Financing v. Accounting & ethics and vi. Many other areas as well 6. You are the owner of a company called Compudata – a computer software & systems company. You receive an inquiry from BMI, Inc. regarding your company’s various services. a. What are some of the legal issues you need to consider? i. How do we enter into a contract Contracts ...
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...MANU/SC/0293/1998 Equivalent Citation: AIR1998SC2120, 1997(1)ALD(Cri)157, 1998(1)ALD(Cri)762, 1997(1) BLJR263, 1998CriLJ2930, JT1998(3)SC318, 1998(2)PLJR67, 1998(3)SCALE53, (1998)4SCC626, [1998]2SCR870 citation image IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Crl.A. Nos. 1207-1208 of 1997 [With Crl.A. Nos. 1209/97, 1210-12/97, 1213/97, 1214/97, 1215/97, 1216/97, 1217-18/97, 1219/97, 1220/97, 1221/97, 1222/97, 186/98 (Arising out of S.L.P. (Crl.) No. 2/98) and 187/98 (Arising out of S.L.P. (Crl.) No. 366/98)]. Decided On: 17.04.1998 Appellants: P.V. Narsimha Rao Vs. Respondent: State (CBI/SPE) Hon'ble Judges: S. C. Agrawal, G.N. Ray, A.S. Anand, S.B. Bharucha and S. Rajendra Babu, JJ. Counsels: Ashok H. Desai, Attorney General for India, T.R. Andhyarujina, Solicitor General, P.P. Rao, Kapil Sibal and D.D. Thakur, Sr. Advs., Ranjit Kumar, Anu Mohla, I.C. Pandey, C. Paramasivam, Ajay Talesara, Jamshed Bey, Rakhi Roy, Bina Gupta, Surat Singh, Ashok Mahajan, P.P. Singh, Chandrashekar, Girish Ananthamurthy, B.Y. Kulkarni, Navin Prakash, Arun Bhardwaj, K.C. Kaushik, Manish Sharma, D. Prakash Reddy, L. Nageshwara Rao, Indu Malhotra, Rajiv Dutta, Akhilesh Kumar Pandey, Bharat Sangal, R.P. Wadhwani, P.K. Manohar, P. Parameswaran, A. Mariarputham and S.C. Jain, Advs Subject: Media and Communication Subject: Criminal Acts/Rules/Orders: Privileges of Parliament Act, 1512 ;Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 108, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 164, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Section...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction to Law and Legal Reasoning TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS A1. The stability and predictability of the law is essential to business activities. B1. An important function of the law is to provide jurisprudence. A2. Law is a body of enforceable rules governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society. B2. How judges apply the law to specific disputes may depend in part on their personal philosophical views. A3. The basis for the U.S. legal system is natural law. B3. A judge’s view of the law is of little importance in a common law legal system. A4. Constitutional law includes only the U.S. Constitution. B4. Congress can only pass legislation that falls within the limits set up by the U.S. Constitution. A5. A state constitution is supreme within the state’s borders. B5. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. A6. Whether a law is constitutional depends on its source. B6. Each state has its own constitution. A7. Uniform laws apply in all states, including those in which the laws have not been adopted. B7. The Federal Trade Commission developed the Uniform Commercial Code. A8. A state law that conflicts with the U.S. Constitution will be deemed unconstitutional. B8. State agency regulations take precedence over conflicting federal...
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...ETHICS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Third Edition This page intentionally left blank ETHICS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Third Edition George W. Reynolds Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Ethics in Information Technology, Third Edition by George W. Reynolds VP/Editorial Director: Jack Calhoun Publisher: Joe Sabatino Senior Acquisitions Editor: Charles McCormick Jr. Senior Product Manager: Kate Hennessy Mason Development Editor: Mary Pat Shaffer Editorial Assistant: Nora Heink Marketing Manager: Bryant Chrzan Marketing Coordinator: Suellen Ruttkay Content Product Manager: Jennifer Feltri Senior Art Director: Stacy Jenkins Shirley Cover Designer: Itzhack Shelomi Cover Image: iStock Images Technology Project Manager: Chris Valentine Manufacturing Coordinator: Julio Esperas Copyeditor: Green Pen Quality Assurance Proofreader: Suzanne Huizenga Indexer: Alexandra Nickerson Composition: Pre-Press PMG © 2010 Course Technology, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission...
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...Anthropology Lecture 1 introduction Common Misconceptions with Drugs . The effect of a drug is caused solely by its pharmacological properties and effects. . Some drugs are instantly addictive . The gateway/ stepping stone theory - the use of 1 drug leads to the use of other more dangerous drugs What are drugs ? Krivanek's definition : Drugs are substances that are introduced into the body knowingly but not as food. Therefore illicit drugs, legal recreational drugs and legal but regulated pharmaceutical drugs that aren't recreational at all. - Whether if a drug is considered bad and is prohibited depends on the culture of the society in a particular period. What is culture ? The definition of culture = Through Roger keesing and Andrew Strathern's definition it is a system of shared ideas, rules and meanings that underlie and are expressed in the ways that human live. - This includes : law, beliefs, political economy, media and popular culture - this perceives ideas about what is normal and abnormal to society. " Culture is always changing and contested, not unified" Enthography as a method for studying drug use It is a process of observing, recoding and describing other peoples way of life through intimate participation the community being studied". - Participation observation, involving yourself in the life of the community , taking up the life of the other person, observing their actions, asking questions and learning what questions...
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...KING LEAR Act One The play opens at Lear’s court, where we meet the main characters. The opening scene is in itself shocking, as Lear forces his daughters to declare their love for him. The one who loves him the most will receive the largest part of his kingdom, which he intends to divide between the three. Lear himself wishes to hand over the ruling of the kingdom to his daughters, while retaining the ‘Pre-eminence, and all the large effects / That troop with majesty’ (Scene 1, Lines 131-2). Goneril and Regan acquit themselves well at this love test. Cordelia, however, dismayed by her sisters’ ponderous words, refuses to take part in the ‘contest’ and tells Lear that she loves him as her duty instructs her. When Cordelia refuses to speak again, Lear casts her off without a moment’s hesitation. Ken attempts to argue with the King, accusing him of ‘hideous rashness’ (Scene 1, Line 151). When Kent further warns Lear that his elder daughters are false flatterers, Kent too is banished. Lear invests Albany and Cornwall with power, and, after Burgundy refuses to take Cordelia as his wife, now that she is without dowry, France takes her for her virtues alone. Goneril and Regan complain, in private, about Lear’s harsh judgement and unpredictable behaviour and worry that they too may be treated unfairly. Edmund, Gloucester’s bastard son, soliloquises about his own situation, revealing his devious intentions towards his brother. When his father enters, Edmund’s...
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...Consideration and Promissory Estoppel The Formation of a Contract 3 Consideration and Promissory Estoppel 1. CONSIDERATION In general, agreements or promises are contractually binding in English law only if supported by consideration. The requirement of consideration means that each party must receive or be promised something in return for giving or promising something. Consideration is, therefore, the legal description of the element of exchange and its practical effect is to ensure that gratuitous promises are not binding whereas bargains are. So if A promises B £1000, B cannot enforce that promise because B has provided no consideration (nothing in exchange) for it. It is traditional to define consideration as a benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee. So in Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153, 162 Lush J stated, ‘A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered, or undertaken by the other.’ This definition can be misleading unless one emphasises, in line with the need for an exchange, that the detriment to the promisee must be requested by the promisor. So if A promises B £1000 and B, in reliance on receiving that money, buys a car, that may constitute detrimental reliance by B but B has not thereby provided any consideration for A’s promise. In contrast, if A promises B £1000 in return for B’s car (ie...
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