...Amrita School of Engineering, Amritapuri Campus Kollam – Kerala, India agayathrin@am.amrita.edu, bneethu91ammu@gmail.com, csruti.sanjiv_g@ymail.com Keywords: Broadcast, Multi-hop, VANETs, Delay, Routing Protocols, AODV, Cluster-based routing, OSPF. Abstract — Broadcast transmissions are currently finding extensive applications in vehicular ad-hoc networks, albeit primarily in the research phase. Given the importance of knowing the updated network details of each node in the network, and also considering the fact that the delay in transmission of messages is a crucial factor in collision avoidance, it is imperative to implement a broadcast network which will ensure minimum delay in transmission of messages between the nodes. In this paper, we primarily implement a multi-hop broadcast vehicular network for collision avoidance. We consider the mobility and traffic density of vehicles and simulate the end-to-end delay in message transmission for a sparse and dense network scenario. In order to ensure high reliability and get the optimum delay, we extend the scenario to include three different routing protocols – AODV, Cluster-based routing and OSPF – and perform a comparison based on the end-to-end transmission delay to determine the optimum routing algorithm. In order to account for all possibilities, the case of link failure as a consequence of sparse network scenario is also considered. Introduction Broadcasting is an integral communication technique that can be widely...
Words: 4169 - Pages: 17
...¨ TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT BERLIN Fakult¨t IV – Elektrotechnik und Informatik a Fachgebiet Intelligente Netze Prof. Anja Feldmann Juhoon Kim, Franziska Lichtblau, Arne Ludwig, Philipp Richter, Florian Streibelt 10th Assignment: Network Protocols and Architectures, WS 13/14 Question 1: (20 points) Fairness of TCP: AIMD vs. AIAD Refer to the figure on the right which illustrates the convergence of TCP’s additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease (AIMD) algorithm. The figure shows the throughput by the two TCP connections 1 and 2. Suppose that instead of a multiplicative-decrease TCP decreases the window size by a constant amount. Would the resulting additive-increase, additive-decrease converge to an equal share algorithm? Justify your answer using a diagram similar to the figure on the right. Full bandwidth utilization line Equal bandwidth share Connection 2 throughput D B E C A Connection 1 throughput Question 2: (10 points) Resource Allocation: Congestion Control Discuss how the Internet would look like if every flow would be based on UDP and does not use congestion control. Question 3: (10 points) Security of ARP Explain the principle of ARP spoofing and discuss a way to defend against it. Question 4: (10 points) Switching Loops For redundancy reasons it might be a good idea to have a switch connected to several switches instead of only one. Have a look at the Figure below and explain why it can cause problems having switches S2 and S3 connected to both switches...
Words: 307 - Pages: 2
...involves the sensors collecting information about the surrounding physical environment and sending the information to the actors which take the decisions and perform some needed action basing on the information received from the sensors about the surrounding environment. These sensor networks are sometimes referred to as wireless sensor and actuator networks. They monitor physical or environmental conditions such as sound, pressure, temperature among others and send the collected data to the required location. Effective sensing and acting requires a distributed local coordination methods and mechanism among the sensors and the actors in addition to this, sensor data should be valid in order for right and timely actions to be performed. This paper describes secure routing in wireless sensor networks and outlines its threats on security. Keywords: Wireless sensor and actor networks; Actuators; Ad hoc networks; Sybil attack; Real-time communication; Sinkhole; Routing; MAC; adversary. Introduction With the recent rapid improvement on technology, many networking technologies have been created to make communication easy. One such technology is distributed wireless sensor network which has a capability of observing the physical world and process the data and in addition make decisions basing on the collected data and perform actions basing on this. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are rapidly growing and have emerged as one of the important area in mobile computing. Its applications...
Words: 5106 - Pages: 21
...CCNPv7 ROUTE Chapter 4 Lab 4-3, Redistribution Between EIGRP for IPv6 and OSPFv3 Topology [pic] Objectives • Review EIGRP and OSPF configuration. • Summarize routes in EIGRP. • Summarize in OSPF at an ABR and an ASBR. • Redistribute into EIGRP. • Redistribute into OSPF. Background Two online booksellers, Example.com and Example.net, have merged and now need a short-term solution to inter-domain routing. Since these companies provide client services to Internet users, it is essential to have minimal downtime during the transition. Example.com is running EIGRP while Example.net is running a multi-area OSPF. Because it is imperative that the two booksellers continuously deliver Internet services, you should bridge these two routing domains without interfering with each router’s path through its own routing domain to the Internet. The CIO determines that it is preferable to keep the two protocol domains shown in the diagram during the transition period, because the network engineers on each side need to understand the other’s network before deploying a long-term solution. Redistribution will be a short-term solution. In this scenario, R1 and R2 are running EIGRP while R2 is the OSPF autonomous system border router (ASBR) consisting of areas 0, 10, and 20. You need to configure R2 to enable these two routing protocols to interact to allow full connectivity between all networks. In this lab...
Words: 3338 - Pages: 14
...Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is an outgrowth of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET), in which the mobile vehicles on road and the stationary roadside units (RSU) constitutes the nodes and communicate with each other on the fly (Fig. 1); Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Roadside Unit (V2R). VANET can be categorised under hybrid architecture that consists of both infrastructure and infrastructure less features. VANET nodes are capable of self organising and managing the information in a distributed fashion with or without any centralised authority. Road Side Units (RSU) supported by DSRC standard [2] acts as gateways or fixed access points to vehicles in mobility and provides interim connectivity to vehicles. One of the major advantages of VANETs over MANETs is the unlimited battery power generated on the fly. VANET plays a major role in defining safety measures by streaming communication between vehicles, infotainment and telematics. In any generic network phenomena the concept of routing and its characteristics are highly linked with Quality of Service (QoS). The United Nations Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) Recommendation E.800 has defined QoS as: “The collective effect of service performance which determines the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service”. The major concern of VANET routing is that whether the performance can satisfy the throughput and delay requirements of such media streaming applications. Unavailability...
Words: 1550 - Pages: 7
...create an environment that is warm and inviting as well as nurturing. As Michael Fullen states in his book, Leading in a Culture of Change, I want to “foster leadership in others, thereby making themselves dispensable in the long run”. I want to be a leader of leaders or a leader producer. In the chaos field of education, we will be tackled with many daily problems. I agree with the Heifetz (1994, p15 from Fullan p.3) in that we need to learn as leaders how to mobilize people to tackle “…tough problems”. Leadership is not so much in the solutions but in getting people to identify problems and mobilize them to address those problems. The book goes on to discuss convergence of many ideas and skills to be effective. The one type of leader is no longer effective in addressing many types of problems. I have added convergence as a descriptor of my leadership styles and will revisit that later. One component of this convergent style includes Moral Purpose. As a leader in education, I want to create an inviting learning environment in my school community where school is a positive place of many levels of environments coming together in a positive way. I want to create an environment where the teachers are open to discuss ideas and to see me as part of the team to facilitate positive change in the school environment. Another component that is an important part of my leadership style is the ability to understand change. In my observation, change is a given. We are in a fast changing environment...
Words: 898 - Pages: 4
...The Convergence of Science and Religion Philosophy of Religions January 31, 2014 Summary Science involves a body of abstract knowledge that has been arrived at through scientific research and logical analysis. Charles H. Townes is an award winning scientist, who in this article, attempts to convince the reader that the disciplines of science and religion are complimentary ideals. Townes intends to display that the use of one does not negate the use of another. He explained that since both notions are universal, then they have similarities. Townes convergence theory of both science and religion were evidenced by the use of scientific examples, along with personal accounts and experiences of well known scientist and religious figures. What the People Think The masses remain divided in terms of personal beliefs on the topic of science and religion. This is true to this day. Some view them as two separate entities altogether with no connection. They may choose to have a higher regard for either science or religion, and view the other as an outright impairment with destructive qualities aimed toward the quality of mankind. In contrast, there are individuals who recognize and accept both components of science and religion, yet maintain them severed in their thought processes. Science vs. Religion The affiliation between religion and science has been a theme of study spoken on by not only scientists, but philosophers, theologians, and others. Perspectives from different...
Words: 662 - Pages: 3
...HUM/186 Jazmen Sears 2/16/2013 Some major developments in the evolution of mass media during the last century were print media which contained newspapers and magazines. Also broadcast media such as radio, video games, computers radios, high definition televisions, and film. Most importantly media convergence which is the merging of content through different media types allowed these sources to be available in many different outlets. Media convergence gave people the option to be more freely online or offline such as video games. One major development under media convergence was and still is books; books became available through many sources rather than just hard-copy. With books being the oldest form of media and the newest form of media, which is the internet; both merged resulting in media convergence. Internet emerged as a part of electronic media, resulting in one of the best dual impact source of communication. The twentieth century created an electronic phase which led to inventions and creations of cellular phones with more capability, computers with wireless detachments, and digital senders/scanners. All of these creations gave people the ability to connect to all ending sources though almost any electronic they chose. Following that was the digital era; which sparked a rapid growth towards the internet function. News anchors were no longer the only ones to obtain information as to what was occurring daily and constantly. Throughout U.S. history, evolving media...
Words: 858 - Pages: 4
...Gevarish Carter Physical Networking Unit 1 Exercise 1 Local Exchange 9/28/15 The Local Exchange acts as the convergence point for the information sent to the consumers and the point at which services from the global telecommunication are distributed to the consumers. The central office at the local exchange contains the switching equipment to direct your telephone, data, video, etc. to where it needs to go. To understand that you must understand how to interface with the local exchange meaning you must know the different networks that compromise it. The first network is the access network which is the network that connects the individual user or business with the telecommunications system. It’s a critical part of the network because it’s the part of the network that reaches the end user and “connects them”. This is made up of a series of fiber-optic and copper cabling and passive and active equipment that connects you to the local exchange. The second network is the metro network, sometimes called the MAN it is where the information is collected from the local exchange of the service provider as well as other service provider and then sent to the regional and long-hauled network. This is usually the last point before the information is sent to the core network. The purpose of a Network is to share data. To make this possible, you have to be able to connect to other computers. Companies that succeeded at doing this have a great profit with exponential growth possibilities...
Words: 352 - Pages: 2
...CMIT 350 WAN and SOHO Skills Implementation Use this document as a guide for formatting and organizing your CMIT 350 Skills Implementation challenge. Title Page Professionalism will be key to your success and advancement in your academic and professional career. Use the title page to identify relevant information such as your name, the course, professor, and submission/completion date. Document Index/Contents Organization will allow your document to be divided into key areas of consideration and allows an overall structure to be placed over the submission. Sample text: I. Site “XXXXXXXX” Challenges and Implementation II. Site “XXXXXXXX” Challenges and Implementation III. Site “XXXXXXXX” Challenges and Implementation IV. Bibliography Site “XXXXXXXXXX” Challenge and Implementation (Provide a section for each site, as suggested in your table of contents.) Site Details and Challenges (Summary) Here, you will simply summarize the site requirements and/or challenges you are attempting to overcome. You will not need to implement solutions or discuss your approach at this point. This information is provided to you and can simply be organized and restated as you understand it. Think of this area as what needs to be corrected. Suggested length would be one or two paragraphs. Sample text: As described in the scenario, the xUMUC site was developed without any VLAN structure, and administrators have found the need to isolate broadcast traffic from a layer-2 perspective. Site...
Words: 663 - Pages: 3
...Shifting Scopes: Redefining Media in an Ever-Converging Society Through the application of convergence theories, governmental policies and previously conducted research, it is clear that the impact of media platform consolidation and convergence is an ever relevant factor in the changing face of our perceptions of technology and the distribution of media content. In order to adapt to the ever-shifting scopes of media, one must be readily adaptable and compliant when it comes to distinguishing new aspects of digital technologies in this age of redefine. No longer do we live in a society with definite mediums and platforms for the distribution of media content. The way we as humans obtain entertainment, news and information is too changing with the initiation of new multi-faceted technologies. However, researchers and members of society argue whether the consolidation of vehicles for media consumption is beneficial for society as a whole. As the pace of lives for many citizens becomes ever more rapid, consumers of media technology expect to intake incredible amounts of content in a dwindling amount of time, which has pressured the media industry to transform from traditional measures of transference. Researchers Dr. Frederic Gundelsweiler and Dr. Christian Filk attribute this societal demand for instantaneous consumption and its consequences in their article, Future Media Platforms for Convergence Journalisms. “When we examine the traditional media of mass communication, we recognize...
Words: 2020 - Pages: 9
...recovering images from blurry and noisy observations with total variation (TV) regularization. This algorithm arises from a new half-quadratic model applicable to not only the anisotropic but also the isotropic forms of TV discretizations. The per-iteration computational complexity of the algorithm is three fast Fourier transforms. We establish strong convergence properties for the algorithm including finite convergence for some variables and relatively fast exponential (or q-linear in optimization terminology) convergence for the others. Furthermore, we propose a continuation scheme to accelerate the practical convergence of the algorithm. Extensive numerical results show that our algorithm performs favorably in comparison to several state-of-the-art algorithms. In particular, it runs orders of magnitude faster than the lagged diffusivity algorithm for TV-based deblurring. Some extensions of our algorithm are also discussed. Key words. half-quadratic, image deblurring, isotropic total variation, fast Fourier transform AMS subject classifications. 68U10, 65J22, 65K10, 65T50, 90C25 DOI. 10.1137/080724265 1. Introduction. In this paper, we propose a fast algorithm for reconstructing images from blurry and noisy observations. For simplicity, we assume that the underlying images have square domains, but all discussions can be equally applied to rectangle domains. Let 2 2 2 u0 ∈ Rn be an original n×n grayscale image, K ∈ Rn ×n represent a blurring (or convolution) 2 2 operator, ω ∈ Rn...
Words: 12310 - Pages: 50
...Howard Billings Research Paper Dig 3286 Dromology and Convergence In today’s world of instant digital information and communication technology is constantly advancing. Inventors are constantly working to produce new awe-inspiring products. The goal of all these new products is to work faster than the ones that came before it. Of course, technical advancement is nothing new. Whether it was the car, the microwave, or a vacuum cleaner all were produced to increase the speed at which we do things. The difference is that digital technology is increasing not only the speed of the new products, but the speed at which these new products are being produced. Either way it is safe to say that technology and the world revolve around speed. The main goal of every industry is to do things fast and efficiently. Accessing information and communication is already faster than one could have ever imagined. The quest now is to become even faster. Push technology to its limits. In fact, the quest now is to set new limits. Is it plausible to think that we could one day communicate faster than the speed of light? Olympic track athlete Usain Bolt is a good comparison to where we are today as a technological society. His record breaking 100 meters times have reached mythical proportions. It used to be that taller heavier athletes were at a disadvantage in the 100 meters. Their height and weight would work against them, allowing the smaller runner to jump out to a lead that could not be overcome...
Words: 1348 - Pages: 6
...Technology Relationships Paper Brenda Ferguson-Calloway CMGT/557 – Emerging Technologies & Issues November 12, 2012 Ken Orgill Technology Relationships Paper What is leading edge technology? Leading edge technology is “In the 1960s & 70s, leading edge was 3GL languages such as COBOL, Fortran, etc. In the 1980s, 4GLs such as Progress and Informix emerged. In the 1990s, terms such as COM object and 32 bit relational databases were coined” (Pratico, 2008). Since the new millennium began, we have been hearing about HTML, NET and other web languages. What is bleeding edge technology? Bleeding edge technology is “a high-tech product that is so new that its place in the market is still uncertain. The term is applied to products that present a high level of risk because there is some question about how widely they will be accepted” (Web Finance, Inc., 2012). Bleeding technology is relatively, new technology. Bleeding technology is unreliable because it has not been tested and it has not proven its worthiness or authenticity. A user will be taking a huge risk to use the bleeding technology which would be more expensive than the leading technology. Bleeding edge technology could be very costly and it could turn into something that could be the beginning of a serious problem. The reason why bleeding edge technology could cause many problems is because it is new and might be quite risky because of the instability. Bleeding edge technology has not been thoroughly tested and...
Words: 1786 - Pages: 8
...| UGB118: Understanding The Business ENIVERONMENT | | UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND, LONDON CAMPUS TEAM MEMBERS: * 139130119{MICHAEL DAMILOLA OLAGBENRO} * 139088348{ABIOLA BANJO} * 129142654{YAKOOB MULLASSERY} * 139131770{OPEYEMI ADEKOLA SADIQ} | [topic:ARE CULTURES CONVERGING ACROSS THE WORLD] | The information and research was provided by the term members | ARE CULTURES CONVERGING ACROSS THE WORLD? INTRODUCTION The best way to describe or explain culture is to have a deep think of people and its natural environment in terms of language, dress style, education and the way people interact with one another in different ways of life. ORIGIN OF CULTURE The inception of society is Atlantis, the lost island, minutely gathering data from aged sources and mythology. (Dietrich, 2014) As regards this investigation, Morocco is one of Atlantis' first states, from where Atlantic culture spread first to Ireland, and to Libya and Egypt. Public opinion spread from West to East, while improvement spread from East to West. He accurately differentiates between pop culture from one viewpoint and human headway on the other: By public opinion he infers religion, divine creatures, myth, science, history, rationale. Public opinion is a significant fact that transcends this world. (Dietrich, 2014) Kauffman proposes an option situation that does not involve the synchronization of various implausible occasions...
Words: 2110 - Pages: 9
