...EU Emissions Trading Scheme Guidance to Operators for the Conversion of Natural Gas data to Standard Conditions1 (Issue 1, 09-12-08) 1 (0oC, 1.01325 bar, as defined within Commission Decision 2007/589/EC - Monitoring and Reporting Guidelines) Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................. 2 2 Purpose ....................................................................... 3 3 Background.................................................................. 3 4 Conversion................................................................... 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Conversion from Degrees Celsius(C) to Kelvin (K) ............... 4 Conversion from Bar to Pascal.............................................. 4 Conversion from Gas Volume at metering Conditions ......... 4 Conversion of National Factor NCV to Standard Conditions. 5 Emissions Factor(EF)............................................................ 5 5 Example Calculation .................................................... 6 5.1 5.2 Normal Calculation................................................................ 6 Converted Calculation ........................................................... 6 6 Gas Volumes Reported at MRG Standard conditions . 6 6.1 Example Calculation ............................................................. 6 7 ETS7 Reporting ........................................................... 7 Appendix 1………………………...
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...however it is not such a feasible goal for the near future. Instead, scientists must find a right now solution that can be placed into effect today. It may not be the 100% clean energy they dream of, but it is a stepping stone in the road there. That stepping stone is Natural Gas. Prior to the 21st century, most Americans heated their homes with a heating oil system. As of 2014, 6.5 million American households were still equipped to this system. 87% of them are coming directly from the Northeastern region of the United States. A heating oil system uses petroleum products to provide heat to buildings. These petroleum products are derived from crude oil at refineries. Crude oil is a fossil fuel, which is consists of hydrocarbons. It is removed from deep within the Earth, where it is found in a liquid state. (EIA,2015) When the crude oil is transformed into petroleum products and then burned, many harmful chemicals are released into the air. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter (PM 2.5) and more are set loose into the air that Americans breathe everyday. The Greenhouse Effect, or the overwhelmingly warming of the Earth is directly caused by Greenhouse gas emissions, which come from the burning of these fossil fuels. In 2013, 82% of all carbon dioxide emissions in the world came directly from the United States. 47.8 million metric tons of this carbon dioxide came from New York City...
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...Green Technologies Green technology, also known as environmental or clean technology, minimizes impacts on the environment and natural resources. It’s based on concepts such as conserving water and energy, reducing waste and pollution, harnessing renewable energy sources, finding ways to reuse materials, and developing less polluting technologies. Green technology is everywhere these days; in the news, politics, fashion, and of course technology. Green Technology is becoming so widespread throughout the world. People are becoming more energy efficient in their homes by buying water-efficient showerheads that are low-flow models, adjusting their refrigerator and freezer temperatures, buying compact fluorescent light bulbs, buying energy efficient appliances, and by recycling rechargeable devices like cell phones or digital cameras. As awareness grows about environmental issues such as pollution, human impact on climate change, and depletion of natural resources, so is interest growing in environmentally friendly products and services. For example, the popularity of green cleaning products has increased in recent years. Nontoxic, biodegradable cleaning products are safer for use in the home meaning they are less likely to cause health problems. They also keep harmful chemicals out of the environment. Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) are another popular eco-friendly product; compared to traditional, incandescent light bulbs, CFLs use way less electricity. ...
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...release of a machine component. An example of mechanical energy would be bowling ball (kinetic energy) striking a pin and displacing it (potential energy). Chemical energy is a form of potential energy that is absorbed or released by chemical reactions. Dried wood stores chemical energy and when burned, releases chemical energy that converts to heat and light. Radiant energy is energy that travels through space. An example of radiant energy would be light. The light from the sun makes it possible for living things to live on earth by providing fuel and warmth. Electrical energy is a form of energy from electromagnetic interactions. Electrical energy is the presence and flow of an electric charge. Lightning or a light bulb would be examples of electrical energy. Nuclear energy is regarded as a source of power and also called atomic energy. It is energy released by a nuclear reaction. Sun is nuclear energy that is produced naturally. Other examples would be nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. Define what we mean by fossil fuels and explain why they are an attractive source of energy. Fossil fuels are energy sources such as petroleum, natural gas and coal which...
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...Energy crisis in Pakistan By Introduction of Energy Crisis in Pakistan:- Energy resources are the backbone of social economic development of any country. It is essential for the production and making of goods and other things like cotton sheets which contributes a lot of revenue in the budget of Pakistan. Energy is essential for running machinery in industrial facilities, industrial devices, lightening the cities and running the system of transport. Now a day there has been a massive improvement in the energy demand because of industrial development, increase in population, an increase in the manufacturing of households and enhancement of living standards. Therefore the demand of power is rapidly growing in the form of electricity, diesel, petrol and coal. As we know the Pakistan’s energy issues are rising because the production of energy is insufficient to meet the growing energy demands of Pakistan, which causes power crisis or an energy crisis in Pakistan. Pin It See all 3 photos Overview of Pakistan's electricity:- Pakistan’s electricity generation facilities are not precisely working well, they even thought to be underdeveloped and inadequately maintained. The regions of Pakistan could be going to face the critical energy problems, because of the weakening economy and rising of the rapidly increasing electricity demand in the course of the prior 10 years. Additionally we cannot see any considerable efforts to meet the demands of these energy problems....
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...on coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind generators, and petroleum, with a small amount from solar energy, tidal power, and geothermal sources. * System components: Generation, transmission, and distribution. * Electromagnetic induction, where an electric generator, dynamo or alternator transforms kinetic energy (energy of motion) into electricity. * Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in a battery, fuel cell or nerve impulse * Photovoltaic effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in solar cells * Thermoelectric effect, the direct conversion of temperature differences to electricity * A non-renewable resource=Coal, diesel, gas and nuclear. * Renewable resources(naturel resource)= solar, wind, water, wave, biomass and geothermal, fuel cells, tidal. * Thermal power plant * Hydraulic power - Converts high pressure water from the dam or river to electricity. -3 Types of hydraulic power plant: high, medium, low * Hydraulic power plant-dam, penstock, turbine, generator, power line * 1. dam, 2. Conduits, penstock,and scroll case 3.draft tube,tail race 4.power house * Wind power: Converting the natural available wind energy to electricity -blades and roto, generator, gear box -2 type of wing turbine= vertical turbine, horizontal turbine -Blades and rotor: Converts the wind power to a rotational mechanical power. -Generator: Converts the...
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...Integrated Science Energy in a system may be transformed so that it resides in a different state. Energy in many states may be used to do many varieties of physical work. Energy may be used in natural processes or machines, or else to provide some service to society (such as heat, light, or motion). For example, an internal combustion engine converts the potential chemical energy in gasoline and oxygen into heat, which is then transformed into the propulsive energy (kinetic energy that moves a vehicle). A solar cell converts solar radiation into electrical energy that can then be used to light a bulb or power a computer. In the modern world we use energy for anything such as to power our house, to drive our car, cellphones and many other devices. We can take the most common use of energy transformation use now which is oil to electricity. Conventional steam - Oil is burned to heat water to create steam to generate electricity and Combustion turbine Oil is burned under pressure to produce hot exhaust gases which spin a turbine to generate electricity. Oil is widely use in our everyday lives even though the try to develop other means of energy oil will be always the number source of energy (http://powerscorecard.org). Fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from the accumulated remains of ancient plants and animals and used as fuel. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases generated by burning fossil fuels are considered to be one of...
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...Introduction of Energy Crisis in Pakistan:- Energy resources are the backbone of social economic development of any country. It is essential for the production and making of goods and other things like cotton sheets which contributes a lot of revenue in the budget of Pakistan. Energy is essential for running machinery in industrial facilities, industrial devices, lightening the cities and running the system of transport. Now a day there has been a massive improvement in the energy demand because of industrial development, increase in population, an increase in the manufacturing of households and enhancement of living standards. Therefore the demand of power is rapidly growing in the form of electricity, diesel, petrol and coal. As we know the Pakistan’s energy issues are rising because the production of energy is insufficient to meet the growing energy demands of Pakistan, which causes power crisis or an energy crisis in Pakistan. Overview of Pakistan's electricity:- Pakistan’s electricity generation facilities are not precisely working well, they even thought to be underdeveloped and inadequately maintained. The regions of Pakistan could be going to face the critical energy problems, because of the weakening economy and rising of the rapidly increasing electricity demand in the course of the prior 10 years. Additionally we cannot see any considerable efforts to meet the demands of these energy problems. In addition, transmitting failures due to outdated facilities...
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...Presently Pakistan’s energy claim is assumed to be 20,000 MW against its insufficient production of 11,500 MW, as a result this unstable presents in supply and demand, seeds the energy crisis in Pakistan. On the other hand the ratio of utilizing natural resources for the production of electricity is small as compared to other countries. Pakistan relies much on non-renewable energy resources for the production of electricity. The price change of gasoline in international market brings uncertainity in the generation expenditures of electricity in Pakistan. The usual advancement in the price rates of fuels influences entirely and is wholly responsible for energy crisis. Pakistan should produce energy from renewable energy sources like Hydro power, coal , wind and solar energy and their utilization may bring a solution to the crisis in...
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...delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. The management of all wastes materials, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through different methods.” “Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for non-hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.” What is a landfill? “A land fill is the disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and which remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of liquid leach ate. Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down an aerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.” There are two...
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...STORAGE STRATEGY According to our forecasting, the natural gas price will increase even if it’s quite impossible to calculate the spot price on November 25th. Last year during the period September 27th – November 25th the price rose by almost 20% (from USD 3.297 to USD 3.901). Furthermore, natural gas has a seasonal trend (like other commodities) and the demand for it is usually higher during the winter (from November to March) because natural gas is used to heat residential and commercial buildings. In this case of increasing price,the best strategies are buying now : we can do it buying now at the spot price or buy now a future contract for natural gas. The only difference between the two strategies is the delivery : in the first scenario we will take delivery now whereas in the second one the delivery will take on November the 26th . As mentioned above ,a good purchasing strategy could be buy now ,September the 27th , at the spot price USD 3.50/MMBtu and taking now delivery . We have to buy CAN 5,000,000 of natural gas on the NYMEX.For doing that we are going to convert our currency in USD : on September the 27th the currency exchange is USD 1= CAN 0.9708 ,so our amount is USD 4,854,000 and we can buy 1,386,857.14 MMBtu of natural gas. ADVANTAGES Firstly, the main goal of a supplier manager is to save money instead of speculate on the commodities exchange : if we think that the price is going to increase on November 25th (and this is what emerges from our forecasting)...
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...make it disappear. It transfers thermal energy from the cooler room air to the warmer air outside Moving Heat Around: Thermodynamics An air conditioner transfers heat against its natural direction of flow. Heat pump- a device that uses ordered energy to transfer heat from a colder object to a hotter object law of thermal equilibrium (zeroth law of thermodynamics) two objects that are each in thermal equilibrium with a third object also in thermal equilibrium with another. To eliminate thermal energy, you must convert it to another form or transfer it elsewhere Law of conservation of energy(first law of thermodynamics) Two ways to transfer energy The mechanical means – work Thermal means – heat Change in objects thermal energy=heat added to object – work done by object Disorder and Entropy Ordered energy and thermal energy aren’t equivalent You can convert ordered energy into thermal but not the other way around. Ex: when you burn a log you cant turn the smoke back into a log. The particles would have to move back to exactly how they were. Disorder of an isolated system never decreases. Entropy: measure of the total disorder in an object Generally increases Law of entropy- the entropy of a thermally isolated system of objects never decreases Air Conditioners It converts ordered energy into thermal energy and delivers it as heat to the outdoor air How an Air Conditioner Cools the Indoor Air Working fluid: this substance absorbs heat from the indoor...
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...Hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as fracking, is a 60 year old practice of pumping high pressure water into shale rock thousands of feet below the earth’s surface. The pressurized water is pumped through cement encased pipes at pressures reaching 9000 pounds per square inch. The treated water is forced into small cracks in the gas-rich shale rock, resulting in the breaking of the rock and the release of natural gas that would otherwise be unobtainable. Hydraulic fracturing is a safe, economically efficient way to drill for natural gas, create jobs, and lessen America’s dependency on foreign oil. Safety is always an important factor when considering new methods for obtaining raw energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural and shale gas. The process of fracking can be considered relatively safe when compared to oil drilling and mining. For example, in 2010 an offshore drilling station suffered a malfunction in a blow back valve that caused a massive explosion killing 11 people and spilling an estimated 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico (Center for Biological Diversity, 2011). While the cost of lost lives is immeasurable, the costs of lost profits from the spilling oil, and the clean-up, are astronomical. The consequences of oil spills are not only immediate, but can also be felt for years after. Similar to the BP oil spill, in 1989 the Exxon Valdez ship ran aground spilling an estimated 750 thousand barrels of crude oil, an amount that equals almost...
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...Com/156-University composition and communication II May 7, 2012 Authored by: Eric Rullmann University of Phoenix Com/156-University composition and communication II May 7, 2012 Authored by: Eric Rullmann Hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as fracking, is a 60 year old practice of pumping high pressure water into shale rock thousands of feet below the earth’s surface. The pressurized water is pumped through cement encased pipes at pressures reaching 9000 pounds per square inch. The treated water is forced into small cracks in the gas-rich shale rock, resulting in the breaking of the rock and the release of natural gas that would otherwise be unobtainable. Hydraulic fracturing is a safe, economically efficient way to drill for natural gas, create jobs, and lessen America’s dependency on foreign oil. Safety is always an important factor when considering new methods for obtaining raw energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural and shale gas. The process of fracking can be considered relatively safe when compared to oil drilling and mining. For example, in 2010 an offshore drilling station suffered a malfunction in a blow back valve that caused a massive explosion killing 11 people and spilling an estimated 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico (Center for Biological Diversity, 2011). While the cost of...
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...Despite its simplicity and abundance, hydrogen doesn't occur naturally as a gas on the Earth - it's always combined with other elements. Water, for example, is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O). Hydrogen is also found in many organic compounds, notably thehydrocarbons that make up many of our fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, methanol, and propane. Hydrogen can be separated from hydrocarbons through the application of heat - a process known asreforming. Currently, most hydrogen is made this way from natural gas. An electrical current can also be used to separate water into its components of oxygen and hydrogen. This process is known as electrolysis. Some algae and bacteria, using sunlight as their energy source, even give off hydrogen under certain conditions. Hydrogen is high in energy, yet an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no pollution. NASA has used liquid hydrogen since the 1970s to propel the space shuttle and other rockets into orbit. Hydrogen fuel cells power the shuttle's...
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