...coal qualiTy conTrol COAL QUALITY CONTROL Source: Aker Solutions Daniel Mahr, P of US baSeD .e energy aSSociateS, P gives us .c, an in depTh look aT The major issues relaTing To coal qualiTy from The perspecTive of Thermal power generaTion. service, and reduced impacts. Different energy conversion technologies have their applications, but no single option does it all. Wind, solar, and hydro options don’t use any fuel, so shouldn’t we just rely on these technologies? Wind power is best sited where the duration/velocity makes sense, away from migration pathways, and away from neighbours who would object to noise and fluttering shadows. It will likely require 100 per cent back-up or additional energy storage systems, and new longer transmission lines to load centres are often required. There are similar requirements for solar power, just substitute lumens for velocity. With hydro power, there are concerns for fish migration/ spawning, land use, geological concerns for T he power industry is confronting challenges with seemingly conflicting goals – affordable rates, dependable Industrial Fuels and Power l COAL QUALITY CONTROL ‘‘As power plants face a growing need to reduce costs and environmental impacts, coal quality is increasingly an issue of interest, as a means to do more with less..‘‘ supporting the weight of a new lake, stability concerns for newly saturated perimeter hills that can result in landslides, and the impact of a drought on production. Its the delivered...
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...Hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as fracking, is a 60 year old practice of pumping high pressure water into shale rock thousands of feet below the earth’s surface. The pressurized water is pumped through cement encased pipes at pressures reaching 9000 pounds per square inch. The treated water is forced into small cracks in the gas-rich shale rock, resulting in the breaking of the rock and the release of natural gas that would otherwise be unobtainable. Hydraulic fracturing is a safe, economically efficient way to drill for natural gas, create jobs, and lessen America’s dependency on foreign oil. Safety is always an important factor when considering new methods for obtaining raw energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural and shale gas. The process of fracking can be considered relatively safe when compared to oil drilling and mining. For example, in 2010 an offshore drilling station suffered a malfunction in a blow back valve that caused a massive explosion killing 11 people and spilling an estimated 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico (Center for Biological Diversity, 2011). While the cost of lost lives is immeasurable, the costs of lost profits from the spilling oil, and the clean-up, are astronomical. The consequences of oil spills are not only immediate, but can also be felt for years after. Similar to the BP oil spill, in 1989 the Exxon Valdez ship ran aground spilling an estimated 750 thousand barrels of crude oil, an amount that equals almost...
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... University of Phoenix Com/156-University composition and communication II May 7, 2012 Authored by: Eric Rullmann University of Phoenix Com/156-University composition and communication II May 7, 2012 Authored by: Eric Rullmann Hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as fracking, is a 60 year old practice of pumping high pressure water into shale rock thousands of feet below the earth’s surface. The pressurized water is pumped through cement encased pipes at pressures reaching 9000 pounds per square inch. The treated water is forced into small cracks in the gas-rich shale rock, resulting in the breaking of the rock and the release of natural gas that would otherwise be unobtainable. Hydraulic fracturing is a safe, economically efficient way to drill for natural gas, create jobs, and lessen America’s dependency on foreign oil. Safety is always an important factor when considering new methods for obtaining raw energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural and shale gas. The process of fracking can be considered relatively safe when compared to oil drilling and mining. For example, in 2010 an offshore drilling station suffered a malfunction in a blow back valve that caused a massive explosion killing 11 people and spilling an estimated 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico (Center for Biological Diversity, 2011). While the cost of...
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...Advanced Clean Coal Technology DeVry University Technology Society and Culture Professor Paul Team D Table of Contents Renee M King I A brief description of the why the technology is needed …………….page 3 II The historical development and context of the technology …………..page 5 III The technology in its cultural context, media influence……………....page 9 IV Psychological considerations and sociological effects…………..….page 10 V Economic questions and considerations VI Implications for the Environment VI Political and legal influences IX Moral and Ethical Implications References Advanced Clean Coal Technology I A brief description of the why the technology is needed The most plentiful fuel in the fossil fuel family, coal has been used since the caveman days to heat their homes. In the 1700s, people found that it would heat cleaner and hotter than wood charcoal. The Industrial Revolutions overwhelming need for energy to run the new technologies providing the real opportunity for coal to dominant as a worldwide supplier of energy. (A brief history of coal use). As other sources of energy was discovered the use of coal diminished. However, 4 decades ago it became popular again as an energy source. The 1970’s brought about an oil crisis that showed industrialized countries that any disruption in the petroleum supply line would send a shockwave through energy production. (Morse, 2012). Even though coal is considered...
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...Demand And Supply Of Crude Oil 10/10/2009 Introduction Crude oil is a naturally occurring substance (i.e., “Fossil Fuel”, formed from organic remains over a period of millions of years) found in certain rock formations in the earth. It is a dark, sticky liquid which, scientifically speaking, is classified as a hydrocarbon. This means, it is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen, with or without non-metallic elements such as oxygen and sulfur. Crude oil is highly flammable and can be burned to create energy. Derivatives from crude oil make an excellent fuel. Uses Different types of oil that are obtained from crude oil are as mentioned below: 1. Ethane and other short-chain alkanes 2. Diesel fuel (petro diesel) 3. Fuel oils 4. Gasoline (Petrol) 5. Jet fuel 6. Kerosene 7. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 8. Natural gas Certain types of resultant hydrocarbons when mixed with other non-hydrocarbons, create other products like: 1. Alkenes (olefins), which can be manufactured into plastics or other compounds. 2. Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required). 3. Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. 4. Sulfur or Sulfuric acid. These are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually prepared as the acid precursor oleum, a byproduct of sulfur removal from fuels. 5. Bulk tar. 6. Asphalt 7. Petroleum coke, used...
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...Energy Chapter 13 Section 13-1 WHAT IS NET ENERGY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Basic science: Net energy is the only energy that really counts • The usable amount of high-quality energy available from a given quantity of an energy resource is its net energy yield: the total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource minus the energy needed to make it available to consumers. • We can express net energy as the ratio of energy produced to the energy used to produce it. As the ratio increases, the net energy also rises. When the ratio is less than 1, there is a net energy loss. Net energy ratios for various energy systems over their estimated lifetimes differ widely Fig. 13-2a, p. 301 Fig. 13-2b, p. 301 Fig. 13-2c, p. 301 Fig. 13-2d, p. 301 Energy resources with low or negative net energy need help to compete in the marketplace • Any energy resource with a low or negative net energy ratio cannot compete in the open marketplace with other energy alternatives with higher net energy ratios unless it receives financial support from the government (taxpayers) or other outside sources of funding. – For example, the low net energy yield for the nuclear power fuel cycle is one reason why many governments throughout the world must heavily support nuclear power financially to make it available to consumers at an affordable price. Section 13-2 WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS? Fossil fuels supply most of...
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...What is the form of energy that is present in pizza that we eat? A) Mechanical B) Chemical C) Radiation D) Electrical Which of the following is not a unit of energy? A) Joules B) Meters C) BTU D) Calories What is the energy stored in the bonds that hold molecules together called? A) Chemical B) Kinetic C) Nuclear D) Thermal Which of the following is the process of breaking a large nuclei into two intermediate size nuclei? A) Chemical reaction B) Nuclear fusion C) Nuclear fission D) All of the above A woman moves a box through a distance of 10 m. What is the work done if the force applied is 10N? A) 100 J B) 50 J C) 0 J D) None of the above How many calories is 1 food calorie equivalent to? A) 1,000,000 B) 100 C) 1000 D) 10,000 What property of a small meteor falling from the sky causes a lot of damage when it hits the earth? A) High Kinetic energy B) High heat energy C) High Potential energy D) Explosive Chemical energy What happens to its temperature when a gas is compressed? A) can either increase or decrease B) decreases C) remains the same D) increases Energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called A) Thermal B) Kinetic C) Potential D) Chemical Energy can be created or destroyed. A) True B) False Correct answer(s): False In what direction does thermal energy flow? A) independent of the temperature difference B) From low temperature to high temperature C) From high temperature to low temperature D) in both directions What is the form of energy in a flying airplane...
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...Reproduced with permission from Energy for Sustainable Development Articles Synthetic fuel production by indirect coal liquefaction Eric D. Larson Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University Guyot Hall, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA E-mail: elarson@princeton.edu Ren Tingjin Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China This paper reports detailed process designs and cost assessments for production of clean liquid fuels (methanol and dimethyl ether) by indirect coal liquefaction (ICL). Gasification of coal produces a synthesis gas that can be converted to liquid fuel by synthesis over appropriate catalysts. Recycling of unconverted synthesis gas back to the synthesis reactor enables a larger fraction of the coal energy to be converted to liquid fuel. Passing synthesis gas once over the synthesis catalyst, with unconverted synthesis gas used to generate electricity in a gas turbine combined cycle, leads to less liquid fuel production, but provides for a significant second revenue stream from sale of electricity. Recently-developed liquid-phase synthesis reactors are especially attractive for ‘‘oncethrough’’ processing. Both ‘‘recycle’’ and ‘‘once-through’’ plant configurations are evaluated in this paper. Because synthesis catalysts are poisoned by sulfur, essentially all sulfur must be removed upstream. Upstream removal of CO2 from the synthesis gas is also desirable to maximize synthesis productivity, and it provides...
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...ENERGY TECHNOLOGY S.JITENDRA PAL Department of Chemical Engineering National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal-Karnataka. Assistant Professor Fundamentals of energy and its impact on society and the environment. What is energy? • Energy :defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy is measured in BTU (British Thermal Unit) or Joule • According to Max Planck, energy is defined as the ability of a system to cause external action. • The term energy carrier – thus a carrier of the above defined energy – is a substance that could be used to produce useful energy, either directly or by one or several conversion processes • In this respect the following forms of energy are distinguished: mechanical energy (i.e. potential or kinetic energy), thermal, electric and chemical energy, nuclear energy and solar energy etc. Why Energy is needed ? • Think about how you use energy every day. You wake up to an alarm clock. You take a shower with water warmed by a hot water heater. You listen to music on the radio as you dress , u eat breakfast….. And so on……. • Food items, medicines, groceries, the accessories which we use, Cosmetics, electronic appliances, lighting, heating cooling, • Everything needs energy in direct or indirect way Why Energy is needed ? Various sectors of economy- Industry, residential, commercial, transport • Industry- Petroleum Refining , steel, cement, chemical, metal, paper, pharmaceuticals, mining etc • Transportation,-automobile...
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...Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017) Economic Sectors Volume II Copyright © Planning Commission (Government of India) 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 2013 by SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044, India www.sagepub.in SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP, United Kingdom SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Published by Vivek Mehra for SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, Phototypeset in 11/13pt Minion Pro by RECTO Graphics, Delhi and printed at Saurabh Printers, New Delhi. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available ISBN: 978-81-321-1131-3 (PB) The SAGE Team: Rudra Narayan, Archita Mandal, Rajib Chatterjee and Dally Verghese Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017) Economic Sectors Volume II Planning Commission Government of India Thank you for choosing a SAGE product! If you have any comment, observation or feedback, I would like to personally hear from you. Please write to me at contactceo@sagepub.in —Vivek Mehra, Managing Director and CEO, SAGE Publications India Pvt...
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...MASTERPLAN ACCELERATION AND EXPANSION OF INDONESIA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2011-2025 R EPUBLIC OF I ND ON ES IA Doc. Wijaya Karya Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development © Copyright Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs, Republic of Indonesia Published by Editor Design by : Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs : Deputy Minister for Coordinating Infrastructure and Regional Development, Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs : IndoPacific Edelman First Published 2011 All Rights Reserved Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs, Republic of Indonesia Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development Jakarta: Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs, 2011 212 pages; 28 x 30 cm ISBN 978-979-3754-14-7 Masterplan aCCeleratIOn anD eXpansIOn OF InDOnesIa eCOnOMIC DeVelOpMent 2011-2025 Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs Republic of Indonesia 6 Masterplan P3EI Abstract Doc. Astra Otoparts Doc. Wijaya Karya Doc. Wijaya Karya Table of Contents Preface from The President of Republic of Indonesia Abstract Historical Breakthrough in the Making of MP3EI 1. The Self-Sufficient, Advanced, Just, and Prosperous Indonesia A. Preface B. Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development C. Indonesia’s Position Within The Regional and Global Dynamics D. Indonesia’s Potential and Challenges E. Acceleration of Economic Transformation - A New Way of Working...
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...This page intentionally left blank Office of Solid Waste And Emergency Response (5102G) EPA 542-R-04-015 September 2004 www.epa.gov/tio clu-in.org/marketstudy Cleaning Up the Nation’s Waste Sites: Markets and Technology Trends 2004 Edition This page intentionally left blank Notice Preparation of this report has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under contract number 68-W-03-038. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendations for use. This document is intended for information purposes and does not create new nor alter existing Agency policy or guidance. The document does not impose any requirements or obligations on EPA, states, other federal agencies, or the regulated community. A limited number of printed copies of Cleaning Up the Nation’s Waste Sites: Markets and Technology Trends, 2004 Edition is available free of charge by mail or by facsimile from: U.S. EPA/National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) P.O. Box 42419 Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419 Telephone: 513-489-8190 or 800-490-9198 Fax: 513-489-8695 A portable document format (PDF) version of this report is available for viewing or downloading from the Hazardous Waste Cleanup Information (CLU-IN) web site at http://clu-in.org/marketstudy. Printed copies can also be ordered through that web address, subject to availability. For More Information For more information about remediation...
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...Technologies for Alternative Energy Climate Change Working Paper No. 7 Ainsley Jolley Climate Change Project Working Paper Series March 2006 Centre for Strategic Economic Studies Victoria University PO Box 14428 Melbourne VIC 8001 AUSTRALIA Telephone +613 9919 1340 Fax +613 9919 1350 Email: csesinfo@vu.edu.au Website: http://www.cfses.com Technologies for Alternative Energy 1. Introduction In Papers 5 and 6 technologies for the main sources of energy consumption were discussed. In Papers 7 and 8 the attention is focussed on technologies that impact on emissions from energy production. Table 1 provides data on the main sources of GHG emissions in the advanced economies for the year 2000. Table 1. Sources of GHG Emissions in the Advanced Economies, 2000 Source of emissions Electricity and heat production Petroleum refining Other energy production (coal and gas transformation) Fugitive emissions (coal, oil and gas) Total energy production All sources of emissions Note: (a) energy production as % of all sources of emissions. Source: CSES (2004). Tg CO2 -e 3831.2 420.7 324.6 441.5 5018.1 13175.3 % of total 76.3 8.4 6.5 8.8 38.1 (a) Papers 7 and 8 focus on emissions from the production of electricity and heat, which represent 76.3% of all emissions related to energy production. The other sources of emissions are not discussed in detail in this report. Coverage of the issues relating to these sources of emissions is given in CSES (2004). Incremental technological...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Removal of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium and copper from aqueous solution is necessary because of the hazardous effect it does on the environment ,thereby making environmental protection important, however waste solutions containing heavy metal elements need treatment systems that can remove these contaminants effectively (Harvey and Chantawong, 2001). Frequent appearance of these metals in waste streams from many industries, including electroplating, metal finishing, metallurgical, tannery, chemical manufacturing, mining and battery manufacturing. This problem has received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the concern that those heavy metals in waste streams can be readily adsorbed by marine animals and directly enter the human food chain, thus presenting a high health risk to consumers (Lin et al., 2000). A number of technologies for treating contaminated effluents have been developed over the years. The most important of these techniques include chemical precipitation, filtration, ion- exchange, reverse osmosis and membrane systems. However, all these techniques have their inherent advantages and limitations in application. In the last few years, adsorption has been shown to be an alternative method for removing dissolved metal ions from liquid wastes (Bayat, 2002). The removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastes using different adsorbents is currently...
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...Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses Erach Bharucha Textbook for Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses of all Branches of Higher Education Erach Bharucha for University Grants Commission Natural Resources i Preliminary Pages.p65 1 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Credits Principal author and editor – Erach Bharucha Unit 1 – Erach Bharucha Unit 2 – Erach Bharucha, Behafrid Patel Unit 3 – Erach Bharucha Unit 4 – Erach Bharucha Unit 5 – Shamita Kumar Unit 6 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 7 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 8 – Erach Bharucha, Shambhvi Joshi Case Studies – Prasanna Kolte Co-ordination and compilation – Behafrid Patel Textbook Design – Narendra Kulkarni (Mudra), Sushma Durve Manuscript review and editing – Chinmaya Dunster, Behafrid Patel Artists – Sushma Durve and Anagha Deshpande CD ROM – Jaya Rai and Prasanna Kolte © Copyright Text – Erach Bharucha/ UGC, 2004. Photographs – Erach Bharucha Drawings – Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environment Education and Research All rights reserved. Distributed by University Grants Commission, New Delhi. 2004. ii Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses Preliminary Pages.p65 2 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Vision The importance of Environmental Studies cannot be disputed. The need for sustainable development is a key to the future of mankind. The degradation of our environment is linked to continuing problems of pollution, loss...
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