...Copper vs. fiber Everyone building a network must face this question at some point: fiber or copper wiring? For a usual home network or even a big office either one will suffice but what is the best option for you or your company. You have to take cost, distance of cabling, and bandwidth and speed into consideration when making this choice. Copper: a traditional copper wiring for a network certainly seems much cheaper on the surface. Copper wiring itself is dirt cheap at least comparatively on the surface, but you get what you pay for. Copper cables don’t last as long and have other performance issues to consider, including crosstalk and interference. Also the cost will go up because of the distance your cables must travel. With a copper network you will need more equipment, like a hub. A hub is a networking device used to help channel the cables and also to help extend the distance. A traditional copper cable should be no longer than 90 ft… not long enough to even go through my apartment let alone a huge office. So you have to install hubs just to get the distance. Also when you think of those cheap cables you have to think… how long will this last. They aren’t very durable and will wear out much sooner than a fiber cable. And then you’ll have to redo your entire network or tear the entire thing apart to find the problem. A copper network also will have bandwidth issues, which fiber eliminates. Also copper has many different types and sizes, meaning there is no real true...
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...decide between copper and fiber cabling, there are several things to think about for which one best will fit your needs. A few things you will need to take into consideration when making your decision are what do you need your cable to be capable of, how far do you need your cable to run from point to point, what is your budget, and always think about the future with room to expand your business. Both copper and fiber cabling have pros and cons. Copper cabling has been around ever since electricity was discovered and utilized in a day-to-day fashion. It was used mainly for telephone lines in the beginning of its “birth”. Copper cabling comes in many forms such as coaxial, CAT5e, CAT6, UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), and STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) to just name a few. Coaxial has been in use for the longest period of time and one of the first types used in networking. CAT5e is the most common used today in networking with the bandwidth it supports and is available in UTP or STP. CAT6 can support any application that “lower” cables can and also has a higher bandwidth and is available in UTP and STP as well. UTP is unshielded twisted pair, which means that the cables twisted together do not have any extra protection again EMI (Electromagnetic Interference). STP shielded twisted pair, which means that the cables twisted together have and extra metallic foil or multi-wire screen mesh that is used to reduce EMI. Copper cabling is much more cost effective than fiber, easy to install...
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...monitoring of power transformer is very important. By measuring the furan contents in power transformer oil can give a sign of the power transformer health, using this method is more convenient and economical among all the methods. With the aid of UV-Vis Spectrometer, light absorption and transmission with various furan contents of different power transformers with different ages are measured and compared. The measured results are used to predict the furan contents and remnant life of the power transformer can estimate. Copper dusts added into transformer oil in order to investigate the effect on the light absorption and transmission. The measured results show the impact of copper dust on light absorption and transmission characteristics that can provide indication of transformers remaining health condition. This thesis presents the measurement of power transformers oil samples with different furan contents for remnant life estimation. Key words: Power Transformer, Copper Dust, Transformer oil, UV-Vis Spectrometer, Furan, Health Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Power Transformer Figure 1: A basic power transformer. Power Transformers are critical elements in an electrical power system. It is used to step-up or step-down voltage level as needed to serve the transmission or distribution networks. It is stepped up for transmission over long distances to avoid a huge power lost and stepped down for final use. Transformer is one of the most expensive assets in power transmission...
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...This paper is about Copper Cable versus Fiber Cable. Or Copper vs Fiber. Two completely different materials- One’s ancient, the other is almost as old. But in today’s modern environment, both are being used to carry signals through a system, namely computer networking or the larger system, the Internet. Just in a different manner. We’ll look at what Copper and Copper Cable is, what Fiber (glass) and Fiber Optic Cable is, how it’s used and the pros and cons between the two (2). Copper is one of the most important metals available. It’s a member of the Periodic Table of Elements, whose number is #29. It’s been used for thousands of years and has many uses. It’s second only to silver in electrical conductance. Today, Copper cable is a medium whose uses range from communications to the building industry to the electrical and electronics industry. Electrical wiring in buildings is the most important market for the copper industry. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Copper used in building wire has a conductivity rating of 100% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) or better. Copper building wire requires less insulation and can be installed in smaller conduits than when lower conductivity conductors are used. Copper is also used to make communications wire (Telephone, Cable TV, and Ethernet) such as coaxial wire and Twisted Pair cables. Twisted pair cabling is...
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...state as well as federal for the job proposed. The contractor has also proved that they are a licensed and authorized reseller of the networking and infrastructure components quoted throughout this agreement and can show proof thereof. The work will be supervised by a Registered Communications Distribution Designer (RCDD) during all phases of the installation. An RCDD must be onsite and available to technicians and installers any time the work is being performed. The purpose of this RFP is to provide a functional specification for the comprehensive technology network system. This includes the required network cabling, termination points/boxes and necessary network devices. Mating sleeves, bare fiber adapters and optical attenuators are a few things that are needed specifically for fiber installation. In addition, the purpose would also include the proper details and criteria for the successful design of the network system. The contractor shall provide all of the necessary cables, network equipment and components necessary to construct the network system. This includes all raw materials such as cable, wall plates, outlet boxes, and such terminating modules and components as necessary to complete the job as contracted. Devices like test kits, power meters, fault locators, and connector adapters are all pre purchased and is property of the installing company. This document provides all of the necessary specifications to be used in the design of the network infrastructure and...
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...Fiber Optics: The Super Highway of Information We live in an information age. Broadband is the foundation of economic growth and telecommunications is making its mark in all parts of the world. It is what enables the internet that drives e-commerce, education and universal access to information. Rapidly increasing communication density in this growing field and the ever increasing information flow is resulting in massive expansion in worldwide networks. The need for quick and reliable transmission and retrieval of ever increasing volumes of information over great distances is getting more and more important every day. This paper explains the history, the fiber optic theory, and the future of worldwide fiber optics networks already in progress. One would normally think that fiber optics is relatively new to this century, but looking back in history, there are many concepts which lead to the creation of fiber optics. The transition to optics concurred with the conversion from analog to digital transmission in the telephone network and with the growing necessity of computer data transmission. Long before fiber optics was first discovered, many signals were carried through a copper coaxial cable. Invented by Oliver Heaviside in 1880, copper conductors are used for mostly analog signals, such as high frequency radio waves, cable television signals, and power lines (Nahin 1988). He determined by wrapping an insular layer around a transmission line both improves the quality of...
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...RECOMMENDATION REPORT Information Technology & WAN Trunk Solution Audience and User profile: This report is a specialized abstract intended for Army employees & military personnel, computer users and IT professionals. Introduction Purpose The purpose of this report is to evaluate the risk and benefits how information technology affects to the world and the project I am currently working on. The project that I am currently assigned to is designing networks between two or three office buildings in Kuwait. Before I start giving out the issues and recommendations, I would like to give you a brief about Information Technology and how it affects to our modern society. In today’s competitive world, business professionals are increasingly aware the value of managing relationships and communicating effectively, both with the workgroup and with their customers. Information technology has become an important part of most businesses. Information technology is a system used to control, manage, process and create information though technology and computers. It is necessary for the successful profitable functioning of any business entity. Before I start discussing the issues about my current project I am working on, I would like to discuss about the ethics in IT industry. Ethics means that I should perform my work in a professional manner, respect others and what they do. Meaning that software that someone else put their efforts to create does not mean that I can download...
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...analysis of health care providers’ connectivity requirements and the ability of the country’s infrastructure to meet those needs. Retrieved from Federal Communication Commission. (2010). Connecting America: The National Broadband Plan The article referred to broadband infrastructure and networks of deployed telecommunication equipment and technologies necessary to provide high speed internet access and other advance telecommunications services for private homes, business, commercial establishments, schools and public institutions. In the United States, broadband infrastructure is constructed, and maintained primary by the private sector including telephone, cable, satellite, wireless, fiber optics and other information technologies including cable modem, DSL (copper wire) wireless system, fiber and satellite. Although broadband is deployed by private-sector providers, Federal and State regulation of the telecommunication industry as well as the government financial assistance programs can have a significant impact on private sector decision to invest in and deploy broadband infrastructure to particularly in underserved and underserved areas of the nation. Retrieved from Federal Communication Commission. (2013). Getting Broadband. The article describes five of the most common internet access technologies currently being used. It describes Digital subscriber line (DSL) uses telephone lines but does not stop the use of the same line...
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...Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Networking Project (Week 3) University of Phoenix CMGT 554/IT INFRASTRUCTURE Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Networking Project Today most new building construction is built with new technology and is not as much concerned with the type of budgets that a hospital muse consider in order to redesign a whole new network structure for the purpose of being more optimal and maintaining standards that keep up with advances in new technology. In most cases, a hospital’s network can transition over time with new technology and evolve into meeting the demands it requires to perform effectively. However, upgrading a hospital’s entire network can often be very expensive to implement and sustain. There may be a case where components or parts are no longer being produced to meet current and future demands. In the last several years, changes in healthcare put a demand on hospitals to maintain their networks with new, more efficient solutions that can enhance performance, keep cost low, but most one that is reliable . The Network architecture at Patton-Fuller hospital was designed for each department to rely on information flow between each department. In other words, if the accounting department needed information from the pharmacy or admissions in order to create invoices or insurance billing, it would be rely on those departments to share real time information through the network. It is important for a facility as large as a hospital to have...
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...The product I choose to be obsolescing is a landline also known as POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service). The landline phone has been on the decline and has been replaced with cellphones. In the late 90’s and early 2000s the landline was used to connect to the internet. To cellphones can be used as mobile hotspots to connect wirelessly to the internet using a laptop, notebook, Generation Y is contributing factor of the cellphone is now become a house phone. Consumers, who like the variety and the convenience of mobile phone allows the cellphone very accessible. According to The CDC statistics stated that one out of every four Americans has given up their landline phone and are now using their cellular phone exclusively. There are a few reasons why many consumers have, in huge numbers, ditched the hard-wired phone and relied solely on their cell phone. One of the reasons is that alternative means of communication have reduced the number of phone calls that phone users make. Many of these means of communication can be utilized via a cell phone. For example, many use their cell phone for obtaining and sending e-mail, messaging on Facebook and other social media sites, and SMS texting. The decline of landline phones and the rise in cell phone use does not simply mark a shift between one types of phone to another. The decline of the landline is also a reflection of how individuals have changed in our preferred means of communication. “The phone network is thus not just a technical infrastructure...
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...(cont.) RAM uses address for each unique memory location where byte can be stored To write to RAM: CPU sends signal to RAM over the bus g to write (store) value into byte of RAM Address in RAM Value to be written To read from RAM: CPU uses similar process (see example in Figure 1-3 on next slide) 5 CPU Reads Byte 4 from RAM The CPU uses the same bus to read the current value of a byte in RAM as it does to send a message to RAM. The read request lists the address of the particular byte, asking for its value. RAM returns the binary value stored at that address. CPU Reads Byte 4 from RAM 6 Figure 1-3 Writing Individual Bits in Byte 4 of RAM RAM circuitry sends a slightly different electrical input to the bits that need to store a 1 versus a 0 to control the capacitors . Essentially, RAM chooses one of two inputs to each bit, which results in either a full or partial charge in the capacitor, which in turn represents either a 1 or 0, respectively. Writing Individual Bits in Byte 4 of RAM 7 Figure 1-4 Converting Binary...
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...The Benefits of Twisted Pair Cable July 28, 2012 The Benefits of Twisted Pair Cable The current network model that is being used by your company today is the peer to peer model. This model is an ideal selection for a company or organization when there are very few computers. Since your organization currently has 20 Windows peer to peer client computers I would like for you to consider moving towards the client server network modelOnce a peer-to-peer network grows beyond 10 computers, it will likely begin to suffer from performance and from administrative problems (Posey, 2000) In the client server network model network hosts have specific roles which are assigned to them. There are certain host that are assigned as servers, which will provide network resources to the workstations. Unlike the current peer to peer model that is supported in your organization today in which everyone workstation has the same or similar operating systems. There are several benefits for your organization to consider to transitioning to client server network model. One of the major benefits of the client server network model is scalability. Since we know the potential for this organization to double in size over the next two years scalability is a key factor. It’s very easy to expand the size of your network with client server model because it will be easy to just add on workstation. Everything is centralized to the server. This server will be the centralized...
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...Introduction to Fiber Optics The equipment, tools and cabling that comprise a fiber optic link, how they work and their advantages over traditional copper. commspecial.com edu Guide Communications Specialties, Inc. is committed to increased education and knowledge in the Pro A/V and Broadcast industries. We hope that you enjoy reading – and learning! – with our eduGuide series of educational resources. For additional information on these and other industry related technologies, please visit us at commspecial.com today! ©2009 Communications Specialties, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Specifications, claims or other product information contained in this document are subject to change without notice. This document may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without the express written consent of Communications Specialties, Inc., Fiberlink, Pure Digital Fiberlink, the starburst logo, Scan Do and Deuce are registered trademarks of Communications Specialties, Inc. CSI and the triangle designs are trademarks of Communications Specialties, Inc. October 8, 2009 Table of Contents A Brief Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2 Advantages of Fiber Optic Systems .............................................................................. 3 Optical Transmitters ........................................................................................................... 5 The Optical Fiber ............
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...Constructing a new Structure- Building Codes The information in this document should be useful in making design-related decisions that will not only satisfy the move to our new building Information Technology (IT) requirements but also meet the needs of the building and its future occupants with respect to voice, video and data communications. The intention of this document is to provide a comprehensive understanding and reference guide that can be referred to when moving to our new building. Moving into our new building we need to follow certain cable codes and specification. A properly designed network is based around components or wiring units. The components should also follow certain performance specifications so that when installing we will know exactly what types of applications will be supported. The cable specifications and building codes requirements that we use will be based on * ANSI/EIA/TIA standards 568-C-- Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard * ANSI/EIA/TIA 569-- Commercial Building Standards for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces; ANSI/EIA/TIA 606- Administration Standard for the Telecommunications Infrastructure of Commercial Buildings * ANSI/EIA/TIA 607-Commercial Building Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications; BICSI Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual (TDMM) and NFPA 70--National Electric Code (NEC). Cabling has changed over time. Cabling installations have evolved from proprietary systems...
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...ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE NT1310 Physical Networking GRADED ASSIGNMENTS ------------------------------------------------- Student Professional Experience Project NSA SPE Project 1 (to be completed by the end of NT1310): Install, Configure, Test, Maintain and/or Document the Worksite Local Area Network and Its Components Purpose The purpose of the Student Professional Experience (SPE) project is to provide you an opportunity for work experience in your field or in a related field to add to your résumé. You may have an opportunity to serve your community or work for a local employer for a project that will take between 20 and 30 hours. Project Logistics Career Services will identify an employer with needs in the following areas: Network related tasks (mostly confined to the LAN and Microsoft Windows Server 2008 environments) Students are expected to practice various skills discussed in all the technical courses in Quarters 1 through 3 of the NSA program at an employer’s site on network related tasks (more confined to the LAN and Microsoft Windows Networking with Server 2008 environments) that would involve installation, configuration, testing, maintenance and documentation of the worksite network and its components, and to properly document the technical information in all involved activities. Such documentation will be used as the source material for Items 2 and 3 defined in the Deliverables section of this document. Possible example projects could...
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