...enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that’s often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book’s long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Usage guidelines Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you: + Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes. + Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google’s system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the use of public domain materials for these...
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...Copyright Extension Act Anne Nunes May 13, 2015 Submitted to Professor Ashley Minton Summer I 2015 BUL2241 Business Law I Indian River State College Copyright Extension Act The Copyright Extension Act, also known as the Mickey Mouse protection act was passed in 1998. A copyright is defined as “an intangible right granted by statute to the author or originator of certain literary or artistic productions (Miller & Hollowell, 2014, p. 84). The purpose of this act is to protect “books, records, films, artworks, architectural plans, menus, music videos, and product packaging” (Miller & Hollowell, 2014, p. 85), from being built upon to make new creations. For individuals the act gives copyright protection for their life plus 70 years, for publishing houses the copyright is 95 years from the date of publication or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever comes first. The Copyright Extension Act, is also know as the Mickey Mouse protection act because as Mickey Mouse’s first expiration date for the copyright protection neared, Walt Disney pressed for changes to the Copyright Act. In 1976, the United States congress revised the act to change it from a maximum protection of 56 years including extensions, to the life of the author plus 50 years. Which in turn guaranteed protection for Mickey through 2003. Again, in 1998 when Mickey’s protection time was running out, the United States Congress changed the protection time to the current terms of, life of the author...
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...enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that’s often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book’s long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Usage guidelines Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you: + Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes. + Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google’s system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the use of public domain materials for these...
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...Copyright Term Extension Act The Copyright Term Extension Act was passed in 1998 in order to extend copyright terms in America. Before this act was passed, there was only the Copyright Act of 1976 which would only allow a copyright to last a total of 50 years for an individual. It was still different for corporations though, as to where their copyrights would last up to a total of 75 years. The 1998 Act extended the copyrights for individuals to stay valid up to 70 years instead of 50. It also helped corporations to have their copyrights extended from only 75 years to 120. This law is also known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Sonny Bono Act, or the Mickey Mouse Protection Act. Salvatore Phillip “Sonny” Bono was a recording artist, politician, and producer who became famous along with his wife Cher as a singing duo called Sonny & Cher. He was the mayor of Palm Springs, California from 1988 to 1992 and congressman for California’s 44th district from 1995 until his death in 1998. Although this act was passed in 1998, it still allowed additional works made in 1923 or afterwards to be protected under this act until 2019 or later depending on when the product was created. The Copyright Term extension act did not revive any copyrights that had already expired, although it did extend the terms of protection for each copyrighted creation. However, any individuals or corporations work that was created before January 1st, 1978, but hasn’t been published or registered...
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...Answer(s): | A | 4. A competitor can lawfully discover a trade secret by performing reverse engineering A) True B) False Points Earned: | 0.0/2.0 | | Correct Answer(s): | True | 5. A patent in the public domain can be purchased by a non-patent holder A) True B) False Points Earned: | 2.0/2.0 | | Correct Answer(s): | False | 6. ) A ________ is a product formula, pattern, design, compilation of data, customer list, or other covert business information A) copyright B) trade secret C) trademark D) patent E) All of the above Points Earned: | 0.0/2.0 | | Correct Answer(s): | B | 7. What federal statute was enacted by the Congress to protect trade secrets? A) Sarbanes-Oxley Act B) Lanham Act C) Telecommunication Act D) Economic Espionage Act E) None of the above Points Earned: | 0.0/2.0 | | Correct Answer(s): | D | 8. According to the public use doctrine for patents, ________. A) the inventor has to test his invention in the public domain, to measure its validity, before being granted a patent B) an invention cannot be used in the public domain prior to it being granted a patent C) a patent will not be granted if the invention was already in public use for one year before filing application D) the invention will come into the public domainin 6 months E) the...
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...intellectual property protection, copyright law has served as the principal source of legal protection for literary and artistic work, while the patent system and trade secret law have been the primary means for protecting utilitarian works. Computer software as a relatively new recipient of copyright protection, however, defies easy categorisation within the traditional framework of the intellectual property system. 1 With respect to computer software, courts have had to grapple with the vexatious issue of drawing a precise line between copyrightable expression of computer software and the uncopyrightable processes that they implement. The present paper seeks to study some of these themes and the principles enunciated in judicial decisions in clarifying the issue. Computer software as literary work It is a well-established proposition that computer programs2 are copyrightable subject-matter, just like any other literary work.3 Loading a program into computer memory, saving the program or running it without authority may infringe copyright. Making an arrangement or altered version of the program or converting it into or out of one computer language or code into a different computer language or code is also an infringement. It is a well-established proposition that computer programs are copyrightable subject-matter, just like any other literary work. Loading a program into computer memory, saving the program or running it without authority may infringe copyright. Making an arrangement...
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...Law and Media. QUESTIONS: 1.) Discuss how the Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment) Act 2013 and the Media Council Act 2013 of the laws of Kenya are a threat to the freedom of the media enshrined in the constitution of Kenya. 2.) Justify the basis for which some works may not be eligible for copyright. Q.1) Discuss how the Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment) Act 2013 and the Media Council Act 2013 of the laws of Kenya are a threat to the freedom of the media enshrined in the constitution of Kenya. The Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment) Act 2013 and the Media Council Act 2013 are a threat to the freedom of the media enshrined in the constitution of Kenya. This is because it contravenes Article 34 of the constitution on media freedom that stipulates: 1.) Freedom and independence of electronic, print and all other types of media is guaranteed, but does not extend to any expression specified in article 33(2) 2.) The state may not a) Exercise control over or interfere with any person engaged in broadcasting, the production or circulation of any publication or the dissemination of information by any medium; or b) Penalize any person for any opinion or view or the content of any broadcast, publication or dissemination. 3.) b) Are independent of control by government, political interests or commercial interests. This two Acts ,The Kenya Information Communication (Amendment) Act and...
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...CopySTRAIGHT Copyright infringement is no pretty piece of music, and even if it was, odds are it's not something outsourced on the public domain without rights granted by the copyright holder. In Brett Gaylor's "Rip: A Remix Manifesto", he stands as a web activist in an effort to dilute this barrier put up between producers and music aficionado's like you and I. The main protagonist along with the narrator is Girl Talk. Girl Talk creates "mashups" which range from a series of digital samples of other peoples music with the twist of his own flair and remix on the original pieces. A reoccurring trend throughout the movie with the use and publication of sampled remixes is that the artists allow the public domain to not only recreate and share the music, but the ability to price them at their own discretion. Gaylor's overall theme and structure of his documentary, trail along this "Remixer's Manifesto". This would be the scene that epitomized the film by detailing what has come of the music industry beyond the studio and how copyright has influenced our resources on the public domain. The first step presented in the movie, "Culture always builds on the past", took us to a media literate era where the creative process shaped users into creators which aloud the change of folk-art into future media through remix. However, our culture that was remixed, wasn't rightfully ours. The second step in the manifesto, "The past always tries to control the future", led us into the archives...
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...SUMMARY Copyright law, which mostly deals with the author’s right over a particular work against the general public is said to follow the Lockean theory of Labour which states of natural entitlement to the fruits of labour. This forms the basis of the argument and further criticism in the paper titled: ‘Locke, Labour and Limiting the Author’s Right: A Warning Against a Lockean Approach to Copyright Law’. The author, Carys J. Craig forms a basic contention that the Lockean Approach to Copyright law as such focuses only on the rights of the Author in relation to his/her work, while leaving out the important element of public interest. Following the Labour – Desert theory, which plays prominent role in the Lockean Approach, the author argues that...
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...as the video-cassette recorder. Jack Valenti, president of the Motion Picture Association of America, testified to Congress in 1982 that "the VCR is to the American film producer and the American public as the Boston strangler is to the woman home alone." A movie studio sued Sony for manufacturing and selling the Betamax, the first widely marketed VCR. The case went all the way up to the Supreme Court, which in a 5-4 decision finally made it clear that using a VCR to tape TV shows was fair use. The decision not only legitimized the new consumer technology, and all the benefits it brought to the public, but also ended up helping those same movie studios earn billions of dollars from the home video market that the VCR enabled. It's worth remembering that case when thinking about the lawsuit filed yesterday against Google by the Author's Guild, for digitizing copyrighted books from libraries and making them searchable online. (Although the books are searchable, no more than a handful of sentence-sized snippets can be read online, unless the book is in the public domain or the publishers give permission for more to be viewable.) Once again, the issue boils down to fair use in a new application that could greatly benefit the public and bring new revenues and other benefits to copyright holders. While this particular issue has not yet been decided in court, and various legal scholars have taken both sides of the issue, Google has what looks like a good case for fair use both for...
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...33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 591 | 1834 | There is no such thing as common law copyright and one must observe the formalities to secure a copyright. | Baker v. Selden | 101 U.S. 99 | 1879 | Idea-expression divide. | Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony | 111 U.S. 53 | 1884 | Extended copyright protection to photography. | White-Smith Music Publishing Company v. Apollo Company | 209 U.S. 1 | 1908 | Reproduction of the sounds of musical instruments playing music for which copyright granted not a violation of the copyright. | Bobbs-Merrill Co v. Straus | 210 U.S. 339 | 1908 | No license to use copyrighted material. License cannot extend holder's rights beyond statute defined by Congress. | Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell | 229 U.S. 1 | 1913 | Differences between patent and copyright defined also prohibits a license from extending holder's rights beyond statute. | Macmillan Co. v. King | 223 F. 862 | D.Mass. 1914 | Limits of fair use with respect to an educational context and to summaries. | Nichols v. Universal Pictures Co. | 45 F.2d 119 | 2d Cir. 1930 | No copyright for "stock characters". | Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. | 196 Misc. 67, 80 N.Y.S.2d 575 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1948), aff'd 275 A.D. 692, 87 N.Y.S.2d 430 (1949) | 1948–9 | No moral rights in public domain works. | Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc. | 191 F.2d 99 | 2d. Cir. 1951 | Variations of works in the public domain can be copyrighted if the new "author" contributed something more than...
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...Introduction The Copyright Law Copyright is the exclusive right, to an intellectual property of any person, including elements of authorship, musical, literary, architectural, pictorial, choreographic, pantomimic, graphic, sculptural, and cartographic creations to print, publish or sell copies of his or her original work. Copyright is a law that protects published and unpublished work that you can see, hear and touch, from being reproduced without prior consent from the creator of the work. The copyright law was designed to strike a balance between the needs of consumers and those of creators. The issue is a control over piracy. Piracy has not disappeared, nor, by many measures, has it lessened. However, the success or failure of this act depends entirely on who you talk to. The debate is most often cast as a consumer issue, so both sides are looking for your (the consumer’s) ears. Strong arguments exist from either perspective, but both sides agree there have been unintended consequences to the provisions of the Copyright law. II. What is a Copyright? A Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U.S. Code) to the authors of original works including literary works, movies, musical works, sound recordings, paintings, photographs, software, live performances, and television or sound broadcasts. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. The Copyright Act generally gives the owner of copyright the exclusive...
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...Cloud Security Alliance Top Threats research is: http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/topthreats © 2010 Cloud Security Alliance. All rights reserved. You may download, store, display on your computer, view, print, and link to the Cloud Security Alliance “Top Threats to Cloud Computing” at http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/topthreats/csathreats.v1.0.pdf subject to the following: (a) the Guidance may be used solely for your personal, informational, non-commercial use; (b) the Guidance may not be modified or altered in any way; (c) the Guidance may not be redistributed; and (d) the trademark, copyright or other notices may not be removed. You may quote portions of the Guidance as permitted by the Fair Use provisions of the United States Copyright Act, provided that you attribute the portions to the Cloud Security Alliance “Top Threats to Cloud Computing” Version 1.0 (2010). Copyright © 2010 Cloud Security Alliance 2 Top Threats to Cloud Computing V1.0 Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................... 2 Foreword........................................................................................................................................ 4 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 6 Threat #1: Abuse and Nefarious Use of Cloud Computing ...................
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...exclusive use by instructors in the CCNA Exploration: LAN Switching and Wireless course as part of an official Cisco Networking Academy Program. PT Activity 1.2.4: Build a Hierarchical Topology Topology Diagram Learning Objectives • • Add devices to a topology. Connect the devices. Introduction Packet Tracer is integrated throughout this course. You must know how to navigate the Packet Tracer environment to complete this course. Use the tutorials if you need a review of Packet Tracer fundamentals. The tutorials are located in the Packet Tracer Help menu. This activity focuses on building a hierarchical topology, from the core to the distribution and access layers. All contents are Copyright © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 1 of 3 CCNA Exploration LAN Switching and Wireless: LAN Design PT Activity 1.2.4: Build a Hierarchical Topology Task 1: Add Devices to the Topology Step 1. Add the missing distribution layer routers. The routers you need are located in Custom Made Devices. R1 and R3 are 1841 routers. Ctrl-click the 1841 router to add more than one. Press ESC to cancel. R2 is a 2621XM router. Step 2. Add the remaining access layer switches. Following the topology diagram, add nine 2960-24TT switches to complete the rest of the access layer. Remember you can use press Ctrl-click to add multiple devices of the same type. Step 3. Change the display name for each new device. • • • Click...
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...Technology readiness index measures the readiness of consumers to accept different types of technology • The score suggest how an organisation can launch a new technology successfully. Why people don’t shop online – Security – Not being able to touch the product – Time delay in receiving the product – Trust in the e-tailer Five stages in consumer decision process – Awareness of need – Search for more information – Evaluation of alternatives – Actual purchase decision – Post-purchase contact with firm electronic books are portable computer devices with flat screens that are loaded with digital book content via communication interfaces Social search (using your friends’ activities to suggest something for you). Stickiness is anything about a web site that encourages a visitor to stay longer. A web site is sticky if a visitor tends to stay for a long time and to return. When you purchase or sell from an online trader outside the EU, the EU legislation on consumer protection does not apply Data protection-‘directive on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data’ – Strike a balance between protection of individual and free movement of personal data within EU Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully, and only collected for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes or get consent. No transfers outside the EU unless equal protection You can keep the information of your previous...
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