...temperature is on a constant rise. The temperature isn’t rising in drastic numbers, but it is gradually rising and causing problems in our oceans. There are three major ways these warm temperatures are affecting our oceans such as coral bleaching, fish migration, and ocean acidification. Coral bleaching is caused when water is too warm, which the warm water causes the coral to expel the algae living in their tissues turning it completely white. Many species live on and thrive in coral reefs, along with the coral reef providing protection for many animals. Consequently, mass coral bleaching results in the starvation and death of the corals that support the thousands of species that live on coral reefs. Coral bleaching also results in the declining in genetic and species diversity. The effects of coral bleaching cause an abundance of problems toward the ecosystem and the species living on that coral....
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...People may not be aware of coral bleaching since it is happening below the surface. Coral bleaching is happening as the ocean temperature rises. This can affect many species and humans. Coral bleaching is when the coral tissue has turned white or “bleached”. Bleaching takes place when ocean water warms up, stressing the coral, which then causes them to expel zooxanthellae. When coral expel the zooxanthellae, they are exposing their white skeleton. Coral bleaching can also be caused by disease, increased light, pollution from the land and over fishing. Excrement of nutrients from farms and industrial chemicals are also a threat to coral reefs. Bleaching also leave coral prone to disease which can be lethal to coral reef communities. Bleaching can cause a great amount of death within coral reef communities because of disease increase. It can take some time before the corals can recover from bleaching. They can recover from bleaching if the temperature of the water decreases. Critical or long-term bleaching is most likely deadly. Almost one and a half square miles of reef bleached last year are now completely dead (NOAA, 2015)...
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...Coral’s Susceptibility to Bleaching based on the Symbiotic Relationship with their Zooxanthellae, Using DNA Sequencing Techniques http://www.wiki-reef.com/CoralSpecimen.aspx?cid=28 Elizabeth Velazquez Fall Quarter 2011 Luisa Marcelino, Timothy Swain Northwestern University, Field Museum, Shedd Aquarium Abstract Coral samples were obtained from Shedd Aquarium to investigate the symbiotic relationship between the corals and their zooxanthellae under environmental stress. The zooxanthellae DNA were extracted, amplified, and sequenced. The sequences were then analyzed using Sequencher 5.0 and BioEdit where they were aligned individually and then against other sequences found in previous literature research. The aligned sequences were run in Genbank using the BLAST function to identify the zooxanthellae at the subclade level. Further research into current literature was done with the best matched subclades to our sequences to further investigate the thermal resilience of the zooxanthellae. It was found that thylakoid membrane lipid compositions as well as lipid energy reserves are correlated to bleaching susceptibility. Clade D symbionts have higher lipid energy reserves, allotting for more thermal resilience in comparison to clade C as well as increased abundances in D symbiont types among reefs after bleaching events. Bleaching susceptibility was also found to have variation within clades. More research is needed to fully understand the coral-zooxanthellae relationship...
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...Josh Steichen M. Bermas harmful effects of chemical changes are: -acid rain -rust -chemicals in an anti spot cream reacting with a silver necklace, turning it black -exhaust fumes -spoilage of foods -chemical fertilizers 1. Global Warming Cause: Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning power plants Our ever increasing addiction to electricity from coal burning power plants releases enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 40% of U.S. CO2 emissions come from electricity production, and burning coal accounts for 93% of emissions from the electric utility industry [EPA, pg. 10]. Every day, more electric gadgets flood the market, and without widespread alternative energy sources, we are highly dependent on burning coal for our personal and commercial electrical supply. 2. Global Warming Cause: Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline for transportation Our modern car culture and appetite for globally sourced goods is responsible for about 33% of emissions in the U.S. [EPA pg. 8] With our population growing at an alarming rate, the demand for more cars and consumer goods means that we are increasing the use of fossil fuels for transportation and manufacturing. Our consumption is outpacing our discoveries of ways to mitigate the effects, with no end in sight to our massive consumer culture. 3. Global Warming Cause: Methane emissions from animals, agriculture such as rice paddies, and from Arctic seabeds Methane is another extremely...
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...Coral reefs are one of the biological cornerstones of the ocean and are fundamental to many marine ecosystems worldwide. Whilst they have countless uses to socioeconomic and tourism sectors globally, their role in the biological sense is of far greater value. By looking at their importance to the biology of the oceans, a greater understanding of the level in which they need to be protected can be formed. One of their key characteristics is their ability to provide shelter and protection to countless marine organisms. This is done so efficiently that entire ecosystems form solely around coral reefs and the habitats they create. These reefs also act as a vital buffer for waves and strong ocean conditions. By dissipating the wave energy, they...
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...Rachel Bowman Megan Hodgson ENG 201 1 April 2016 Annotated Bibliography: Ocean Acidification Research Questions: What is ocean acidification? What are the causes? What are the consequences? Blackford, Jerry C. "Predicting the Impacts of Ocean Acidification: Challenges from an Ecosystem Perspective." Journal of Marine Systems 60.2-4 (April 2010): 12-18. Science Direct. Web. 23 Mar. 2016. This journal answers all three of my posed research questions. Ocean acidification is marine uptake of carbon dioxide emissions. These emissions can come from two sources, anthropogenic: originating in human activity, and natural causes: respiration, decomposition, etc. The consequences range widely and greatly depend on future rates. There could potentially be changes in composition, size, structure and succession in ecosystems that would then lead to greater consequences, energy flow and resources. In the greater picture food sources and economics could also be a resulting consequence. The journal includes several models that try to predict the future pH of the ocean and the effects each pH will have. Dupont, S., O. Ortega-martínez, and M. Thorndyke. "Impact of Near-Future Ocean Acidification on Echinoderms." Ecotoxicology 19.3 (2010): 449-62. ProQuest. Web. 31 Mar. 2016. This article focuses on how severe the issue is. By 2100 carbon dioxide concentrations are predicted to double. The ocean, being a major carbon dioxide sink, absorbs more than half the excess carbon, causing huge impacts...
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...Warming Global warming is the most pressing challenge facing the world today. After examining what global warming is, I have realized that human activities have a large impact on how the earth’s surface temperature is due to the greenhouse effect. I also have realized the impact that global warming can have on the earth. We as human’s need to do what we can to lower our contributions to the global warming before it is too late. Global warming is the increase of earth’s average surface temperature due to the effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which traps heat that would otherwise escape from earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect. Upon doing my research I discovered that human activities impact global warming. The effect of human activities on the atmosphere mainly is pollution. Livestock farming is one impact. The livestock let off a large amount of methane during their digestion. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, chlorflurocarbons (CFCs) and tropospheric ozone. Human activities are increasing the concentrations of these substances, which in increase the greenhouse effect and it causes global warming. Another activity would be the ozone hole. Chlorfluorocarbons and other human generated chemicals were stopping the formation stratospheric ozone. It protects life on earth’s surface for UV radiation. Some of the other ways that humans have an impact on the...
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...Global Warming Global warming is the most pressing challenge facing the world today. After examining what global warming is, I have realized that human activities have a large impact on how the earth’s surface temperature is due to the greenhouse effect. I also have realized the impact that global warming can have on the earth. We as human’s need to do what we can to lower our contributions to the global warming before it is too late. Global warming is the increase of earth’s average surface temperature due to the effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which traps heat that would otherwise escape from earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect. Upon doing my research I discovered that human activities impact global warming. The effect of human activities on the atmosphere mainly is pollution. Livestock farming is one impact. The livestock let off a large amount of methane during their digestion. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, chlorflurocarbons (CFCs) and tropospheric ozone. Human activities are increasing the concentrations of these substances, which in increase the greenhouse effect and it causes global warming. Another activity would be the ozone hole. Chlorfluorocarbons and other human generated chemicals were stopping the formation stratospheric ozone. It protects life on earth’s surface for UV radiation. Some of the other ways that humans have an impact on the atmosphere...
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...PROJECT TOPIC : GLOBAL WARMING MOHAMED HASSAN SPN150597 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 2 2. DEFINITION GLOBAL WARMING .................................................................................................. 3 3. WHY DOES GLOBAL WARMING OCCURE? ............................................................................................ 3 5. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING ................................................................................................... 5 6. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING .................................................................................................. 9 How will climate change affect you? Your community? The environment around you? .................... 12 4. SOLUTIONS FOR THE GLOBAL WARMING ............................................................................... 13 5. OTHER EFFECTIVE WAYS TO PREVENT GLOBAL WARMING ............................................. 15 1. Plant Trees and Bamboo................................................................................................................. 16 2. Ride a Bike ...................................................................................................................................... 16 3. Buy Less Stuff...................................................................................
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...The Scientific Method The scientific method is a process for creating models of the natural world that can be verified experimentally. The scientific method requires making observations, recording data, and analyzing data in a form that can be duplicated by other scientists. In addition, the scientific method uses inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning to try to produce useful and reliable models of nature and natural phenomena. Inductive reasoning is the examination of specific instances to develop a general hypothesis or theory, whereas deductive reasoning is the use of a theory to explain specific results. The ‘scientific method’ merely refers to a broad framework for studying and learning more about the world around us in a scientific manner. It is not so much a series of absolute, unchangeable steps as a guideline to the method that must be used when trying to reach a scientifically acceptable theory about a subject matter. Therefore, it is not possible to provide a finite number of steps or an exact procedure for following the scientific method. However, the scientific method steps detailed below describe the main steps that scientists commonly take when conducting a scientific inquiry. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD HAS FIVE STEPS: 1. Observation and description of a phenomenon. The observations are made visually or with the aid of scientific equipment. 2. Ask a question, the purpose of the question is to narrow the...
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...| [pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |ENV/100 Version 2 | | |Principles of Environmental Science | Copyright © 2011, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course will provide students with the scientific principles, concepts, and methodologies that are required to identify and analyze risks associated with environmental problems, and examine alternative solutions for resolving or preventing these problems. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you...
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...The Marine Environmental Impacts of Artificial Island Construction Dubai, UAE By Bayyinah Salahuddin Date: _______________ Approved: _________________________ Dr. Michael Orbach, Advisor Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences of Duke University 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ﻷﺟﻞ أهﻠﻲ First, I thank Allah for making my research successful and rewarding. Next, I would like to thank my dear family for their generous, unwavering support and encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank the Student International Discussion Group and the Environmental Internship Fund at the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences at Duke University for funding my research. -2- ABSTRACT In the United Arab Emirates, Dubai is building three colossal artificial islands— each in the shape of a palm tree—in the Arabian Gulf. This has prompted several other Gulf countries to construct artificial islands. To determine the impacts of the first of these Palm Islands, The Palm Jumeirah, I traveled to Dubai and interviewed governmental agencies, environmental groups, and the developer’s environmental scientists. I analyzed the island’s impacts on marine wildlife as well as the developer’s mitigation efforts and the developer’s compliance with the relevant environmental laws. The Palm Jumeirah has buried and asphyxiated wildlife, increased turbidity, and changed...
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...Sustainable Development and Planetary Boundaries BACKGROUND RESEARCH PAPER Johan Rockström and Jeffrey D. Sachs with Marcus C. Öhman and Guido Schmidt-Traub Submitted to the High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda This paper reflects the views of the author and does not represent the views of the Panel. It is provided as background research for the HLP Report, one of many inputs to the process. May 2013 Draft for Discussion Sustainable Development and Planetary Boundaries Draft for Discussion Background paper for the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda Prepared by the co-chairs of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network Thematic Group on Macroeconomics, Population Dynamics, and Planetary Boundaries: Johan Rockström Executive Director, Stockholm Resilience Centre Professor of Environmental Science, Stockholm University Jeffrey D. Sachs Director, The Earth Institute, Columbia University Director, The Sustainable Development Solutions Network Special Advisor to Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon on the Millennium Development Goals with Marcus C. Öhman Associate Professor and Senior Researcher in Ecology and Environmental Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre Guido Schmidt-Traub Executive Director, The Sustainable Development Solutions Network 15 March 2013 1 Draft for Discussion The world faces a serious challenge, indeed one that is unique to our age. Developing countries rightly...
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...Bangladesh A Term Paper By |Group : ……….. | |Roll : 3-11-21-052 |: |Abul Kalam Azad | |Roll : 3-11-21-055 |: |Narayan Chandra Saha | |Roll : 3-11-21-061 |: |Manash Kumar Adhikary | |Roll : 3-11-21-066 |: |Mir Zahid Hasan | |Roll : 3-11-21- |: | | Submitted to Mrs. Rumana Parveen Course Instructor Course No. EM 501: Introduction to Business In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master in Business Administration in Management Studies Dedicated To The Martyrs And Freedom Fighters Of Our Beloved Motherland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, we thank specifically to our course instructor Mrs. Rumana Parveen for the guidance, assistance and direction she provided us for the completion of this term paper. This term paper was made possible with...
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...Edited by Kristen Walker Painemilla, Anthony B. Rylands, Alisa Woofter and Cassie Hughes Edited by Kristen Walker Painemilla, Anthony B. Rylands, Alisa Woofter and Cassie Hughes Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington, VA 22202 USA Tel: +1 703-341-2400 www.conservation.org Editors : Kristen Walker Painemilla, Anthony B. Rylands, Alisa Woofter and Cassie Hughes Cover design Paula K. Rylands, Conservation International : Layout: Kim Meek, Washington, DC Maps [except where noted otherwise] Kellee Koenig, Conservation International : Conservation International is a private, non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501 c (3) of the Internal Revenue Code. ISBN 978-1-934151-39-6 © 2010 by Conservation International All rights reserved. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Conservation International or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Any opinions expressed in this publication are those of the writers, and do not necessarily reflect those of Conservation International (CI). Suggested citation: Walker Painemilla, K., Rylands, A. B., Woofter, A. and Hughes, C. (eds.). 2010. Indigenous Peoples and Conservation: From Rights to Resource Management. Conservation...
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