...Describe Mr. Smith’s risk factors for Coronary artery disease and state whether they are modifiable or non-modifiable. (4 marks) Mr. Smiths factors that put him on risk of cardio vascular diseases are 1. Family history of cardiovascular disease 2. Stress 3. Type-2 diabetes 4. Dyslipidemia 5. Age 6. gender 7. Lack of physical activity and exercise 8. Sedentary life style 9. Over weight Non-Modifiable risk factors: 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Family history Modifiable risk Factors: 1. Elevated cholesterol levels. 2. Diabetes 3. Hypertension 4. Obesity 5. Blood pressure 6. Physical...
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...Coronary Artery disease (CAD) is arguably the world’s most deadly disease. With upwards to 3 million new cases every year, the disease is still without a cure and has a death rate of nearly 25%. This disease is the number 1 cause of death in men and women with 615,000 men and women afflicted with this disease and another 735,000 men and women suffering from a heart attack caused by CAD. Coronary Artery Disease is a disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries. The buildup of plaque in the arteries causes a narrowing of the arteries. This results in the inability of the blood containing necessary oxygen to be transported to the heart and thus, to the rest of the body. The arteries are supposed to normally supply oxygen to the heart...
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...Coronary Artery Disease. Coronary artery disease is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis (sometimes called “hardening” or “clogging” of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing abnormal artery tone and function. Without an adequate blood supply, the heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients it needs to work properly. This can cause chest pain called angina. If blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is cut off entirely, or if the energy demands of the heart become much greater than its blood supply, a heart attack (injury to the heart muscle) may occur. Your coronary arteries are shaped like hollow tubes through which blood can flow freely. The muscular walls of the coronary arteries are normally smooth and elastic and are lined with a layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium provides a physical barrier between the blood stream and the coronary artery walls, while regulating the function of the artery by releasing chemical signals in response to various stimuli. Coronary artery disease starts when you are very young. Before your teen years, the blood vessel walls begin to show streaks of fat. As you get older, the fat builds up, causing slight injury to your blood vessel walls. Other substances traveling...
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...Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction Topic: Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction 1 Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction Table of Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................3 Patient’s profile..............................................................................................................4 Pathophysiology...............................................................................................................................5 Clinical manifestations...................................................................................................................6 Short of breath and ‘light headed’...................................................................................................6 Nauseous and uncomfortable feeling...............................................................................................6 Crushing substernal chest pain .......................................................................................................6 Modifiable and Non-modifiable risk factors.................................................................7 Laboratory tests results and ECG findings................................................................................7 ECG (Electrocardiogram)....................................................................
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...Effects of Disease on the Health Care Industry: Cardiovascular disease HCS/245 Patricia Talbert Due: 03/16/2015 University of Phoenix Material Effects of Disease on the Health Care Industry: Cardiovascular Health Complete the table below for 2 diseases that you have chosen that affects cardiovascular health. In each box, you are required to list 3-5 bulleted statements regarding the heading of that box. Cite your sources using APA format. This section is due in Week Three. |Chosen Cardiovascular Disease |Treatment Modalities |Cultural Beliefs/Practices |Epidemiological Statistics |Available Consumer Resources |Impact on Society | |or Disorder | |Affecting this Disease | |(ex. financing, information, support) | | |Coronary Artery Disease |Quitting smoking and avoiding |Heart disease is a man's disease. |Cardiovascular diseases cause |The CDC addresses heart disease. Great |According to the Centers for Disease | | |secondhand smoke. |(MYTH) |nearly one-third of all deaths |source for researching information. |Control and Prevention, heart disease | | | | ...
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...Coronary Heat Disease Health 11 LATTC 11/20/10 Coronary Heart Disease, chronic illness in which the coronary arteries, the vessels that supply oxygen-carrying blood to the heart, become narrowed and unable to carry a normal amount of blood. Most often, the coronary arteries become narrowed because of atherosclerosis, a process in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inside wall of an artery (see Arteriosclerosis). Plaque is made of oily molecules known as cholesterol, fibrous proteins, calcium deposits, tiny blood cells known as platelets, and debris from dead cells. Plaque formation often begins in adolescence and progresses very slowly over the course of decades. Gradually, the growing plaque thickens the wall of the artery, reducing the space for blood to flow through. According to the American Heart Association, in 2009 heart disease affected people as follows: • A person’s death occurs every 34 seconds due to heart disease in the United States. • In the US a person dies of heart attack every 20 seconds. • About 2,500 American die due to heart attacks. • Around 250,000 die due to heart attack before they reach a hospital in the US. • Those below the average level of education suffer from heart attacks more. • The following countries are known for higher death rates due to heart disease. Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the Soviet Union. • About 6 million hospitalizations take place each year in the US on account of cardiovascular...
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...Introduction Stents were first developed in the late 1970s out of a need to keep coronary arteries open after balloon angioplasty (Cohen, 2006). Balloon angioplasty can weaken the arteries, sometimes causing them to collapse within a few days (Cohen, 2006). At that time, the only treatment available was emergency bypass graft surgery (Cohen, 2006). Further, angioplasty was causing restenosis in almost one-third of all patients (Cohen, 2006). Bare metal stents were developed in the mid 1980s out of a need to prevent or lower the incidences of restenosis due to angioplasty. While bare metal stents solved the problem of artery closure during the hospital stay, restenosis continued to occur in patients who received bare metal stents. In one-fourth of all cases, the stent experienced reblocking at around six months and had to be reimplanted (Cohen, 2006). Drug eluting stents were next developed in the hope that the pharmaceutical would prevent restenosis. Drug eluting stents have the same structure as a bare metal stent but are coated with a pharmaceutical. The pharmaceutical can also be contained within a thin polymer on the scaffolding of the stent to slow the release (Cohen, 2006). Drug eluting stents, in comparison to bare metal stents, decrease the risk of restenosis. However, drug elucting stents may increase the risk of stent thrombosis. Still searching for a solution that would reduce the risk of restenosis and stent thrombosis, a few companies are developing...
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...Comprehensive Case Study: Coronary Artery Disease Jennifer Plucinak Santa Barbra City College Introduction My patient, C.R., went to his primary physician for complaints of dypsnea on exertion and frequent dyspepsia. The physician gave C.R. an exercise stress test and found abnormal ECG readings, and he was diagnosed with severe coronary artery disease. He was admitted to the hospital for a quadruple coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) a week later. Patient Assessment C.R. has a history of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. He also has a twenty-year history of smoking, and he has been drinking 3 to 4 beers every night for about the same amount of time. My patient is 5’11’’ and weighs 212 pounds, so he is overweight. He also stated that he rarely exercises, but is on his feet, and moving around at work. C.R. has no past surgical history. When I took care of him, C.R. was post-op day three from his quadruple coronary artery bypass graft. I didn’t notice any psycho-social issues with my patient. C.R. was a pleasant 61 year old, Caucasian male, whose wife was at his bedside throughout the day. He seemed well adjusted to his new diagnosis of coronary artery disease, along with his recent open-heart surgery. He was very cooperative with his medications, he used his voldyne every hour, and he walked several times a day. He was also very receptive to learning about his new diet...
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...Case Study: Coronary Disease Laura Kwan Past Medical History: - tonsils removed as a child - no regular medication - takes reloads occasionally Family Medical History: - father died of myocardial infarction at age 52 - mother is 73 and in good health Social History: - moderately heavy social drinker - 2-3 beers after work - 5-6 beers per day on weekends - smokes a pack of cigarettes a day - married with two children - finances are stable History of Present Illness: - woke up at 4am with pressure in his chest, described as “worst indigestion I ever had” - sweaty and slightly short of breath - achy, heavy feeling in his right arm - ate pizza before bed (unhealthy) - took four Rolaids initially - didn't bring any relief - sitting made the pressure settle down - he was clammy - pressure on his chest persistently for approximately two hours - put on oxygen mask - nurses concerned about his EKG - EKG showed 1 cm ST elevation on leads V2,3,4,5 with slight ST depression on leads 2,3 and AVF Physical Examination: - heart rate was 110 (high heart rate) - respiratory rate was 22 (high respiratory rate. Should be 16-20) - blood pressure was 160/100 (high bp) - sweaty, pale, and had no obvious jugular venous distention - chest was clear on auscultation - abdomen was unremarkable - skin was slightly sweaty - chest x-ray was normal with normal heart size - lab work was normal Research: Heart Problems - closely linked to diet and lifestyle choices ...
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...Patient Education Plan By: Leticia M. Kozbial-Brown NUR/427 Introduction: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease. It is the leading cause of death and illness in the United States. A number of conditions result from CAD, these include angina, congestive heart failure myocardial infarct, and sudden cardiac death. CAD occurs when the blood vessels providing blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked. Arteries lose some of their elasticity as we age. The lumens of the arteries become narrowed from either fatty fibrous plaques or calcium plaque deposits. If there is mild restriction in blood flow, there may be no noticeable symptoms at rest. Symptoms such as chest pressure may occur with increased activity or stress indicating that the heart is having difficulty receiving adequate blood flow. Other symptoms include heartburn, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, or diaphoresis. When the blood flow is significantly reduced, severe symptoms , such as angina pectoris, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction or heart failure may occur. “Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of CAD and is linked to many risk factors, primarily elevated serum cholesterol levels, elevated blood pressure, and cigarette smoking. Other risk factors include heredity, obesity, lack of physical activity, stress and diabetes mellitus.” (Sommers, 2011) Of the 500,000 deaths annually from CAD, approximately 160,000 occur before age 65. Over half of these deaths occur...
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...Cardiovascular Disease Surgery for coronary artery disease (CABG), valve repair and replacement, and the treatment of aortic disease, all have a remarkable history of success and evolution. Just as with computer technology, the trend in surgery has been to become smaller, faster and better. The treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is moving towards less invasive and, in many cases, catheter based technologies. First interventional radiologists, then cardiologists, and now cardiac and vascular surgeons have embraced this trend. Clinicians are encouraged by outcomes that appear to be at least as good, albeit with trade-offs, and a high level of patient acceptance. Hybrid operating rooms - rooms combining operating room sterility and functionality with fixed angiography and echocardiographic imaging- are rapidly growing in prevalence and gaining increased interest from hospital administrators. These rooms are used by cardiac surgeons, vascular surgeons, interventional cardiologists, and neuro-interventionalists, and are suited for both open and closed procedures, as well as collaborative “hybrid” procedures. Given the dynamic nature of this room, these investments require thoughtful preparation operationally and logistically, especially when planning for physician and support staff that will work and cover call in this room. The Shift from CABG to PCI to hybrid procedures as a paradigm Twenty-five years ago, when the remarkable survival benefit of coronary revascularization...
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...What is Angina? Angina is a heart condition a chest pain that occurs if there’s an area of your heart muscle that does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. Angina is a symptom of heart problem, usually a symptom of coronary heart disease this only happens to adults, how it works is a substance called plaque builds up on the inner walls of coronary arteries, these are the arteries that carry rich oxygen blood to your heart. Angina pain is similar to the asthma pain, but in this case the pain can also occur in your shoulders, arms, jaw, neck and even back. What system does it affect & what causes it? Angina is affected by the cardiovascular system. Angina is caused by the result of underlying coronary artery disease the arteries that supply the heart with blood rich blood, when the cholesterol aggregates on the artery wall and the hard plaque form the artery narrows. It is very difficult for the oxygen rich blood to reach the heart muscle as these arteries will then become more narrower, in addition the damage to the arteries from such as smoking and high levels fat or sugar in the blood can cause plaque to build up where the arteries are damaged, these narrow the arteries or may break off and form blood clots that block the arteries. Types of Angina? * Stable Angina occurs when the heart is working harder and faster than usual. Angina is a painful condition but if a person takes angina medication or rest’s for a bit then the pain will go. The stable angina...
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...arterial wall. People of different ages are susceptible to developing the disease. It is considered the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Epithelial injury caused by different risk factors is the initial process of the disease. Nitric oxide liberation, lipid retention, and inflammatory cell proliferation are of significance in the disease pathogenesis. The goal of this review is to better understand the disease process and the role of the atherogenic biomarkers that develop in the affected site during the disease progression. Determining the risk of atherogenic plaque development vulnerability is the main obstacle that faces scientists, followed by making proper diagnosis and choosing treatment. Different imaging techniques, especially the non invasive ones, provide highly useful images to characterize the plaque development. These techniques also contributed to cure many patients at risk of plaque rupture. Prevention and treatment of the disease depend mainly on the proper education of patients and people at risk of developing the disease, and that is done by changing their life style to minimize the risk factors that increase their incidence of getting the disease. Eating healthy food, stopping smoking, and exercising are the main aspects in a prevention program. Additionally, combinations of lipid lowering and antihypertensive medications have been shown to reduce the disease progression by up to 50%. In summary, this review paper will show that in...
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...flow of blood in the human artery, showing the results that gained and considering the conclusions revealed from those studies. In the normal situation, blood flow in the human blood vessels based on the normal functioning of heart. The heart pump produce the pressure gradient throughout the blood vessel. This consist of two components, one is constant or non-fluctuating and the other is fluctuating or pulsatile. (V.K.SUD AND G.S.SEKHON) The pulsatile flow...
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...#24;Whiting, 1987 #27}. However, fossils currently in the museum in Berlin provide strong evidence that the emerging reptile was small-boned and duck-billed {Whiting, 1987 #27}, possibly with a larger wing-like arm. Overall, it was striking how much atherosclerosis we found," Dr. Gregory S. Thomas, director of nuclear cardiology education at the University of California, Irvine, and co-principal investigator of the study, said in a news release from the European Society of Cardiology. "We think of atherosclerosis as a disease of modern lifestyle, but it's clear that it also existed 3,500 years ago," he said. "Our findings certainly call into question the perception of atherosclerosis as a modern disease." The study, slated for presentation Tuesday at the International Conference of Non-Invasive Cardiovascular Imaging, in Amsterdam, found that recognizable arteries were present in 44 of the 52 mummies scanned. Arterial calcification, a marker of atherosclerosis, was also evident in almost half of the mummies scanned. Atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries was evident in three of the mummies investigated, including Princess Ahmose-Meryet-Amon, a noble who lived in...
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