...Corporate Finance, 9/e Stephen A. Ross, Massachussetts Institute of Technology Randolph W. Westerfield, University of Southern California Jeffrey F. Jaffe, University of Pennsylvania ISBN: 0073382337 Copyright year: 2010 Table of Contents PART I: Overview 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance 1 1.1 | What Is Corporate Finance? | 1 | | The Balance Sheet Model of the Firm | 1 | | The Financial Manager | 3 | 1.2 | The Corporate Firm | 4 | | The Sole Proprietorship | 4 | | The Partnership | 4 | | The Corporation | 5 | | A Corporation by Another Name . . . | 7 | 1.3 | The Importance of Cash Flows | 7 | 1.4 | The Goal of Financial Management | 10 | | Possible Goals | 11 | | The Goal of Financial Management | 11 | | A More General Goal | 12 | 1.5 | The Agency Problem and Control of the Corporation | 13 | | Agency Relationships | 13 | | Management Goals | 14 | | Do Managers Act in the Stockholders' Interests? | 14 | | Stakeholders | 15 | 1.6 | Regulation | 16 | | The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 | 16 | | Sarbanes-Oxley | 17 | | Summary and Conclusions | 18 | | Concept Questions | 18 | | S&P Problems | 19 | 2 Financial Statements and Cash Flow 20 2.1 | The Balance Sheet | 20 | | Liquidity | 21 | | Debt versus Equity | 22 | | Value versus Cost | 22 | 2.2 | The Income Statement | 23 | | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | 24 | | Noncash Items | 25...
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...Corporate Finance 10 Problems From Chapter 1 through 10 Sorang Kim BHU MBA 671 Corporate Finace Professor Mensah Dartey April 14, 2013 Chapter 1, Problem 6 (pp. 6 ~ 8) Problem You are a shareholder in a C corporation. The corporation earns $2 per share before taxes. Once it has paid taxes it will distribute the rest of its earnings to you as a dividend. The corporate tax rate is 40% and the personal tax rate on (both dividend and non-dividend) income is 30%. How much is left for you after all taxes are paid? Solution Profit after corporate taxes=corporate earnings*(1-corporate tax rate) =2*(1-0.4)=1.2 Profit after personal taxes=profit after corporate taxes*(1-personal taxes) =1.2*(1-0.3)=0.84 The true profit received by shareholder after payment of all taxes in C corporate is $0.84. Chapter 2, Problem 9 (pp.26~28) Problem In July 2007, Apple had cash of $7.12 billion, current assets of $18.75 billion, current liabilities of $6.99 billion, and inventories of $0.25 billion. Solution a. Market capitalization Current ratio=current asset/current liabilities =18.75/6.99=2.682 b. Quick ratio=(current asset-current inventories)/current liabilities =(18.75-0.25)/6.99=2.646 c. DLL quick ratio=1.25 DLL current ratio=1.3 As compare to DLL, APP has more ideal current asset. An ideal current asset to meet all short term debt obligation is 2:1. And APP has more liquidity to pay their short term requirements compare...
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...MSc Corporate Finance Dr. Kirak Kim Before we start Main branches of finance Corporate Finance How do we value projects and (optimally) finance them? Asset Pricing How do we price securities more precisely? What’s the difference? Is it a Corporate Finance question or an Asset Pricing question? □ You are the manager of Intel Corp. You are reviewing the proposal for the new plant to be built in China. The new plant requires a large onetime investment but will provide significant capacity addition as well as cost savings over the next 10 years. Should you approve the proposal for the new plant? □ “HSBC FTSE 100” is a index fund that replicates FTSE 100 index. The fund offers investors a convenient diversification at a low price. Would you be interested in investing in the fund (or somewhere else)? » What if it was TESCO that was considering HSBC FTSE 100 as an investment vehicle? □ In 2004, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, the founders of Google Inc., were talking to investment bankers from Morgan Stanley. They hope to finance a number of potential opportunities through IPO (initial public offering). One of the most important concerns is of course what the offering price should be. Part 1 Project Valuation Dr. Kirak Kim MSc Corporate Finance EFiMM0017 Project Valuation Investment decision Revisit: Valuing unlevered cash flows Revisit: Uncertainty and the notion of risk Weighted average cost of capital Adjusted present value Two Main...
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...Corporate Finance Arguably, the role of a corporation's management is to increase the value of the firm to its shareholders while observing applicable laws and responsibilities. Corporate finance deals with the strategic financial issues associated with achieving this goal, such as how the corporation should raise and manage its capital, what investments the firm should make, what portion of profits should be returned to shareholders in the form of dividends, and whether it makes sense to merge with or acquire another firm. Balance Sheet Approach to Valuation If the role of management is to increase the shareholder value, then managers can make better decisions if they can predict the impact of those decisions on the firm's value. By observing the difference in the firm's equity value at different points in time, one can better evaluate the effectiveness of financial decisions. A rudimentary way of valuing the equity of a company is simply to take its balance sheet and subtract liabilities from assets to arrive at the equity value. However, this book value has little resemblance to the real value of the company. First, the assets are recorded at historical costs, which may be much greater than or much less their present market values. Second, assets such as patents, trademarks, loyal customers, and talented managers do not appear on the balance sheet but may have a significant impact on the firm's ability to generate future profits. So while the balance sheet method is simple...
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... the higher the firm’s fixed cost the greater its Operating Leverage. In Jacque’s words, this has to do with volatility of the top line. Those firms are usually highly automated, capital intensive, hire highly skilled individuals (read pay them huge salaries), and engage into costly R&D activities. Effects of Operating Leverage on Business Risk: (if all other things held constant) the higher a firm’s Operating Leverage, the higher its business risk. This is because in lower economical cycles, the firm will still be incurring its fixed cost. However, remember that higher risk usually commands for a higher return on investment. Financial leverage is the use of debt to finance the activities of a business. Financial risk is the additional risk put on the shareholder when management decides to finance with debt. The more debt a firm takes on, the more concentrated the business risk on the shareholder because the shareholder is a residual claimant. This results in a higher expected rate of return on the investment by the shareholder. Consequences of an increase in leverage (Leverage ↑): * Expected ROE ↑ * Stockholder risk ↑ * Standard deviation ↑ * Coefficient of variation ↑ 2) Cash-Flow statement and valuation: Natalia Cash-Flow Statement and valuation Cash-Flow Statement: * reflects firm’s sources and uses of cash during an accounting period; since not based * breaks cashflows down into three categories: * Cash-Flow from Operations (captures...
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...= 100,000 b. How many rights will be required to buy one share? 800,000 rights/100,000 new shares = 8 rights/share c. At what price will the stock sell when it goes ex-rights? New value = 800,000*$120+$10,000,000 = $106,000,000/900,000shares = $117.78 d. What is the value of 1 right? $120-$117.78=$2.22 2. A project has equipment cost of $210. It will have a life of 3 years. The cost will be depreciated straight-line to zero. The salvage value at the end of 3 years is $50. Cash sales will be $200 per year and cash costs will run $120 per year. The firm will also need to invest $70 in net working capital at time 0. The appropriate discount rate is 8% (use for all flows), and the corporate tax rate is 40%. (15 points) a. What is the value of the tax shield in each period from the investment in the project? T(D=.4*70=$28 b. What are the operating cash flows in years 1, 2, and 3? OCF=(200-120)(.6)+.4*70=$76 c. What is the NPV? CF0=-210, CF1=76, CF2=76, CF3=76+30+70=176, NPV=-$4.7574 d. What is the IRR? (Estimate if you do not have a financial calculator.) 7.18% 3. Oakdale Furniture Inc. has a beta coefficient of 0.7 and a required rate of return of 15 percent. The market risk premium is currently 5 percent. If Oakdale acquires new assets that increase its beta by 50 percent, what will be Oakdale’s new required rate of return? (5 points) 15%=Rf+0.7(5), Rf=11.5%, Rs =...
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...Question 1 | | 0.25 / 0.25 points | APV = NPV (without expansion option) + Value of the expansion option. | | 1) True | | | 2) False | Question 2 | | 0.25 / 0.25 points | The owner of a professional sports franchise, looking to get a new stadium, would benefit from a put option if the deal falls through. | | 1) True | | | 2) False | Question 3 | | 0.25 / 0.25 points | If you write a put option, you acquire the right to buy stock at a fixed strike price. | | 1) True | | | 2) False | Question 4 | | 0.25 / 0.25 points | Risk-neutral approach is an application of the certainty equivalent method. | | 1) True | | | 2) False | MCQs (Theoritical) (0.25 mark) | Question 5 | | 0 / 0.25 points | Everything else remaining the same, an increase in fixed costs: I) increases the break-even point based on NPV II) increases the accounting break-even point III) decreases the break-even point based on NPV IV) decreases the accounting break-even point | | 1) | I and III only | | | | 2) | III and IV only | | | | 3) | II and III only | | | | 4) | I and II only | | Question 6 | | 0.25 / 0.25 points | The Chief Financial Officer (CFO of a corporation oversees): | | 1) | Treasurer's functions | | | | 2) | Controller's functions | | | | 3) | Both A and B | | | | 4) | None of the above | | Question 7 | | 0.25 / 0.25 points | Costs associated with the conflicts of interest between...
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...CORPORATE FINANCE HONOURS 2011-2012 Topic: Behavioural corporate finance Lecturer: Yue (Lucy) Liu E-mail: Yue.Liu@ed.ac.uk Outline Psychological phenomena Biases Heuristics Framing effects Impact on corporate finance Valuation Capital Budgeting Capital structure Dividend policy Mergers and acquisitions Yue (Lucy) Liu 2011/2012 Corporate Finance 2 Psychological phenomena Bias Excessive optimism Overconfidence Confirmation bias Illusion of control Heuristics Representativeness Availability Anchoring and adjustment Affect Heuristic Framing effects Loss aversion Aversion to a sure loss Yue (Lucy) Liu 2011/2012 Corporate Finance 3 Biases Bias A predisposition toward error. – Excessive optimism People overestimate how frequently they will experience favorable outcomes and underestimate how frequently they will experience unfavorable outcomes. – Overconfidence People make mistakes more frequently than they believe and view themselves as better than average. – Confirmation bias People attach too much importance to information that supports their views relative to information that runs counter to their views. – Illusion of control People overestimate the extent to which they can control events. Yue (Lucy) Liu 2011/2012 Corporate Finance 4 Heuristics Heuristic A rule of thumb used to make a decision. – Representativeness People make judgments based on stereotypic thinking, asking how representative...
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...Corporate Finance Notes * Chapter One: Introduce to Corporate Finance 1. Three Questions: A. What Long-term asset should be invested? Capital Budgeting B. How to raise cash for capital expenditures? Capital Structure C. How to manage short-term cash flow? Net Working Capital 2. Capital Structure: Marketing Value of Firm = MV of Debt + MV of Equity 3. Finance perspect and Accountant perspect: Finance: Cash Flow ! Accountant: A/R means profit ! 4. Sole proprietorship, parternership and corporation | 5. The goal of financial management: Maximize the current value per share of the existing stock. 6. Agency problem and Control of the Corporation Agency Relations: stockholders with management - agency cost Goal: Management has a significant incentive to act in the interests of stockholders. Conclusion: Stockholders control the firm and the stockholder wealth maximization is the relevant goal of the corporation . 7. Financial Market: Money Market & Capital Market Money Market: loosely connected markets – dealer markets. Core – market banks, government secutities dealers, money brokers 8. Financial Market: Primary Market & Secondary Market Primary Market: New Issues initially sell securities – public offerings and private placement IPO: underwriten by a syndicate (辛迪加, 财团) of IBs. Buy and sell for a higher price. Register in SEC. Private Placement: avoid the cost of preparing the registration...
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...Corporate Finance The role of the corporate finance team is to manage a companies money, and maximizing the companies value while minimizing the risk states Wetfeet website (n.a., 2012). A corporate finance department may have a treasurer, a controller or comptroller, risk manager, and internal auditors with assistants and analysts all working under the chief financial manager (Ring, 2004). Corporate finance positions can be found in all companies from small to large (Kochanek, 2008). Entry-level positions are usually in investing, cash management, payroll, accounts receivables, accounts payables, bookkeeping clerks and other paper processing (Ring, 2004; Wiley, 2015). One job commonly found in corporate finance is that of a financial analyst. According to monster.com, common duties of an entry level financial analyst may include; analyzing financial data, recommending specific investments, evaluating and assessing both current data and historical information, studying financial trends on a consistent basis, ducting regular evaluations of financial statements, preparing complex financial reports, meeting privately with investors, and explaining recommendations in details to companies and individuals. The website Wetfeet (n.a.,2012) says, financial analysts pore over spreadsheets that detail cash flow, profitability, and expenses. They look for ways to free up capital, increase profitability, and decrease expenses. If any department...
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...Continuing and Professional Studies Fundamentals of Corporate Finance New York University School of Continuing & Professional Studies Course #X51.9140 Spring 2011 James Berman 212.388.9873 jberman@jbglobal.com Description: In this introduction to corporate finance, emphasis is on utilizing long-term debt, preferred stock, common stock, and convertibles in the financial structure of a corporation. Learn to analyze methods of financing using internal and external funds. Topics include: financial management; corporate growth; business failures; return on investment; risk leverage; the time value of money; dividend policy; debt policy; and leasing. Instructor Biography: James Berman, the president and founder of JBGlobal.com LLC, a Registered Investment Advisory Firm, specializes in asset management for high-net-worth individuals and trusts. With over thirteen years of experience managing client portfolios, Mr. Berman is a professional analyst of financial vehicles, including equity and bond mutual funds, and is an expert in global investment, asset allocation and modern portfolio theory. As the president of JBGlobal LLC, the general partner of the JBGlobal Fund LP, Mr. Berman manages a global equities fund that invests in the United States, Europe and Asia. Mr. Berman is a faculty member in the Finance Department of the NYU School of Continuing and Professional Studies where he teaches corporate finance. He serves as sub-advisor to Eitan Ventures LLC, a venture...
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...Objectives Corporate finance in emerging markets is a complex field for managers and academics. Most of the models used in investments and corporate finance have been developed under the assumption of at least moderately efficient markets, but this assumption seems to be questionable when moving to less developed markets. Emerging markets are not efficient markets; they are characterized by higher information asymmetries, higher transaction costs, more concentrated ownership, lack of market development, relatively low market liquidity, etc. Additionally, there are relevant differences in terms of suitability for the use of standard corporate finance techniques in the context of small and medium private enterprises. The present survey examines capital budgeting, cost of capital, capital structure and dividend policy decision of the four firms namely Schmit telecom, Sanehwal fasteners, LPS limited and Bharathi Soap works. The study analyses the responses conditional on firm characteristics. It examines the relationship of the executives' response with firm size, profitability, risk, growth, CFO's education, and the sector. By testing whether responses differ across these characteristics, the study throws light on the implications of various finance theories concerning firm size, risk, and growth. The survey also given us the knowledge about practices followed by different companies depending on the sector in which they exist. Market position has also played significant role...
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...1.0 Introduction Capital markets are a major source of finance for large companies engaging in investment projects. Successful investment projects can bring tremendous returns to shareholders in the form of dividend payment and increased share value. However, the source of finance affects a company’s overall cost of capital and by extension its dividends to shareholders. This report addresses the importance of the capital market and the efficient market hypothesis theories. The various source of finance available to large companies and the related cost. As well as the importance of the dividend decision and its possible affect on the company’s share price. [pic] 2.0 The role and importance of capital markets and efficient market hypothesis (EMH) [pic] The Role and Importance of Capital Markets A capital market is a market for the trading of long term securities such as, but not limited to debt and equity securities. A capital market which includes bond markets and stock exchanges serves two major functions. Firstly, it acts as a primary market for issuing new equity and debt capital. This means that companies[1] who want to raise new financing for investment projects or business expansion can source funding via this market. Secondly, it also acts as a secondary market for trading (that is to say buying and selling) of existing securities. The secondary market also serves as a source of pricing information for the primary market. Capital markets provide important...
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...Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Chapter 10: Chapter 11: Chapter 12: Chapter 13: Chapter 14: Chapter 15: Chapter 16: Appendix 16B: Chapter 17: Chapter 18: Chapter 19: Chapter 20: Chapter 21: Chapter 22: Chapter 23: Chapter 24: Chapter 25: Chapter 26: Chapter 27: Chapter 28: Chapter 29: Chapter 30: Chapter 31: Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems Accounting Statements and Cash Flow ................................................................... Financial Planning and Growth ............................................................................... Net Present Value .................................................................................................... Net Present Value: First Principles of Finance ........................................................ How to Value Bonds and Stocks ............................................................................. The Term Structure of Interest Rates, Spot Rates, and Yields to Maturity ............. Some Alternative Investment Rules......................................................................... Net Present Value and Capital Budgeting ............................................................... Risk Analysis, Real Options, and Capital Budgeting .............................................. Capital Market Theory: An Overview ..................................................................... Return and Risk: The Capital-Asset-Pricing Model (CAPM) ....................
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...Question 1 Coase, Ronald. (1937). The Nature of the Firm. Economica, 4(16), pp 386-405. I. How does the modern corporate firm emerge and why? According to Coase, firm is the system of relationships which comes into existence when the direction of resources is dependent on the entrepreneur. A modern corporate firm emerges when the entrepreneur of some sort begins to hire people. Some people prefer to be the leader while some prefer to be leaded. Individuals that prefer to work under direction of some other person would accept less in order to work under someone, and firms would emerge naturally from this. The hierarchical organization can simply be desired for its own sake. People might be willing to give up something so that they can direct others if the desire wasn’t to be controlled but to control, to exercise power over others. It means that they would be willing to pay others more than they could actually get under the price mechanism in order to be able to direct them. Also, firms might emerge if purchasers preferred commodities which are produced by firms to those not produced. However, transaction costs are involved in using the market. The price of the goods is actually lower than the cost of getting a goods or services through the market. Other necessary costs likes search & information costs, policing & enforcement costs, bargaining costs, and keeping trade secrets, can be added to the cost of procuring something from another party. This suggests that firms will...
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