...Đào tạo TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI THƯƠNG COSTA RICA A brief study on public FDI facilitation by means of trade agreements and trade liberalization Nguyen Phuong Khanh Tung Student ID: 0951040062 ------------------------------ Costa Rica: A brief study on public FDI facilitation by means of trade agreements and future political adjustments. Abstract Being probably the most economically-advanced countries within the region of Central America, Costa Rica is a very interesting example of a how a developing country would manage and regulate its economic growth and stability, much thanks to its unique regime to attract and allocate FDI efficiently. Despite having little natural endowments and regional advantages, Costa Rica has ever since been the economic vanguard among the Latin America community for the last past half decade, with remarkable level of development within knowledge-intensive industries. Furthermore, the country’s early acceptance and adoption of various trade liberalization schemes have created a destination that a number of economists have been referring as ‘investment haven’ for exported products and services. The case of Costa Rica, henceforth, is exemplary for developing countries, not only in regard to attracting pure FDI, but also supervising its spillover effects as a means to stimulate the economy. This paper does not quantify in detail the effects, but rather focuses on a sweeping analysis on Costa Rica’s political historical and possible...
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...the Pyramid In order to sell a more expensive product, such as a bicycle, we need to make sure we aren't selling to a civilization that's on the base of the pyramid (earning $2000 or less per year). We would like to sell in an area where market participants earn in the second to top tier ranges in the pyramid. According to Trade Economics (2015), the per capita GDP's for our countries sit at: Japan- $37,595.18, Costa Rica- $5,962.38, and Pakistan- $818.87. Out of the three, the best country to go sell to is Japan if we are solely basing this on affordability. Costa Rica is in the second tier as preferred, but cutting it close to the base of the pyramid. Pakistan may not necessarily be able to afford our product as they sit at the base. Political Systems Japan is a constitutional monarchy which allows one branch of command to limit and balance the power of the monarch. Costa Rica is a democracy which is just like the United States. Pakistan is under a federal republic which is just a federation of states under democratic rule with sovereign citizens. As for Costa Rica and Pakistan, it may be easier to sell in regions with democratic influence. In modern forms of democracy it is easier for individuals and firms economically express their needs. Japan might be a bit of a harder sell....
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... There are many different causes of urbanization. People living in rural areas are drawn to the city, because they often believe that the standard of living in urban areas will be much better. Urbanization has its pros and cons and affects every developing country differently. Three positive effects that urbanization has had on Costa Rica are: Less distances to travel and decrease in transport cost, growth in trade and commerce, and increase community resources. When population is concentrated in cities people have less distance to travel to work and for most other purposes. Urbanization helps the nation's business sector. Rural people come to the urban places with their goods. In Costa Rica growth in trade was a major positive in urbanization, because they are large exporters of bananas, coffee beans, and pineapples to name a few. Inspired by the growth of Los Reyes, multiple residential developments are being built in vast areas. It includes a combination of residential solutions in large areas with other services like a club, swimming pool, golf, tennis and football facilities. Three negative effects that urbanization has had on Costa Rica are: the decrease in rural population, increase in population in urban places, and unemployment increases in urban areas. The decrease in rural population effects the agricultural productions due to shortage of workers in rural areas. If all of the workers move to the urban areas searching for better job opportunities then the work...
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...underwear(1) from Costa Rica and six other countries.(2) The United States initiated consultations with the countries alleged to be damaging or threatening its industry with the intention of invoking the transitional safeguard provisions of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC).(3) During the course of these consultations, three of the seven countries agreed to quantitative restrictions on the imported underwear that would be allowed into the United States. However, after failing to reach agreements with Costa Rica, Honduras, Thailand and Turkey, the United States in June 1995(4) introduced restrictions on the importation of cotton and man-made-fibre underwear backdated to take effect starting in March 1995. With the unilateral introduction of restrictions, the case was referred to the Textile Monitoring Body (TMB) for review and recommendations regarding the matter as required by the ATC. The TMB found that the United States had not demonstrated that its industry had suffered serious damage. However, it could not reach consensus on whether the existence of an actual threat of serious damage had been demonstrated, and thus recommended further consultations among the parties. The United States eventually reached agreements with Honduras, Thailand and Turkey after further consultations. However, the United States and Costa Rica were unable to reach a mutual understanding after consultations in August 1995 and November 1995. On 22 December 1995 Costa Rica began the dispute...
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...Arianne Cerize A. Aman The Meaning of Development: Brazil and Costa Rica Economic development is the presumed solution to absolute poverty and to many of the world's other most pressing problems. But what is development, and how do we know it when we see it? The term, development, has been used in several ways. Traditionally, it was equated with growth of per capita income. Since the 1970s, other indicators of development have become widely used by development scholars and development agencies such as the World Bank. The meeting of basic needs (or, equivalently, reduction in absolute poverty), the creation of modern employment opportunities, and the achievement of a less unequal distribution of income and farmland have all become important criteria in determining the level of development. Traditional measures of growth, especially in developing countries, may be misleading in that they fail to account for the environmental destruction that often accompanies spurts in temporary and unsustainable economic growth; and economists are devising measures of the national capital stock that includes environmental wealth. The United Nations has placed both educational attainment and health standards on equal footings with per capita income as development criteria, in the widely followed United Nations Development Program human development index (HDI). Some leading development scholars, such as Amartya Sen, Denis Goulet, and Dudley Seers, have gone further. They argue that more intangible...
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...INVESTING IN DEVELOPMENT INTEL COSTA RICA Introduction S ince Intel’s decision to invest in Costa Rica in 1996, the case of the global electronics giant choosing the tiny country to locate its US$300 million semiconductor assembly and test (A&T) plant has been widely recounted in the field of investment promotion. A seemingly unlikely match, it is now known that Costa Rica identified a close fit with Intel through meticulous research, and then demonstrated with precision how the country’s investment climate would adapt to meet the project’s requirements. This was accomplished with the active involvement of the highest levels of government in a short timeframe against an impressive list of competitive locations. Yet how and why Intel selected Costa Rica is really only the beginning of a revealing case history of both lead players competing in a dynamic and difficult global environment. Nine years after the initial project was announced, hindsight affords a fresh perspective on Intel Costa Rica and its numerous impacts, many of which were unexpected. Beyond its obvious direct effects on the country’s economy in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade growth, Intel’s investment decision was the catalyst for a realignment of Costa Rica’s competitive platform as an investment location. Costa Rica worked resourcefully and with a novel sense of urgency to enhance the country’s technical education, incentives law, regulation, and infrastructure...
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...Butterfly Farmer 6 Country Analysis: Costa Rica 8 The Land 9 Plant and Animal Life 10 The People 11 Greetings and Courtesies 13 Business Culture 14 The Economy 16 Table 1 17 Graphs 1, 2 18 Finance 18 Table 2 19 Government 19 Education 20 Health and Welfare 20 Resources 21 Agriculture 21 Table of Contents (cont.) Industry 22 Trade 22 Transportation 23 Butterfly Beauties, Inc. Operations Equipment and Supplies 25 Employees 27 Marketing Butterflies 28 Exportation/Shipping 31 Conclusion 32 Works Cited 33 Butterfly Beauties brochure Appendix Butterfly Beauties, Inc. Butterfly Farming in Costa Rica Executive Summary While the name may seem somewhat "flighty," butterfly farming is a serious business opportunity. The demand for butterflies is increasing, and new butterfly houses and farms are opening worldwide. The marketing possibilities are exciting. For our venture, Butterfly Beauties, Inc., we have chosen to locate our butterfly farms in the beautiful Central American country of Costa Rica. The climate and plant life are perfect for raising butterflies, and the country has a stable economy in which...
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...Merck & Costa Rica Case Study Rory S Smith Ethics in Global Environment State University of New York Empire State College Introduction Companies globally are often times scrutinize for their business practices. They face strong opposition and public humiliation when they conduct their business in an unethical way. When companies operate globally, they must ensure they are operating in a socially responsible manner. Being socially responsible is not just giving back to the local community but to be aware of any unforeseen threats that may affect the business. Many countries around the world do not have strict laws governing the preservation of their natural resources. Global companies see this to their advantage to reap the natural resources and leaving back not an ounce of guilt, for a country’s social and economic instability caused by their actions. Industries like manufacturing, pharmaceutical and oil refinery, many corporations contribute to the injustice of violating human rights and the environment. As the business world and economy evolves into a free market enterprise, many corporations continue to demonstrate poor business practices and it is becoming difficult to hold them liable for their actions. Many corporations are also being very silent about their unjust business practices and have many ways to cover up any reported abuse. Countries that experience environmental violations, should impose strict regulatory policies so that...
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...niche tourism can fall into more specific categories where cultural, environmental, rural and urban sectors are different components to consider when understanding the concept niche tourism (Robinson and Novelli, 2005). Drawing on key literature about eco-tourism planning and how ecotourism is marketed, this report studies the ecotourism prospects in Costa Rica. It also examines elements impacting this specific type of niche which considers the consistent alterations to make the destination more sustainable for tourists. This report will firstly focus on understanding the concept of ecotourism and the principles implemented. This leads on to discussion for focusing on the case study of Costa Rica and how it has developed into an ecotourism destination. Furthermore, a critical discussion of the approaches undertaken by the country will be conveyed, alongside stakeholder and partnerships that play a crucial role of the management of the destination. Finally, discussion will centre on the future directions and recommendations for Costa Rica in relation to help provide growth and become a leading ecotourism destination. Costa Rica is a principle example of niche tourism that explores ecotourism through planning and...
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...Organizations, Systems and the Environment Evan Schwartz The Chicago School of Professional Psychology Abstract Organizations, Systems and the Environment There are many issues that are in need of support internationally. The international community has rallied around many causes over the years. International psychologists may choose to focus their work in one or more of these areas, including but not limited to, women and children empowerment, refugee advocacy, education, disaster response, emigration and immigration, policy and decision making, health care, poverty and economic justice, and environmental conservation (Gibbons, 2012). There are many aspects of the environment that affect our global society. It is crucial for organizations of all types to understand their role in environmental issues. Although, there are groups of individuals taking steps to improve these issues, these efforts will not be successful until everyone works together on a common goal of environmental sustainability. Boyd and Osbahr assess international organizations that are addressing concerns related to climate change (2010, p.629). The authors stressed the need for action in the area of the environment. The goal of this project is to gain a greater understanding of how three different organizations have taken measures to address climate change. There are many aspects of the environment that affect our global society. As globalization progresses, the earth’s natural systems...
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...patterns of trade in light of the theories of country size, factor proportions, and country similarity. It also considers the role of distance and explains the relevance of Product Life Cycle Theory and Porter's Diamond of national competitive advantage. The chapter concludes with a discussion of factor mobility and its relationship to the international trade process. CHAPTER OUTLINE OPENING CASE: COSTA RICAN TRADE, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION [See Map 6.1.] Costa Rica, a Central American country of barely 4 million people, has successfully transformed its primarily agricultural economy to one that includes strong technology and tourism sectors as well. Bordering both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean arm of the Atlantic, Costa Rica used international trade and factor mobility policies to help achieve its economic objectives. Although exports of coffee and bananas are still important, high-tech manufactured products (electronics, software, and medical devices) are now the backbone of Costa Rica's economy and export earnings. As in all countries, Costa Rica's policies...
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...Contents 1. Executive summary ................................................................................................................... 32. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 33. Drivers to Atlas’ international strategy ................................................................................... 44. Implications of Atlas strategic options between 1989 and 2000 .............................................. 75. Atlas’ likely implementation issues of the internationalization process.................................. 96. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 117. Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 12References .......................................................................... Personal identifier: Y0217531 3 1. Executive summary This repost assess Atlas’s international strategy by in the decade 1990-2000. Section 2 briefly introduces Atlas company and calculates its return on capital employed (ROCE) of the 1990s highlighting its descending trend. Section 3 presents the factors that underpinned the reasons for which Atlas undertook its international strategy. Section 4 follows with the description of the strategies implemented and their implications on the company’s...
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...product assortments are innovative skin care, tantalizing makeup and unforgettable fragrances. Mary Kay is currently available in 35 markets on five continents worldwide and sales of Mary Kay are about $4 billion in wholesale sales worldwide. Subsequently since 1990, Mary Kay Inc. has experienced substantial growth, opening in more than 20 new markets around the world. In June 2007 there was talk about a corporation by the name of Lugo and Alejandra Aguzzi, that would be selling the popular USA women's cosmetics brand Mary Kay in Costa Rica. Lugo and AA launched a website for online buying and telemarketing company- 24/7 hotline; with no success. There are currently no Independent Beauty Consultants nor does Mary Kay have Costa Rica listed on the website that includes 35 markets on five contents for other countries. I propose two new services: 1) No tax or shipping costs for online purchases for Costa Rican residence 2) Build a store in Costa Rica where customers can walk-in and buy; without feeling the pressure of a consultant. Need and Existing Global Market Listed below are 3 methods/ways that there is both a need as well as an existing global market for the services. A survey was conducted on skin care products and concluded the following: The cosmetic market worldwide from 2011 to 2015 made up 36.1 percent of the global cosmetic market. According to a survey conducted in March 2013. Skin moisturizing and hydrating attributes were considered the most important attributes...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR: Practices’ Comparison Costa Rica versus United States Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is progress; working together is success. Henry Ford When talking about organizational behavior the first thing that comes to my mind is the best fashion to integrate people to a “group” with the goal of achieving the best results for the institution behind that group, and simultaneously creating the correct atmosphere to make it happen. As explore on the Ford’s phrase above; reaching success impose a challenge, because cohesion and willingness have to come first. My thinking about organizational behavior is not that “off” from the scholar definition: “Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving and organization’s effectiveness.” (Robbins, page 10). Organizational Behavior embrace many thematic areas that are directly related to the core structure of any organization such Communication, Leadership, Motivation, Diversity and Teams. A good understanding of those aspects will offer a competitive advantage to any professional entering the labor force. Thus, I would like to synthesize the learnings from the organizational behavior course taken at UCSD extension. More than homework this document is a practical tool to review and reinforce those concepts. The best alternative to...
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...UNIT 1: THE CONTEMPORARY HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Introduction Travel and tourism industry is growing at a rapid phase and contributing a significant part of the GDP for several developed as well as developing countries. Trends in travel and tourism industry are changing at a fast pace due to which industry players involved in travel & tourism industry are tracking these changes so as to remain in the business. There are several issues faced in the travel and tourism industry from time to time and these issues need considerable attention from the host country government as well as industry players. These issues are currently driving the entire travel & tourism segment. Further there are changes happening in the external environment and travel & tourism segment need to respond to these changes in order to remain in line with the changing trends in the external market. The present paper would analyze the issues faced in the travel and tourism sector in South Africa and there would be three learning objectives which would be accomplished through present paper and can be given as under: LO1 Understand current issues in travel and tourism sector LO3 Understand how the travel and tourism sector respond to change LO4 Understand the impacts of change on travel and tourism sector These three learning objectives would be attained through present paper for discussion of the contemporary issues in travel and tourism industry with specific reference to South Africa. LO1 Understand current...
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