...Exploration of a Professional Journal Article in Psychology Lestia Reese John Lynch Psychology of Adjustment March 03, 2013 1The purpose of the article of descriptive phenomenological study was to identify and describe the essential meaning structure in the experience of postpartum depression (PPD). 2They interviewed four women diagnosed with major depression and analyzed the data with Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method. Their analysis revealed two essential meaning structures of PPD. The first structure describes the mother as throw into a looming, dangerous world, coupled with a restricted, heavy body that hindered her attunement to her baby. Tormented by anxiety, guilt and shame, she tried to deal with her pain by analytical reflection and social isolation. The second structure describes sudden lapses into intense feelings of alienation from the self, the baby, and from the social and material world. With a distorted primordial self-awareness, the mother no longer felt that she existed as herself in the world. 1PPD involves a temporary collapse of fundamental structures of consciousness, that is, how they experience self, body, the social world, and time. These structures become more or less deformed, reorganized in a new interconnected gestalt, which sustains and strengthens itself if not identified and treated. Their subjects lived their postpartum depression in different ways and in different contexts. One essential meaning structure encompassed three...
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...SARTRE AND DENNETT ARGUMENTS AGAINST GOD NAME: INSTITUTION: Sartre arguments In the first phase, the philosophical career of Jean Paul Sartre lays emphasis on the construction of a philosophy of existence known as existentialism. Existentialism considers human nature condition as a critical philosophical problem and in which this problem can be shared through ontology (Douglas, & George, 2003). Sartre’s philosophy is explained through his ontology in which he defines two types of reality, which lie beyond our conscious experience: the being of the object of consciousness and that of consciousness itself. He argued that the object of consciousness exists in a non-rational and independent way as in-itself while consciousness is the consciousness of something concerning something else, and it is nigh possible to understand it within one's conscious experience: it exists as "for-itself." A fundamental feature of consciousness is its negative power that human experience nothing less and in which this power is also at work on the self (Douglas, & George, 2003). According to Sartre Jean-Paul (2003), God does not exist and does not exist neither on logical or rational grounds. Be it one believes His existence or not largely depends on the strength of his argument. Many scholars and philosophers commonly feel that Sartre Jean-Paul existentialism is an irrational counterpoint to the enlightenment. Sartre Jean-Paul, at least, gave reasons for his conclusions. He argued that everything...
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...Jean-Paul Sartre 1905-1980 Sartre questions the radical determinism and materialism of the nineteenth century. Emerging from the World Wars in Europe, Sartre wonders what is wrong with the world. Looking for an alternative to determinism, Sartre will not hearken back to Christian metaphysics, but take Husserl’s intentionality and Heidegger’s concern for Being. Sartre is an atheistic existential writer that is concern with freedom and responsibility. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964 but refused it because it appeared to him as a petty bourgeois honor. Most of the characteristics we associate with Existentialism are from Sartre. His analysis of human nature congealed during the years in France of the German occupation. He found the French collaboration and their refusal to take responsibility for wrongdoing abysmal and to join “The Resistance.” Their excuses included: appeals to innocence: “I didn’t start the war;” appeals to impotence: “What could I as one person do;” appeals to the “herd” mentality: Everyone else did it;” appeals to self-preservation: “I was looking out for myself; appeals to emotions: “I was afraid.” Yet these excuses seemed hollow and hypocritical. Thus, his philosophy can be best summarized as “no excuses!” He famously said harshly, “We always get the war we deserve.” In another way, we always get the life we deserve. Against all such excuses, Sartre argued that we are never determined, that we are “absolutely free.” This...
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...COMM S237 JOI Instructor: Gail Haynes Paper composed by: Vanessa Villefort Email: Vanessa.Villefort@edu.uni-graz.at Reaction Paper Experiences in Communication – Carl R. Rogers Everyone has different and unique experiences with communication. The psychologist Carl R. Rogers shares his experiences with communication in Chapter 1 of his book A Way of Being and by doing so provides major understandings of communication to the reader. Having read through the chapter thoroughly, I would like to follow Rodgers advice and “check what [he] says against [my] own experience and decide as to its truth or falsity for [me].” (439) In the following part I will try to make up my own mind by comparing his experience to mine. First of all, Rogers mentions the importance of hearing someone and also to be heard by someone. With hearing he refers to the process of truly listening to someone and that is not just listening to the words but also to the thoughts, the feeling tones, the personal meaning and meaning below the conscious intent of the speaker. Once people feel that someone is deeply hearing them they become relieved and more open. This feeling of being understood by another person lets people often bear their heart to that specific person which in turn makes them more open for the process of change (440). However, truly hearing someone is not an ability everyone possesses. It is a difficult process, since it requires the listener to be open and free of prejudices but also not...
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...SARTRE AND DENNETT ARGUMENTS AGAINST GOD NAME: INSTITUTION: Sartre arguments In the first phase, the philosophical career of Jean Paul Sartre lays emphasis on the construction of a philosophy of existence known as existentialism. Existentialism considers human nature condition as a critical philosophical problem and in which this problem can be shared through ontology (Douglas, & George, 2003). Sartre’s philosophy is explained through his ontology in which he defines two types of reality, which lie beyond our conscious experience: the being of the object of consciousness and that of consciousness itself. He argued that the object of consciousness exists in a non-rational and independent way as in-itself while consciousness is the consciousness of something concerning something else, and it is nigh possible to understand it within one's conscious experience: it exists as "for-itself." A fundamental feature of consciousness is its negative power that human experience nothing less and in which this power is also at work on the self (Douglas, & George, 2003). According to Sartre Jean-Paul (2003), God does not exist and does not exist neither on logical or rational grounds. Be it one believes His existence or not largely depends on the strength of his argument. Many scholars and philosophers commonly feel that Sartre Jean-Paul existentialism is an irrational counterpoint to the enlightenment. Sartre Jean-Paul, at least, gave reasons for his conclusions. He argued that...
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...Assignment 1: Exploration of a Professional Journal Article in Psychology Title: The Role and Influence of the Father on his Child Anthony Hunt Professor Carolyn Bird Psy 100 This research article reviews the effects of the father’s influence on his child. It involves interpretative phenomenological analysis of eight participants and the recurrence of information provided in case notes of three men and five women. This research is based on philosophical discipline originated by Edmund Husserl (1913). Husserl developed the phenomenological method to make possible a descriptive account of the essential structures of the directly given. Phenomenology emphasizes the immediacy of experience, the attempt to isolate it and set it off from all assumptions of existence or causal influence and lay bare its essential structure. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012) During my research I have gathered from this information why a father’s personality and behavior may effect a child’s social and emotional adjustment. Particularly, how children obtain and maintain healthy relationships with others in their future. The purpose of this research is to examine the role of the father and his child’s upbringing and to determine whether that role has a positive or negative effect. The findings will support the eight recurrent themes evolving from the 12 master themes of the eight participants. In accordance to the overall field of Psychology, this review relates to Chapter 8, Friendship...
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...Twentieth Century Philosopher Maria Pinelle, Treddie Knight, and Shurvell McClendon PHL/215 March 19, 2011 Leon Hallingquest Twentieth Century Philosopher INTRODUCTION - Well-known philosophers have influenced the lives for many centuries. Jacques Derrida was a twentieth century philosopher who was one of the most contemporary philosophers of modern (contemporary) times (Philosophy basics, 2011). Jacques Derrida was born on July 15, 1930, and died October 8, 2004 of pancreatic cancer. Derrida left behind a wife and two sons named Pierre and Jean. Derrida was the founder of Deconstructionism. What is Deconstructionism? IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE THE KEY CONCEPTS AND ANALYSES THAT COMPRISED THE PHILOSOPHER’S THEORIES –Deconstructionism or Deconstruction is a philosophical theory of criticism (usually of literature or film) that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning ("Deconstruction"). According to C. John Holcombe (2007), “Derrida has been called philosopher, anti-philosopher, literary theorist, literary subverter and intellectual joker. But his central tenets are clear. Once we use language (speech or writing) to refer to reality, that reality is linguistically formulated and therefore indeterminate. Meaning is not something preexisting in the mind that we struggle to express. Like the main analytical schools of language philosophy from Hume onwards, and contrary to Saussure, Derrida does not regard words as the expression...
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...The type of philosophy Sartre’s existential metaphysics focus on includes 1st order ethical issues and focuses on analytic ethics, contrasted with analytic philosophy. This is important because when we do existential metaphysics, we don’t treat metaphysical questions as purely theoretical ones. We’re actually interested in getting a proper understanding of what we, and the world we inhabit, are like. The 1st order ethical question asks what to do or be in a certain kind of situation- Sartre uses his answer to give a picture of Human Nature. The cosmic question states: “how can one bring into one’s individual life a recognition of one’s relation to the universe as a whole, whatever that relation is?” Sartre answers this by saying that the cosmic question has no answer, but his sense is that the absence of an answer, even if we aren’t aware of that, is something palpable in our lives and needs to be addressed and we need to cope with it. His idea of human nature is really an exploration of how we should deal with the fact that there is no answer to this cosmic question. For Sartre, to understand the structure of this world as a whole, one has to understand the place consciousness has in the world. He continues to emphasize that our consciousness is what makes us distinct, makes us human. Intentionality, self consciousness, self-determination, and their interconnectedness. Firstly, let me iterate that “intentionality” is being used in a sense NOT related to one of its meanings...
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...My personal model of helping is based on my own experience with change. It is a combination of person-centered and behavioral theories that combine together to create the framework that will help me help others. I formed this viewpoint from several different areas. The first is from the different selections in our textbook. While reading the text selections I identified most with Carl Rogers' theories of therapy. Rogers' approach to let the client feel responsible for their treatment allows the client to take responsibility for the changes that they make. Person-centered therapy does not look to the past, as more Freudian therapies do. Person-centered therapy focuses on the present and asks the client to take ownership of their own wellbeing. In combination with person-centered therapy I believe that focusing on the present with a client is very important and letting the client discover their own willingness for change. Once the client decides that they have the desire to change, they then need the skills to make those changes in their life, which is where behavioral theories are implemented. Giving the client the skills to personally implement the changes is very powerful. It gives them ownership of their treatment and teaches them how to continue their recovery even after they have ended therapy. It is akin to the Chinese proverb of, "if you give a man a fish you feed him for a day. If you teach a man to fish you feed him for a lifetime" (Author unknown)...
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...Architecture has become in today’s society too dependent on the visual experience. The excess of images both in quantity and speed that afflicts our society has been observed by writers and philosophers and called “the unending rainfall of images” by Italo Calvino, “image addiction” by Richard Kearney, the civilization of the image” by Roland Barthes and “the society of spectacle” by Guy Debord. The critique of the dominance of visual aspects in architecture and the excessive rationalization of the design process is the ongoing work of a group of architects that somewhat loosely adapted the principals of phenomenology to architecture. The philosophical principals were partially applied to architecture at the beginning of the twentieth century, but reappeared as a viable alternative for architectural thought as a response to modernity and have gained a following in recent times. Juhani Pallasmaa has written: “In our time, architecture is threatened by two opposite processes: instrumentalisation and aestheticisation. On the one hand, our secular, materialist and quasi-rational culture is turning buildings into mere instrumental structures. devoid of mental meaning, for the purposes of utility and economy. On the other hand, in order to draw attention and facilitate instant seduction, architecture is increasingly turning into the fabrication of seductively aestheticised images without roots in our existential experience and devoid of authentic desire of life. Instead of being...
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...Comparison Essay -- Major Philosophical Theories Myria Loper PHI 105 08/23/2012 Michael Boen Comparison Essay -- Major Philosophical Theories In this easy I will talk about three of the different schools of thought; existentialism, phenomenology and hermeneutics. I will do this by comparing each school and provide examples as well as their positions. Existentialists are mainly traditional and academic philosophers. They believe the world is irrational and focus on individuals in a confrontationally state. They also have a hard time communicating, have anxiety and self-doubt. Existentialists believe that if we do not have honesty in confronting problems we can struggle with our problems. (Moore, 2011) Phenomenoligost interest their selves in essential structures found in stream conscious experience. (Moore, 2011). Phenomenoligist believe in phenomena’s; things manifest themselves on their own based on science. These philopsophers have a large impact not in the relms of philosophy, their impact has been more in theroies of science another words scientist are often referred to as phenomenoligost. An example of phenomenology is when you are looking at an object with both eyes open and it appears to be in the center of the table. You close one eye and it appears to be more to the left then to the right. The last one I will talk about is hermeneutics. Hermeneutics believe and deal with the principles of interpretation. The way individuals interact with each other and...
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...Phenomenology: A research tool in nursing practice Phenomenology: A research tool in nursing practice Description of the problem Nursing as a discipline and branch of science has grown tremendously over the years. The use of research, scientific inquires, evidence-based practice, and scientific validations have contributed immensely to this growth. Several disciplines such as Psychology, Sociology, Arts, and Philosophy have played major factors in the growth of nursing as a science. Science as a discipline is never static and continues its growth through the use of quantitative and qualitative research inquires. Phenomenology is a branch of philosophy that aims to utilize methodology in nursing research (Tuohy, Cooney, Dowling, Murphy, & Sixsmith, 2013). This paper will focus on the role of phenomenology as a research tool in nursing practice and the similarities between phenomenology and the views of logical positivists. Background and significance Edmond Husserl is recognized as the pioneer of Phenomenology, having introduced this movement at the beginning of the 20th century (Tuohy et al., 2013). Phenomenology as a branch of philosophy focuses on the importance of exploring the realities of life and living, it is a method of recounting occurrences as it appears to the person experiencing the occurrence (Tuohy et al., 2013). Phenomenology is described as a movement because unlike other philosophical views; it...
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...Transcendental Phenomenology and Antonioni’s Red Desert This essay applies the ideas associated with transcendental phenomenology to the Michelangelo Antonioni’s 1964 film Il deserto rosso, known in English as Red Desert. Aspects of western philosophy can provide a viewer with a greater appreciation of the film and its meanings. After providing a brief overview of the development of phenomenological thinking and of past interpretations of Red Desert, this essay will provide an analysis and interpretation of the film’s cinematography –specifically its colours and editing– from a phenomenological point of view. Phenomenology maintains that experience is both passive –seeing, hearing, and so on– and active –walking, running, touching, and so on. One describes experience and interprets experience by relating it to a context, which is usually social or linguistic. The word phenomenology originates with the Greek word phainomenon, which means ‘appearance.’ Phenomenology is, then, the study of appearances rather than the study of reality. In the eighteenth century, thinkers such as Immanuel Kant and Johann Fichte began to seriously consider phenomenology as a theory of appearances, and to consider it essential to acquiring knowledge. Phenomenology has its origins, certainly, with debates regarding what exists in reality and what is an illusion. John Locke believed that qualities such as colors, sounds, smells, and so on were subjective, and were not indigenous to objects...
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...Comparison Essay N/A PHI/105 N/A N/A Comparison Essay The three main types of philosophy, also known as schools of thought, are continental, pragmatic, and analytic philosophies. With analyzing these three types of philosophy, we can compare and contrast them and see what they are and how they are used. The first school is continental philosophy. Continental philosophy is a general term, which is supplementary with the philosophical opinions that originated on the continent of England in the 20th century (Moore & Bruder, 2011). It has numerous theories for instance, there are critical theory, deconstruction, existentialism, hermeneutics, phenomenology, and structuralism (Moore & Bruder, 2011). The schools of thought accompanying continental which are the most important the two are existentialism and phenomenology (Moore & Bruder, 2011). The best known philosophers associated with continental philosophy are Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre (Moore & Bruder, 2011). Some themes of existentialism are traditional and academic philosophies are from the uncertainties of real life, the world is irrational, and the world is absurd in the sense that there are not explanations that can be given for the way that it is. These are not all the themes for this school of thought nonetheless these are the most fascinating (Moore & Bruder, 2011). The second type philosophy is pragmatic. Pragmatic philosophy is a type of philosophy that rejects the idea that there is...
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...Edmund Husserl Husserl is the acknowledged founder of Phenomenology. Husserl thought that Phenomenology was an exact science whose main drive was to study the phenomena, or appearances of human experience. Yet, he did not thought of it as a science of facts, but rather as an a priori or eidetic science, which deal with essences, and is grounded on the absolute certainty. This sort of certainty was thought to be achieved through examination of consciousness by consciousness itself. Thus, Husserl considered consciousness the main topic for philosophy. And in examining the form of this consciousness, Husserl discovered what he called ‘the natural standpoint’. Husserl said that the world as it is actually lived by individual is the natural standpoint. Yet according to Husserl, it is possible to get behind this natural standpoint to identify an invariant intentional structure. Husserl developed a method of bracketing, which he called epoche. For example, I may look with pleasure at a blossoming apple tree. From the natural standpoint, I can see that the tree exists outside of me in space and time and that I am enjoying my physical state of pleasure. From this standpoint, moreover, there is an assumed relation between me and the apple tree. But I can suspend my judgments about the tree and perform an epoche. This bracketing moves me from a natural to a phenomenological standpoint. By no longer referring to objective existence, by applying the phenomenological instead, I have arrived...
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