...THE FORD PINTO CASE The scandal and the trial On August 10, 1978, a tragic automobile accident occurred on U.S. Highway 33 near Goshen, Indiana. Sisters Judy and Lynn Ulrich (ages 18 and 16, respectively) and their cousin Donna Ulrich (age 18) were struck from the rear in their 1973 Ford Pinto by a van. The gas tank of the Pinto ruprured, the car burst into flames and the three teenagers were burned to death. Subsequently an Elkhart County grand jury returned a criminal homicide charge against Ford, the first ever against an American corporation. During the following 20-week trial, Judge Harold R. Staffeld advised the jury that Ford should be convicted of reckless homicide if it were shown that the company had engaged in “plain, conscious and unjustifiable disregard of harm that might result (from its actions) and the disregard involves a substantial deviation from acceptable standards of conduct”. The key phrase around which the trial hinged, of course, is “acceptable standards”. Did Ford knowingly and recklessly choose profit over safety in the design and placement of the Pinto's gas tank? Elkhart County prosecutor Michael A. Cosentino and chief Ford attorney James F. Neal battled dramatically over this issue in a rural Indiana courthouse. Meanwhile, American business anxiously awaited the verdict which could send warning ripples through board rooms across the nation concerning corporate responsibility and product liability. The Pinto controversy In 1977 the...
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...approach from the Skagit County, WA case study. The American Farmland Trust Cost of Community Services methodology compares the ratio of expenditures to revenue for different land uses, which are used in municipal land-use planning. Land uses, from residential / commercial / industrial , agricultural / and open space, largely determine the different revenues and expenditures of the municipal government because they generated different amounts of revenue from being taxed at different rates. Expenditures also vary from municipal services because different services need to be provided per use like education, police protection, fire protection, roads, and other infrastructural uses. The basic methodology of CCS studies is to first partition land uses into three classes: residential, commercial / industrial, and agricultural / open-space. Expenditures and revenues from the municipal budget are then allocated to the three different land-use categories. Although the specific methodology for fiscal allocations differs among CCS studies, the final result is always a ratio of expenditures over revenues for each of the three land uses. For example, a residential ratio of 1.2 means that for every U.S.$1.00 of revenue raised from residential land uses, U.S.$1.20 of expenditures is spent on residential land uses. Studies then report a separate ratio for residential, commercial/industrial, and agricultural/open-space land uses. A general finding of CCS studies is that commercial/industrial...
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...renewable energy resources from the Shoshone National Forest ecosystem including, fire, wind, diseases, damage to vegetation, corrosion of structural materials and negative health effects on wildlife and human occupancy. As with all National Forests in the U.S. the practice of conservation of resources, ensure a sustainable flow of raw materials and maintain the diversity of plant and animal species on the National Forest System lands. Renewable The benefits of extracting renewable energy sources and alternative resources such as biomass, wood and other plant material, along with the lease options of the Shoshone National forest provide viable solutions that allow for the creation of cleaner energy resource, and wilderness designated zoning areas that enhance land protection and prohibit alterations by man to the ecosystem. Less than 10% percent of the total area is utilized for the land lease. The majority of the forest has been reserved for wildlife, plants, animals and the protection of the habitat. The Shoshone National Forest has about 1,300 documented species of plants. Lower elevations often have brush and grass dominated by vegetation while, other forest areas are dominated by various combinations of species (The HRO Case Studies Series, 2006). Non- Renewable The risk of depleting non-renewable resources such as building roads in non-wilderness areas for ease of extracting timber, off-road terrain vehicles, and snowmobiles have become subjects of concern by environmentalist...
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...Comptroller and Auditor General Local government Impact of funding reductions on fire and rescue services NOVEMBER 2015 Our vision is to help the nation spend wisely. Our unique end-to-end view of public sector service delivery allows us to provide commentary, advice and insight to local authorities to help achieve the best use of resources and improve public services. The Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG), Sir Amyas Morse KCB, is an Officer of the House of Commons, independent of government and leads the NAO, which employs some 810 people. The Local Government and Accountability Act 2014 provides for the C&AG to conduct examinations into the economy, efficiency and effectiveness with which local authorities have used their resources in discharging their functions. The C&AG may publish the results of such an examination in such manner as he considers appropriate. Local government Impact of funding reductions on fire and rescue services Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General This report has been prepared and published under Section 7Z(A) of the National Audit Act 1983 as introduced by the Local Audit and Accountability Act 2014 Sir Amyas Morse KCB Comptroller and Auditor General National Audit Office 2 November 2015 This report examines comparative patterns of change in income, spending and financial and service sustainability across fire and rescue authorities since 2010-11. © National Audit Office 2015 The material...
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...Human Resource Management Institute (HRMI) Edexcel BTEC HND in Business – HRM – Batch 1/3 /M/E Unit No/Title: Unit 5/ Aspect of Contract and Negligence for Business Unit Code: Y/601/0563 Assignment No: 1 / 1 Assignment Title: Contracts and Negligence Law Unit Outcomes/Grade Descriptors Covered: |LO1.1 | |………………………………………………………….. | |……………………………………………. | |Registration Number | |Signature | |LO1 Understand the essential element of a valid contract in a business context |Grading |Assessment Type | | |(P/M/D) | | |LO 1.1 | | |Individual | | |Explain the importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a |P1.1 | | | |valid contract. | ...
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...Linn County Oregon is located in the center of the Willamette Valley and covers 2,309 miles,19 of which are water (US Cesnus Bureau, 2015). It is the grass seed capitol of the world, and thus has a strong, rural culture. According to the US Census Bureau it has a population of 119, 356 people, and there are two hospitals available to serve this population. Because it is a large area with 37% of its residents living in a rural setting, transportation can be problematic. Unfortunately, over 20% of Linn County’s residents live at or below the poverty level and the large outlying area combined with this number can make access to health care a challenge (CityData.com, 2012). Population Economic Status Linn County Oregon consists of 119,356 people with an average household income of $45, 130 for two people. There is 20.5% of the population living below the poverty level and 19.7% of that total is under the age of 18. There is not a lot of cultural diversity in this area, as 93.4% of the population is White, followed by 8.4% Hispanic, and 1.3% Native American. Of that, 18.9% of the White population is living in poverty, 33.3% of the Hispanics, and 43.3% of the Native American’s also live at or below the poverty level (City-Data.com, 2012). Working in an Emergency Department, I see a large amount of the population that uses public assistance, as there tends to be the thought process that it is okay to use the ED for primary care. Twenty-five percent of the population is receiving...
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...Emergency Management Case-Study The City Manager of Marshall, Florida has expressed concerns over two issues that he believes are directly related to the City’s post storm and tornado recovery. He has presented some statistics regarding spikes in crime after each critical incident and during the recovery period after storms. He has also provided some empirical information pertaining to a noticeable increase in reported injuries to hospitals. He noted that the injuries were not necessarily the result of the storms themselves, but injuries that occurred during the assessment and recovery period. The City Manager proposes a multi-agency/all-hazards approach to addressing this problem. The goal of this case study is to evaluate that philosophy for its potential implementation. There are several issues that require careful inspection in order to develop a comprehensive plan that would successfully solve the dilemma posed by the City Manager. Issues regarding logistics, operational planning, training, policies and procedures, and legal restraints, are just a few areas that may instigate contention. In addition, there are cost and budget concerns to consider when developing a solution to the problem. The City of Marshall, like many other municipalities around the country, has budgetary and staffing problems. The Fire and Police departments are inadequately staffed compared to other similar sized cities around the country, which becomes painfully apparent during responses to...
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...2040 Growth Scenarios Analysis October, 2010 Lincoln/Lancaster County Planning Dept. 555 S. 10th Street, Ste. 213 Lincoln, NE 68508 402-441-7491 lincoln.ne.gov Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Executive Summary ........................................................................................ 1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Growth Scenarios ........................................................................................................................ 1 Urban Map for Scenario A .......................................................................................................... 3 County Map for Scenario A ......................................................................................................... 4 Urban Map for Scenario B .......................................................................................................... 5 . County Map for Scenario B ......................................................................................................... 6 Urban Map for Scenario C .......................................................................................................... 7 . County Map for Scenario C ......................................................................................................... 8 Pros and Cons Summary Table ..................................................
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...Introduction Functions of the Nairobi County Government EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background information In 1963 after Kenya achieved independence, the Nairobi Urban District Council became the City Council of Nairobi. The council was created by an act of Parliament , Cap 265 of the laws of Kenya to provide services to residents of the city. The city had 8 divisions which also served as parliamentary constituencies. 55 city councilors were elected to represent wards in the divisions. The purpose of this function is to introduce the challenges , knowledge, skill and experienced gained at Nairobi City county which has its head office at Nairobi City Hall. Profile Nairobi City County The local government started in 1902. It wa accorded at the Local Authority status by the Local Authority status by the Colonial government. City county of Nairobi , a County government establioshed by the constituition of Kenya. The county has the following departments;Human resource department, Public relaton, Administration,City inspectorate, Legal and Social services, Housin department The county if fully commited to city residenses with services which includes road maintenance, City lighting, Provision of fire brigade, provision of health services, maintenance of environment, provision of clean drinkin water and provision of security. VISION OF NCC To be recognized as one of the most attractive cities in the world MISSION OF NCC To facilitate coordinated development and improved services delivery to...
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...Klamath County Community Health Western Governors University Klamath County has many health needs and is at risk for high mortality and morbidity. Heart disease is the leading cause of death followed by cancer and chronic respiratory disease. (The Healthy Communities Institute, 2013). Smoking, obesity, and poor air quality are all contributing factors to these health risks. Also, as the general population continues to age pre-existing medical conditions, chronic health problems and weakened immune systems increase the areas aging population's susceptibility to influenza and pneumonia. However, only 57.8% of adults over 65 received an influenza vaccine in Klamath County (The Healthy Communities Institute, 2013). And unfortunately access to healthcare remains woefully unsatisfactory in the County. Lastly, and most heartbreaking, is that the child abuse rates in Klamath County are among the highest in the state (The Healthy Communities Institute, 2013), while conducting the County Health Survey these three critical areas of concern have become painfully evident. All three issues should be addressed according to the Health People 2020 goals that have been set forth to improve the health and well-being of all Americans (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). WINDSHIELD SURVEY Klamath County, Oregon, is the Southernmost County in the state, boarded by California to the South, the Fremont National Forest to the East, and by the Deschutes National Forest to the North and West. Klamath...
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...A Community Assessment of 71601 Kiona Okoro Arkansas State University Pine Bluff, Arkansas is the second oldest city in Arkansas. It is also the largest city and county seat of Jefferson County. The city of Pine Bluff was founded by Europeans on a high bank of the Arkansas River heavily forested with tall pine trees. The high ground furnished settlers a safe haven from annual flooding. Joseph Bonne, a fur trader and trapper of French and Quapaw ancestry, settled on this bluff in 1819. In 1829, Thomas Phillips claimed a half section of land where Pine Bluff is located. Jefferson County was established by the Territorial Legislature, November 2, 1829 and began functioning as a county April 19, 1830 (Wikipedia, 2014). The city prospered due to cotton production in 1860 and had one of the largest slave populations in the state. The city was devastated by the Great Flood of 1927 and the severe drought of 1930. The Army built the Pine Bluff arsenal and Grider Field in 1945. Major construction projects during the 1960s and 1970s were Jefferson Hospital (now Jefferson Regional Medical Center), a Federal Building, the Pine Bluff Convention Center complex including The Royal Arkansas Hotel & Suites, Pine Bluff Regional Park, two industrial parks and several large churches. In the late 1980s, The Pines, the first large, enclosed shopping center, was constructed on the east side of the city. The mall attracted increased...
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...[pic][pic] Fundamentals of Emergency Management Independent Study 230.a January 14, 2010 FEMA COURSE OVERVIEW Unit 1: Course Introduction Introduction How to Complete This Course Unit 1 Objectives Course Objectives Case Study: Tornado in Barneveld, Wisconsin Your Place in the Emergency Management System Case Study: Hazardous Chemical Release Activity: Where Do I Fit? Unit 2: Overview of the Principles of Emergency Management and the Integrated Emergency Management System Introduction and Unit Overview FEMA Mission and Purpose Response Authorities History Principles of Emergency Management Recent Changes to Emergency Planning Requirements Why an Integrated Emergency Management System? Emergency Management Concepts and Terms Partners in the Coordination Network Activity: Partners in the Coordination Network Emergency Management in Local Government Activity: Where Is Emergency Management in My Community? Unit 3: Incident Management Actions Introduction and Unit Overview Introduction to the Spectrum of Incident Management Actions Prevention Preparedness Response Activity: Response Operations Recovery Mitigation Unit 4: Roles of Key Participants Introduction and Unit Overview The Role of the Local Emergency Program Manager State Emergency Management Role How the Private Sector and Voluntary Organizations Assist Emergency Managers Federal Emergency Management Role The National Response Framework Activity:...
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...Cultural Activity Strayer University Humanities 112 Professor Renee Pistone December 7, 2014 Cultural activity has continued to be part be art of the human race since times in history. Due to a major role held by culture in shaping the society, various museums have been set up across the county for remembrance of various historical artifacts and other fine art works. In fulfillment of the assignment in this unit HUM 112, I visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan. The main aims of the visit are to identify the major artwork kept in the museum in addition to the influences of the intellectual, religious and socio-political forces on the arts. Moreover, it also recognizes the use of technology and information resources to research issues in the study of cultures. The visit involved recognition of the main artworks stored in the museum in addition to the selection of the two pieces of art that would be selected for being saved first in case of a fire outbreak. A visit to Metropolitan Museum of Art that houses more than two million artworks representing five thousand years of history carried out on 5th of December 2014 was used to aid in writing this report. The visit began with a brief look into the floor layout of the complex museum layout. As a result, this enabled the location of the most interesting artworks in the Museum. Additionally, a staff curator offered to give me a trip around the expansive museum explaining various facts around...
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...Comparative Urbanism, 1st Draft Prof. McDonogh 4-11-2016 Table of Contents Introduction i. In general ii. Study Areas iii. Literature Review: Transport and Suburbia Spatial Development I. Context of Beijing i. Urban Form ii. Work-House Relocation iii. Commuting Patterns and Transport Development II. Context of Philadelphia i. Urban Form ii. Work-House Relocation iii. Commuting Patterns and Transport Development Public Transportation Strategies I. Beijing Subway i. Historical Background ii. Governance and Investment II. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Regional Rail i. Historical Background ii. Governance and Investment Transit and Commuting i. Yanjiao: Excess commute ii. King of Prussia: Reverse Commute Discussion and Conclusion Appendix: Images Bibliography Introduction In recent decades, one of the main arguments in relation to increasing transport demand and changing commuting pattern has focused on urban growth. Many existing studies have found strong evidence between land development and travel behaviors. Global urban sprawl has been accompanied by changes in individuals’ housing and employment locations, which in turn brings changes in commuting time, distance and destination. However, there are relatively few studies that explore the role of public transportation in this linkage. Revealing the form and function of public transit can...
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...of future earthquake events. Descriptions of hazards associated with earthquakes in Los Angeles Earthquakes occurs and it occurs where there are tectonic plates or fault lines. The main earthquake hazard is the effect of ground shaking. The ground shaking can create hazards with buildings that may potentially collapse, roads may be unleveled, ground may split open. Because of Los Angeles being a large city with large population of people and buildings, there are gas lines running underneath the city. If an earthquake occurs, it may cause rupturing of the pipe line which could lead to fires and explosions. (Michigan Tech, n.d.). Origin and causes of Earthquakes “The earthquakes in California in general are caused by the movement of huge blocks of the earth’s crust – the Pacific and the North American plates.” (Earthquake County, n.d.). What happens in this case is that the Pacific plate is really moving in the direction of northwest. Because of the Pacific plate moving northwest, it is scraping horizontally past North America at the rate of about 50 millimeters, or two inches, per year. According to Earthquake County, “About two-thirds of this movement occurs on...
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