...Wolsey's domestic policies: WOLSEY AND LAW Positives Wolsey was Lord Chancellor, and often sat in the Star Chamber to ensure he was at the heart of all things legal (that wasn't his catchphrase though) In 1516 Wolsey put forward a plan to try and make the legal system cheaper and more efficient The Star Chamber took on many more cases. In Henry VII's reign it took on roughly 12 cases per year, but under Wolsey this reached an average of 120 cases a year. An example is the case of the Earl of Northumberland, who was sent to Fleet Prison in 1515 Wolsey also sat as a judge in the Court of Chancery Land enclosure was banned, making it fairer on ordinary people Negatives The huge number of cases the Star Chamber took on led to the system becoming overworked The popularity of the Star Chamber somewhat overshadowed Wolsey's work in the Court of Chancery Wolsey may have banned enclosure to spite nobles who hated him as opposed to banning it in the name of equality and fairness WOLSEY AND FINANCE Positives Wolsey invented the parliamentary subsidy, which was flexible and based on the taxpayer's wealth - this raised £300,000 for the crown There was a tax reform, which was overseen by John Hales Wolsey got a subsidy from the Southern Convocation Wolsey carried out a military survey called the General Prescription, which allowed for loans of £260,000 to be collected Negatives People didn't like the parliamentary subsidy, believe it or not... Despite the General...
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...inquiry. As part of the inquiry, many were brought to court and ordered to rebuild buildings and restore land for arable purposes. Wolsey's determination to end the practice of disclosure and bring those in power to justice was truly commendable. However, in reality the long-term impact of Wolsey's attempts to end enclosure were not as commendable: enclosure certainly continued and rural poverty continued to rise. This represented a failure in domestic policy, and proved that Wolsey did not hold complete power over the nobility. Upon Wolsey's appointment as Lord Chancellor in 1515, the Cardinal became a prominent and frequent member of both the Star Chamber and Court of Chancery. Through his positions on such councils, Wolsey made progression in fair justice to a huge extent, and this was seen as a key success. Presiding over many cases brought forward him; Wolsey ensured that anyone, regardless of class, was able to bring a case before the court. Indeed, under Henry VII, the Star Chamber only held 12 cases a year, whereas under Wolsey, it held ten times that. * Although these were good achievements for such a man it is fair to say these did lead to some negatives in that the huge number of cases the Star Chamber took on led to the system becoming overworked and therefore not being worked efficiently and being used for tom foolery. Also because the star chamber was so popular it overshadowed Wolsey's work in the Court of Chancery and made it seem as though he did...
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...and social and economic reform. Wolsey’s most important success in domestic affairs may well have been his handling of the royal finances as Lotherington states “Wolsey’s main concern was always foreign policy”. Royal finances served this main concern and to some degree Wolsey’s political survival depended more fully upon it. Royal Finances: most impressive? (x2 paras?) Credited with the invention of the parliamentary subsidy. Some credit must go to John Hales, he drafted it and was thus rewarded with a position on the bench of the exchequer. 1513-1523. Gets loans of 1522 and subsidy in 1523, but leads to fiscalism and the Amicable Grant debacle of 1525. The subsidy was a success. Wolsey has the help of John Hales, who was judge in the Court of the Exchequer. The subsidy was levied x4 times in 1513-1515 and 1523. In total it brought in > of 300,000 pounds. Success of clerical taxation also. 240,000 pounds or so. Synods 1519, 1523. For the first time under Henry the Crown was raising realistic sums through taxation. However, as Murphy points out … “its demands were increasingly resented by the propertied classes who had to pay these parliamentary taxes.” To a degree satisfies the problem of raising extra money to finance wars. The existing parliamentary taxes of fifteenths and tenths, were fixed and generated insufficient...
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...Exclusionary Rule Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Exclusionary Rule is constructed on the state constitution of the United States, which requires that evidence or materials qualifying as such, obtained by the arresting or case officers in violation of a suspect's right of freedom from unwarranted searches and arrests are not admissible in the said suspect's case in court. That is; the exclusionary rule dismisses evidences that are obtained by abusing a delinquent's fourth amendment rights. The amendment is mandated to protect the citizens from illegal searches and arrests by law enforcing agencies. Per se, it can be regarded as the hallmark to the flourishing respects for the fourth amendment right in the United States. It is imperious to acknowledge that the rule was made in courts and not the conventional legislative protocols that involve statutes and members of the congress. It was a creation of the Supreme Court and, thus its application is confined within the jurisprudence of the legal system. The historical development of the exclusionary rule dates back to the 1990s. Whilst the development of the rule itself is uniquely American portent, the principle it protects and the justifications for its existence links to the vey origin of western civilization. To effusively grasp the advent of the exclusionary rule as promulgated in Boyd v. United States, it is critical to identify the theoretical foundations of law developed in Britain and America. Principally...
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...600cr losses | The Daily Star THURSDAY, APRIL 04, 2013 | 02:19 RSS ARCHIVE HOME NEWSPAPER BUSINESS SPORTS ENTERTAINMENT LIFESTYLE OP-ED EDITORIAL SECTIONS MAGAZINE SUPPLEMENTS ONE SHUTDOW N MEANS TK 1,600CR LOSSES LATEST NEWS : Gas reality awaits projects A A THURSDAY, APRIL 04, 2013 One shutdown means Tk 1,600cr losses Dhaka chamber's survey finds hartals eat up 6.5pc of GDP a year STAR BUSINESS REPORT Like 2 LATEST MOST READ MOST DISCUSSED Export goes haywire KSA may take more workers Economy hit hard Hefajat warns govt BNP banks on radicals Blogger Asif arrested Govt may lose everything Website Feedback AL certificate for 3 Jamaat activists! Gas reality awaits projects Govt mulls one-day weekend 25 killed in record Argentina downpour Defence starts placing final arguments Pay as you weigh Mobile phone steps into 41st year 36 Rajshahi Shibir men arrested Govt action absurd Defence claims four charges not proved MPs press for more money Taliban kill 44 in attack on Afghan court Saudi-funded UN cash to support Gaza families A day of shutdown causes a loss of Tk 1,600 crore to the country’s businesses of all segments — from exports to retail shops, a leading chamber said in a survey yesterday. The country faces, on average, 40 days of shutdown a year, which means the financial losses stand at Tk 64,000 crore or 6.5 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry...
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...successes Wolsey had such as justice but it is clear that Wolsey was unsuccessful as the chief minister. Firstly, source 9 clearly supports the claim that Wolsey was a successful chief minister as it says “ I never saw this kingdom in better order… Wolsey’s authority and rule, nor justice better administered”. The source suggests that the kingdom was in such good shape because of Wolsey and that he was a very helpful man. This claim can be supported by source 8 as it also comments on Wolsey’s heavy presence within justice. Source 8 tells us about Wolseys time in Star Chamber, which was one of the royal courts to be used by the King’s subjects to get justice. During Wolsey’s time in Star Chamber the number of cases dealt with was over 120 each year compared with only 12 per year in Henry VII reign. This highlights Wolsey's success in getting justice for not just the rich and wealthy but ordinary people too. The Star Chamber dealt with problems such as enclosure where Wolsey launched a national inquiry and was able to make those who took land rebuild houses and return land to arable farmers. Also with source 9 being by Cavendish who had a personal connection with Wolsey it allows us to question as to whether it is reliable but because there is evidence to show that Wolsey did have an impact in the justice system it can be seen as reliable. However source 7 has a very different view on Wolsey’s successes as it suggests that Wolsey only ever did something if it was going to benefit...
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...Wolsey’s domestic policies regarding the Church, Nobility, the Justice and finance system along with his enclosure policy have received much criticism throughout the tudor period. Source T states that Wolsey was an arrogant and hostile man who was disliked by all, regardless of class. This negative view is in stark contrast to Source U which portrays Wolsey in a very different light, describing him as “thoughtful and ...extremely just”. Source V gives a less clear picture. Although Dawson describes Wolsey’s domestic policies as disappointing, with the benefit of hindsight he is able to also evaluate the role of Henry VIII in there failure. When evaluating Wolsey’s policies you have to consider not only if they were disappointing but also why they would be considered failures - it may be down the policies unpopularity rather than there actual failure. Source T agrees with the statement that Wolsey’s domestic policies were disappointing. A contemporary source written by Polydore Vergil it states that Wolsey was “detested by everyone” due to his “hostility towards the nobility and the common people”. Wolsey would have been disliked by the nobility due to his policy on enclosure. In 1517 he launched a national enquiry into enclosed land for profitable sheep rearing which involved returning land, belonging to the nobility, to arable farming. The policy not only contributed to the nobilities dislike of Wolsey but rural poverty continued to increase so in more than one way, Wolsey’s...
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...attempt to establish some colonies in the New World, most likely with some land from the Netherlands, and send nobles to rule it; we could also send Sir Thomas Walshingham, which would disconnect him from his followers, the Duchess Becca, and other potential powers. Frangland should establish spy networks in England, France and Spain, so we can keep tabs on potential threats in those countries. Queen Elizabeth used spy networks to discover information on plots to overthrow her, and in doing so protected herself and her power. Class Reform: We believe that the formation of a Court of Star Chamber would be beneficial to the reign of her majesty, as it will allow Queen Judith to annihilate any noble opposition to her rule. By annihilating any opposition, Queen Judith’s rule will remains absolute, thus ensuring the strength and longevity of her majesty's reign. In addition, the implementation of a Star Chamber will allow Queen Judith to pass possible unfavourable, and ecclesiastical policies which may come to be a beneficial tool. ...
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...Wrote poetry about chivalry. Castiglione - Began humanist studies, wrote about courts and cultural life. Also wrote the Book of Courtier. Michelangelo - One of the best artists/sculptors of the renaissance. His work was requested by some of the richest men in the world. He also made art for the pope and church. Dante - Called the “Father of the Italian language” Wanted the white guelphs to remain in power. Boccaccio - Wrote the Decameron to convey wisdom about human behavior. Petrarch - The first “Man of letters” and his work reflects the early attitudes of the Renaissance. He had sparked the literary movement, and more great writers would follow him. Machiavelli - “The end justifies the means” and practiced on not giving the people he ruled too much independence. Many leadership...
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...Asif Bajwa Astronomy 101 Professor Houser 12/11/2014 James Webb Space Telescope Since the first astronomers pointed telescopes at the sky, they have sought to see more. See farther and deeper. Space astronomy changed on April 24th 1990 with the launch of the space shuttle Discovery carrying aboard it the Hubble Space Telescope. A lot of people think we launched Hubble into space to get it closer to the stars but the real reason is the Earth's atmosphere both distorts and blocks light coming in from space. In space, beyond the atmosphere, the stars don't twinkle, instead they shine firm. That allows for the sensational images we've become accustomed to seeing from Hubble. But that wasn't Hubble's only benefit, it was also one of NASA's great observatories. There are many of these observatories in space but most are outfitted to answer one or two specific questions. Hubble was designed to be as inclusive as possible, it was supposed to answer as many questions as you could ask. At least as far as its design allowed. And Hubble succeeded very well at that. The Hubble Deep Field, perhaps the most important image ever taken by Hubble, shows us galaxies stretched all the way across the universe, up to ten billion light years away. Light that has taken billions of years to reach us in our corner of the universe, so we see these galaxies not that as they are today but as they were when the light left them. And in the end, after zooming in as much as possible, we see nothing...
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...As he was given the title of Lord Chancellor, it meant his power was at probably its greatest point. Henry was said to be a very lazy monarch, and therefore Wolsey would have a significant amount of duties to run the monarchy. Wolsey changed areas of government such as the justice system and revised areas such as finances and parliament structure. His relationship with the King was significant, as he would be the higher power and would need to negotiate with the King and yet still get the correct decision. Wolsey managed his relationship with henry well, he tried to get the right outcome for the country but never forced it upon Henry, not damaging their relationship and keeping Wolsey in power. Wolsey had a poor approach with justice; in court he gained a poor reputation for taking bribes and his relationship with England’s nobility was poor to say the least. The financial approach was a tough period in finance; with a King that wanted to spend and go to war, and Wolsey had no choice but to bow to his majesty’s request. Wolsey was to follow on the financial policy of an extremely successful monarch with finances, in Henry VII. Wolsey’s balance sheet was a mixture of successes and failures; his aim was to manage the finances so that King’s policies were still affordable. He found a good source of income to raise funds for the French war. This was the largest tax ever and was extremely significant in Wolsey’s financial campaign; Henry would most likely not have raised the funds...
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...What immediate problems did Henry VII after he had defeated Richard III (at Bosworth) and how did he solve them? His claim to the throne was weak; in fact it was the weakest claim since William the Conqueror. His claim was through an illegitimate line (somewhere in his family history two of his ancestors had not been married) and he was technically barred from the throne. Other claimants (people who thought they had a right to be King) included: 1. Edward, Earl of Warwick – Nephew of Richard III and Edward IV. 2. John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln – Nephew of Richard III and Edward IV. He had been nominated by Richard III as his heir. 3. Edmund de la Pole – Nephew of Edward IV and Richard III. 4. The Princes in the Tower - Edward V and his brother Richard. Sons of Edward IV. The Yorkists still had support in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard III's sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. This made it inevitable that other claimants would crop up and challenge Henry for the throne. Many of the barons/nobles still possessed armies (retainers) that were a constant threat to Henry and peace in the country. (Overmighty subjects) The crown's treasury was nearly empty after the 100 Years War and the subsequent War of the Roses. England did not enjoy good relations with many countries of Europe. There was a constant threat of invasion from Europe on behalf of the Yorkists. All the powers of Europe doubted Henry's ability to survive, and most were...
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...* How did Henry VI guarantee loyalty? After defeating Richard III at Bosworth, Henry VII faced many difficulties in holding on to the power he gained. Many Yorkist’s disliked Henry VII while others believed they had claims to the throne that should be addressed. During Henry’s reign he made sure that the nobility’s power was reduced to reduce the threat of Henry himself being overthrown. Firstly, Henry VII passed special laws called attainders. These allowed people to be declared guilty of treason without a trial, often leading to execution. Henry believed that the execution of the family member would cripple the family for good. Also, the property that was owned by the family of the guilty person would be absorbed into the crown, increasing Henry’s land and wealth. This brought in extra finance to the King. Henry believed that nobles were a threat to him, and if they got too wealthy they could pose a threat to the throne. Henry largely abandoned Edward IV tradition of rewarding loyal people with rewards such as land, because he didn’t want to increase the power of nobles, and instead aimed to control people’s loyalty through fear. Therefore by using attainders, not only was he reducing the land and power nobles had, but he was increasing the possessions of his own, therefore making himself more powerful. Therefore Henry’s use of enforcers could have deterred nobles from wanting to become too powerful, because they knew the severe consequences that could happen...
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...Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Robin Blankenship POL201: American National Government (GSI1325J) Instructor Amy Lyons January 22, 2013 In our Nation’s history, we have to consider the legality of the Government’s concerning our civil liberties. The habeas Corpus Act and the War on Terror are full of facts and issues that have brought me to address areas that cover the historical evolution, the suspension of habeas corpus, the importance of this act and the evaluation from different perspectives such as the media and the U.S. Supreme Court. Habeas Corpus is a most extraordinary court order of the judges’ power over a human being. “The Habeas Corpus Act passed by Parliament in 1679 guaranteed this right in law, although its origins go back much further, probably to Anglo-Saxon times. It is Latin for "you may have the body” It is a writ which requires a person detained by the authorities be brought before a court of law so that the legality of the detention may be examined.”(BBC NEWS) Habeas Corpus stemmed from the legal traditions of English law, and the Framers of the United States acknowledged the importance of the law. The United States followed and studied this tradition focusing mainly on the effects of the American Civil War, adopting it as “The Privilege of the writ of Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended unless when in cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.”(Revised 9/11) Habeas Corpus is in direct protection of our...
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...the court may order the prisoner's release. Habeas corpus relief also may be used to obtain custody of a child or to gain the release of a detained person who is insane, is a drug addict, or has an infectious disease. Usually, however, it is a response to imprisonment by the criminal justice system. A writ of habeas corpus is authorized by statute in federal courts and in all state courts. An inmate in state or federal prison asks for the writ by filing a petition with the court that sentenced him or her. In most states, and in federal courts, the inmate is given the opportunity to present a short oral argument in a hearing before the court. He or she also may receive an evidentiary hearing to establish evidence for the petition. The habeas corpus concept was first expressed in the Magna Charta, a constitutional document forced on King John by English landowners at Runnymede on June 15, 1215. Among the liberties declared in the Magna Charta was that "No free man shall be seized, or imprisoned, or disseised, or outlawed, or exiled, or injured in any way, nor will we enter on him or send against him except by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land." This principle evolved to mean that no person should be deprived of freedom without Due Process of Law. The writ of habeas corpus was first used by the common-law courts in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century England. These courts, composed of legal professionals, were in competition with feudal courts, which...
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