...Unit 5 assignment 1: video summary 3 Video 1.05 is about CPUs, how a CPU is organized, CPU speed, advances in processing speed, Cache, Sockets, ZIF and Heat. Video 1.05 shows the roles of the Controller, ALU, cache, frontside bus and backside bus. Also shows us the difference between multiprocessing, multiprocessors and dual core processors. Topics CPU * CPU Speed * Advances in processing speed * Cache * Sockets * ZIF * Heat Terms used in video 1.05 with their definitions * Major manufactures: Intel and AMD * System bus: A system bus is a single computer bus for the data transfer between the central processing unit and the memory. * Frontside bus: (FSB) the bus via which a processor communicates with its RAM and chipset; one half of the Dual Independent Bus (the other half being the backside bus). * Controller: Control unit definition, the part of a CPU that interprets the instructions in ... transmission line to a control unit on a selector channel at the computer center. * ALU: An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a computer processor (CPU) that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the operands in computer instruction words. * Internal bus: An internal bus is a type of data bus that only operates internally in a computer or system. It carries data and operations as a standard bus. * Cache: Two types of caching are commonly used in personal computers: memory caching and disk caching...
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...This part of the reading will examine the CPU, Buses, Controllers, and Main Memory. Other sections will examine input devices, output devices, and secondary memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Figure 2: The Central Processing Unit The computer does its primary work in a part of the machine we cannot see, a control center that converts data input to information output. This control center, called the central processing unit (CPU), is a highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions. All computers, large and small, must have a central processing unit. As Figure 2 shows, the central processing unit consists of two parts: The control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit. Each part has a specific function. Before we discuss the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit in detail, we need to consider data storage and its relationship to the central processing unit. Computers use two types of storage: Primary storage and secondary storage. The CPU interacts closely with primary storage, or main memory, referring to it for both instructions and data. For this reason this part of the reading will discuss memory in the context of the central processing unit. Technically, however, memory is not part of the CPU. Recall that a computer's memory holds data only temporarily, at the time the computer is executing a program. Secondary storage holds permanent or semi-permanent data on some external magnetic or optical medium...
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...instructions stored in its memory. Input – accept data Processing – manipulate data Output – produce results from the processing Storage – store the data and results for future use HARDWARE Hardware is the physical parts of the computer. There are five main components: 1. Central Processing Unit 2. Primary Storage devices 3. Secondary Storage devices 4. Input Devices 5. Output Devices 1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is also known as the processor. It is the brain of the computer and converts data into information. CPU speed is measured in Hertz. 1 hertz = 1 clock cycle/machine instruction per second 1 Kilohertz (KHz) = 1000 Hz 1 Megahertz (MHz) = 1000 KHz = 1 000 000 Hz (1 million) 1 Gigahertz (GHz) = 1000 MHz = 1 000 000 000 Hz (1 billion) A CPU with speed of 1 GHz can execute 1 billion machine instructions per second. There are two main parts of the CPU: A: Control unit – This controls the sequencing of operations of the CPU by fetching and decoding instructions and coordinating the input and output devices. B: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – This manipulates the data. It performs arithmetic operations (including addition, subtraction, division and multiplication and logical operations (including reasoning and performing the comparisons necessary to make decisions). 2. Main Memory/Immediate Access Storage (IMAS)/Primary Storage – This is storage that is directly available to the CPU. It is located directly on the computer's circuit board...
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...Statement of Problem As processing demands continue to increase in the field of computer science and the computing industry, there is a need to improve the cooling systems for central processing units. These processors consist of transistors which amplify and switch electronic signals within the computer. As these transistors conduct electricity through operation, they generate waste heat. If waste heat is not properly managed then it may affect the processing power of a system, or even damage it permanently. This proposal offers a new way of dealing with waste heat while also generating electricity. II. State of the Art Currently the most common method of cooling central processing units (CPU) is through the use of a fan. The fan draws hot air away from the processor and dissipates it to a safer area. As the processor begins to function at a greater capacity, the fan will pump air away from it at a faster rate. This technique is most common because of its cost-effectiveness and versatility. There is another, less common method available for CPU cooling, and that is with a liquid cooling unit. Liquid cooling units work in a similar convective manner as fans do. They simply pump a source of cool liquid over the processing unit in a tube, allowing the heat to be dissipated from the transistors. This liquid is circulated to a heat sink where it may cool down and then be reused for cooling. III. Proposed Solution A new solution to the problem of CPU cooling involves the...
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...CPU’s and ALU’s Table of content Page 1 Introduction Page 2 CPU Page 3 CPU Pictures Page 4 ALU Page 5 ALU Picture Page 6 Introduction CPU Many people consider the CPU (Central Processing Unit) to be the brains of the computer. This is not true because, for the most part, the CPU cannot keep data stored inside it like a human brain. It is used to process much of the information needed by the computer, just like our brain thinks and processes information and gives orders to our other body parts. ALU Stands for (Arithmetic Logic Unit). An ALU is an integrated circuit within a CPU that performs arithmetic and logic operations. Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction, and shifting operations, while logic instructions include AND, OR, XOR, and NOT operations. CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU (Central Processing Unit) - otherwise known as a processor - is an electronic circuit that can execute computer programs. Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased their presence far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to mobile phones. The clock rate is one of the main characteristics of the CPU when performance is concerned. Clock rate is the fundamental rate in cycles per second (measured in hertz, kilohertz, megahertz or gigahertz) for the frequency of the clock in any synchronous circuit...
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...Basics of computer hardware The Basics of Computer Hardware By: Stephen Lomangino Dr. Fahey ITT-Technical Institute: College of Information Technology Abstract This paper identifies the many different parts a computer needs to operate and perform basic tasks. Among these are the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), and random access memory (RAM). While these components are somewhat mandatory for computer performance this paper will also cover optional pieces of hardware that can improve quality and speed of the computer. These can include graphics processing units (GPU) and additional RAM. All parts of the computer can be upgraded but one must take into consideration the size and airflow capabilities of the computer case to be sure that all upgrades will fit without getting too hot or crowded. If the case were to get too hot the CPU could overheat and shut down the computer. Due to this possible situation this paper will go over the special precautions that must be made to accommodate the size and heat generation of upgraded hardware. The Basics of Computer Hardware Building a computer is similar to building a house, first you build the foundation then everything gets built on top of it. Instead of building on concrete, the foundation for a computer is the case and the motherboard. The case is equivalent to the walls and ceiling of the house, once you have those you can put any other amenities into the house as needed. Computer...
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...understanding on IPOS (Input Output Processing Storage) A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, which can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules (process), produce results (output), and store the results (storage) for future use. The IPOS cycle happens every time you use a computer its stands for Input, processing, output and storage. These are the steps in the IPOS cycle. First input is entered into the computer through an input device, second, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of the computer processes the information. Third the computer can output the information as a finished product or forth it can save it in storage for a later use. Output devices are continuously changing as technology advances. The IPOS cycle is the process the computer goes through to receive input, process the data, output a display of the results and storage store the information for a later use. An input device like a keyboard enters information into the computer. An output device like a monitor displays the results or information from the computer. Storage device act like an input/output device with the additional quality of saving data to use at a later date. Input is anything we wish to embed in a system for some type of use. It is any type of data or instruction used by a computer. It is the process of sending information to the computer’s CPU (central processing unit). Different types of things are...
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...greater specificity regarding data collection and storage. Week 7 Name each of the six components of a computer system and indicate the function of each. Central Processing Unit (CPU)- is where the actual computing takes place which includes three major subcomponents: arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit and registers. The speed and power of the CPU influences the computers capabilities. Primary Storage- is the internal memory where data is stored for access by the CPU Secondary Storage- consists of devices and media designed to maintain small or large quantities of data. Input Devices- is a way of entering data into the computer in different formats; keyboard, scanning and voice input. Users can select the input that meets their organization criteria in order to enter data. Output Devices- data is processed and can be used by the user via printed form, digitally for future processing, audio or spoken form. Outputs of healthcare managers are visual displays, printed documents and audio. Communications Devices- “connect” the computer to enable communication with other computers, either within the organization or external to the organization. 1. Central processing unit (CPU), where the actual “computing” takes place. Consists of three major subcomponents: the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), the control unit, and registers 2. Primary storage, or “internal” memory,...
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...Michael Knight NT1110 Thursday Night Vocabulary Ms. Bolin April 24, 2013 CPU- Is the “Central Processing Unit” of the computer. Intel- Is the world’s largest company that builds the essential technologies that serve as the foundation for the world’s computing devices. AMD- “Advanced Micro Devices” is the second largest and innovative technology company dedicated to building computing devices. Socket- A socket is defined as “the endpoint in a connection.” Clock Rate- typically refers to the frequency at which a CPU is running. It is measured in the SI unit Hertz. Hyper-threading- Technology is a form of simultaneous multithreading technology introduced by Intel. Implementation used to improve parallelization of computations performed on PC microprocessors. Dual-core- A dual-core processor is a CPU with two processors or execution cores in the same integrated circuit. Multi-core- Is a single computing component with two or more independent actual central processing units which are units that read and execute program instructions. MMX- Is a single instruction, multiple data “SIMD” instruction set design by Intel, introduced in 1997 with their P5-based Pentium line of microprocessors, designated as Pentium with MMX. Overclocking- Is the process of making a computer or component operate faster than the clock frequency specified by the manufacturer by modifying system parameters. Cache- is computer storage. VRM- “Voltage regulator module” is an installable module that...
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...Motherboard and Busses What are the major components of the motherboard? Provide a brief description of each component. CPU: The central processing unit is basically the ‘brain’ of the computer. It is where all the computing takes place. Wiki states “Electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions (Central processing unit)” BIOS Chip: Encrypted with code, it takes the computer through a boot up process until the OS is ready to take over. Upgrading only the motherboard will give some performance improvement to a computer system. Why would the improvement be limited? Upgrading the motherboard would give it a performance improvement but yes improvement would be limited. This is simply because there is much more than just the motherboard that makes up a computer. There is RAM, there is a hard drive. Also when upgrading the motherboard you have to make sure to upgrade the CPU and memory. What is the need for all the different busses found on a motherboard? Why can these busses not be replaced with a single bus? To understand why we need different busses, you need to understand what a bus is. A bus gives a path to a device so it can sent data to the CPU and other devices. There are more than one device that needs to send it information there for we can not just have one bus. We have to have...
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...The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the main part of any digital computer. The CPU usually is made up of three parts, the main memory, arithmetic-logic unit, and the control unit. The CPU is connected to the other various equipment is the computer system which include input/output devices, storage units and other peripheral equipment. Essentially the CPU is the brains of a computers system. In 1968 Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce created the company giant, Intel which is now the largest CPU manufacturer in the world. In 1993 Intel introduced the Pentium series CPU. The Pentium architecture became the most successful processor of all time. As successful as the Pentium was it had issues. Most can and could not be seen by the typical user but in 1994 it had a flaw that was noticed by a mathematician from Lynchburg collage in West Virginia by the name of Thomas Nicely while doing some calculations on his PC. The Pentium flaw was the flaw in the Float-point unit would cause incorrect answers when preforming double precision arithmetic, which is a common operation. Intel’s first response to the problem was to deny that the problem did not exist. Then would later acknowledge the flaw. However state that the flaw was insignificant and most users would not notice. Intel would replace the defected processor if a user could demonstrate the need for a processor that was not flawed. After IBM cancelled sales of its computers that had the flawed processer in it and lots of...
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...System Unit? -Box-like case that contains computer’s electronic components. -Sometimes called the chassis Common components inside the system unit? -Processor -Memory module -Expansion cards -Sound Card, Modem Card, Video Card, Network Interface card - Ports & Connectors Motherboard? -Main circuit board in system unit. -Contain chips, integrated circuits, and transistors. -Also called system board. Chip packages are available? -Single edge contact (SEC) cartridge -Dual inline package (DIP) -Flip chip-PGA (FC-PGA) package -Pin grid array (PGA) Central Processing Unit (CPU)? -Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer. -Also called the processor. Components of the CPU? -Control Unit -Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) -Register Control Unit? -Directs and coordinates operations in computer. Control unit repeats four basic operations: -Fetch-obtain program instruction or data item from memory. (Taking Out From Memory) -Decode-Translate instruction into commands. (Understand It) -Execute-Carry out command. (Writing out It) -Store-Write result to memory. (Write the Result) Machine Cycle? -Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle. -Also called instruction cycle. -Instruction time (I-time)-time taken to fetch and decode -Execution time (e-time)-time taken to execute and store. (I-time) (E-time) Fetch Decode Execute Store (Completed 1 Instruction) CPU’s Speed...
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...of a central processing unit (CPU). The CPU is a piece of hardware that carries out instructions to the computer and is considered the brains of the computer. The CPU can find information that was saved, it can decode information, and it can move memory from one place to another. The most important characteristic of the CPU is the operating speed which is the time required to execute an instruction or set of instructions. Topics presented in clip • Fan o Sits on top or next to the heat sink and pushes out the heat. • Heat Sink o The hardware on top of the CPU that moves the heat towards the fan in the computer. • CPU o The part of a computer that performs logical and arithmetical operations on the data as specified in the instructions. Terms and Definitions • CPU o Brains of the computer that carries out an instruction or a set of instructions. • Decode o Converts a coded message into a intelligible language. • Operating speed o The time required to execute an instruction or set of instructions. • ALU o Arithmetic and logic unit. o • System Bus (frontside bus) o Main communication system between motherboard and processor. • Instruction sets o Gives sets of directions to the processor. • Clock o Timing device for proper processor operation. • Hardware o Tools, machinery, and other durable equipment. Summary of My Thoughts My thoughts about the presentation are helpful because it teaches about the characteristics and functions of the CPU. I’ve...
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...Confirming Pages Confirming Pages Hardware and Software Basics B Introduction Managers need to determine what types of hardware and software will satisfy their current and future business needs, the right time to buy the equipment, and how to protect their IT investments. This does not imply that managers need to be experts in all areas of technology; however, building a basic understanding of hardware and software can help them make the right IT investment choices. Information technology (IT) is a field concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information. Information technology can be an important enabler of business success and innovation. Information technology can be composed of the Internet, a personal computer, a cell phone that can access the Web, a personal digital assistant, or presentation software. All of these technologies help to perform specific information processing tasks. There are two basic categories of information technology: hardware and software. Hardware consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system. Software is the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks. Software, such as Microsoft Excel, and various hardware devices, such as a keyboard and a monitor, interact to create a spreadsheet or a graph. This appendix covers the basics of computer hardware and software including terminology, characteristics, and the associated managerial responsibilities for building...
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...Microprocessor A microprocessor is a single chip integrating all the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It includes all the logical functions, data storage, timing functions and interaction with other peripheral devices. In some cases, the terms 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the same device. Like every genuine engineering marvel, the microprocessor too has evolved through a series of improvements throughout the 20th century. A brief history of the device along with its functioning is described below. Its Working It is the central processing unit which coordinates all the functions of a computer. It generates timing signals, sends and receives data to and from every peripheral used inside or outside the computer. The commands required to do this are fed into the device in the form of current variations which are converted into meaningful instructions by the use of a Boolean Logic System. It divides its functions in two categories, logical functions and processing functions. The arithmetic and logical unit and the control unit handle these functions respectively. The information is communicated through a bunch of wires called buses. The address bus carries the 'address' of the location with which communication is desired while the data bus carries the data that is being exchanged. Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) This part of the central processing unit deals with operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication of...
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