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An Introduction to Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Vary in Structure
§ Monosaccharide monomers are simple sugars that structurally vary in four primary ways: •
Location of the carbonyl group






Aldose: found at the end of the monosaccharide

Ketose: found in the middle of the monosaccharide
Number of carbon atoms present



Triose: three
Pentose: five Hexose: six
Spatial arrangement of their atoms





Different arrangement of the hydroxyl groups
Linear and alternative ring forms





Sugars tend to form ring structures in aqueous solutions

Thus each Each monosaccharide has a unique structure and function
The Structure of Polysaccharides
§ Polysaccharides, or complex carbohydrates, are polymers of monosaccharide monomers § The simplest polysaccharides are disaccharides

§




Comprised of two monosaccharide monomers

The monomers can be identical or different
Simple sugars polymerize when



A condensation reaction occurs




Between two hydroxyl groups

Resulting in a covalent bond called a glycosidic linkage
Glycosidic Linkages
§ The glycosidic linkages can form




§

Between any two hydroxyl group

The location and geometry of these bonds vary widely among polysaccharides α-1,4-glycosidic linkage and β-1,4- glycosidic linkage



Both linkages are between the C-1 and C-4 carbons
Their geometry is different

§





α and β refer to the contrasting orientations of the C-1 hydroxyls
They are on opposite sides of the plane of the glucose rings

Watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBwSh8Q3sgs Types of Polysaccharides
• Plants store sugar as starch






Mixture of branched (amylopectin) and unbranched (amylose) α-glucose polymer Animals store sugar as glycogen



Highly branched α-glucose polymer
Cellulose: a

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