Craniology In God, Women, and the New Physics, Wertheim reports that craniology is a scientific discipline. So what is it? Craniology is the measurement of the skull. Craniology has two functions: (1) measure the size, shape, and the proportion of the skull comparing to body size; (2) interpretation of the data from measuring the skull. In the middle of the eighteenth century, "masculine mien" thought that women should not freely mix with men in science. They claimed that men must stay away from women in order to attain serious intellectual engagement. According to Pythagoras's Trousers, Wertheim wrote, “The science and femininity were being constructed as opposites whereas science was associated with reason, objectivity, and facts, women were associated with feeling, subjectivity, and literary allusion” (147-148). Men and women are created to serve different purposes. Since women are associated with feeling, subjectivity, and literary allusion, they were not meant for science. The anatomists discovered the way to measure the various sizes, shapes, and the proportion of the skull comparing to body size which is called craniology. The anatomists wanted to find the scientific evidence to support their claim that women are intellectually inferior to men. According to Pythagoras's Trousers, she wrote, "After careful measurement, anatomists "discovered" that women's skulls were smaller in proportion to their bodies than men's (Wertheim 148)." This concluded that intellect is lower with the skull size which is smaller proportion to the body size. Since women's skull is smaller in proportion to the body size compared to men's, therefore, women are intellectually inferior. However, Wertheim continued, "The problem with this deduction was that women's head are actually larger in proportion to their bodies than men's” (148). The anatomists then claim that since women are closer to the children whose heads are also proportions larger to their body size; they do not grow completely yet as children. The women also have their heads which are proportions larger to their body size. Since the children's intellectual capacities are inferior to men, which also make the women mentally inferior. Then the anatomists reclaim that intellect is higher if the skull size is smaller in proportion to body size. Because the women's skull is larger in proportion to their body's size, this makes women intellectually inferior to those of men. However, there are many flaws in those arguments. First, the sizes of the skull do not necessary indicate the quality of the brain. Some people may have thicker skull which makes them have a smaller brain than others. Second, children's intellectual capacities are inferior to men because men have more opportunity to engage in real life experience. In the other hand, children usually stay at home eating and sleeping all day long. They do not engage in real life experience. So do women. Back in the day, many women were not allowed to learn. There is no way they can perform in science as well as men do. Intellect is gaining from learning and experience. As people grow up, they learn new things; that makes them more intelligent. For example, if someone is isolated from all other people since little, he or she will not be much smarter than that child. He or she will not be able to speak. Even though the skull will get smaller in proportion to the body size, which does not make him or her smarter than when he or she was the little child. As a scientific discipline, craniology appears to be misguided because the claims that those scientists made contradicts themselves. First, they claim that intellect is lower with the skull smaller in proportion to the body size, and then they claim the opposite when being attacked by the fact that the women's skulls are actually larger in proportion to their body size. There is no real evidence to support their claims. From the beginning, their discovery of craniology was driven by the look down on women's learning capacity. Their observation was driven by expectation that women are intellectual inferior to men, so the outcome of the observation is not scientifically accurate. Those anatomists simply use an opinion for their claims.