...Introductıon to telecommunıcatıon - cse040 | Lab Project Report | Cyclic Redundancy Check | | 0701020045 Berat Özbay | 25/4/2012 | Contents 1. Introduction: The Need for Error Detection 3 1.1 Error detection process 3 1.2 Types of errors 4 1.2.1 Single bit error 4 1.2.2 Burst error 4 2. Cyclic Redundancy Check 4 2.1 Background 4 2.2 Idea behind the CRC 5 2.3 CRC Algorithm 5 2.3.1 Modulo 2 Arithmetic 6 2.3.2 Polynomial representation 8 2.3.3 Digital Logic 9 2.4 Why CRC works 10 3. The Generator Polynomial and Error Detection Capabilities 10 3.1 Kinds of error CRC detects 10 4. References 11 1. Introduction: The Need for Error Detection In communication systems, data transmitted over a channel will be exposed to transmission impairments. The most significant impairments are attenuation, delay distortion and noise. These impairments cause the received signal to be different than the transmitted signal which is not a desired situation. An error detection technique allows the receiver to determine if the received data is corrupted or not. 1.1 Error detection process To enable detection of errors, an error detection technique appends (n - k) extra bits to k data bits to be transmitted, creating an n bit frame. Appended bits are called redundant bits because they do not change the data bits and discarded by the receiver as soon as the integrity of the data bits is determined. Redundant bits (also called the checksum) are computed...
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...brought about the change of the provision. Definitions of CRC will be given and a brief history of the various CRCs will be given and in addition each of the relevant questions will be looked at individually and answered according to the case law and statutes available and relevant to them. A: THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTION REVIEW COMMISSION IN THE CONSTITUTION MAKING PROCESS A constitution review commission is an inquiry into matters of public interest that is appointed by the president. The constitution review commission is normally abbreviated as CRC. A CRC is made in pursuance of the Inquiries Act CAP 41 which states in part that the Act (Inquiries Act) shall provide for the appointment of a commission to inquire into and report on matters referred to them. Article 2 (1) states, “The president may issue a commission appointing one or more commissions to inquire into any matter in which an inquiry would in the opinion of the president, be for the public welfare”. Role of CRCs in constitution making process. The role that CRCs play in the constitution making process can never be over emphasized. These two aspects that is the process of constitutional making and the content of the constitution must not be discussed in isolation. The CRC receives submissions from the people and some of these submissions are enacted into law and this makes the constitution to have legitimacy as it will be identified as the people’s own law. CRCs are also used to make certain amendments to the constitution...
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...Department of Defense and Baby Boomer Exodus: Is Anyone Paying Attention? By: eadership and Organizational Behavior Instructor: 20 June 2013 Overview of Organization: The organization this writer chose is Naval Supply Center (NAVSUPP) in Mechanicsburg, Pa... It is my current place of employment and will serve as a representative sample for any Department of Defense (DOD) base in the United States. The base has various elements under its control such as where I work in Foreign Military Sales (FMS), a storage center for ship components called Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) and various other entities that support all kinds of weapon systems for the navy. Current Situation: I work in FMS which is funded by foreign countries, not the U.S. Government, for logistic support of weapon systems. The importance here is we will not be subject to any furloughs or cuts in pay or in any reduction of force as is the rest of DOD as a result of the sequester that is about to take place. The key point here is everyone else in DOD will lose 20% of their salary for 11-14 weeks. A lot of anger, jealousy and envy are therefore created. In 2012, the entire navy went to a one stop and shop, do all computer program called Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). It was a total shock toboth Active Duty and civilian navy personnel, in how it performs supply, human resources and asset control. Numerous legacy systems were shut down...
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...INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Bioinsp. Biomim. 1 (2006) P1–P12 BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS doi:10.1088/1748-3182/1/1/P01 PERSPECTIVE Biomimetics—using nature to inspire human innovation Yoseph Bar-Cohen Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA E-mail: yosi@jpl.nasa.gov Received 7 November 2005 Accepted for publication 7 March 2006 Published 27 April 2006 Online at stacks.iop.org/BB/1/P1 Abstract Evolution has resolved many of nature’s challenges leading to lasting solutions. Nature has always inspired human achievements and has led to effective materials, structures, tools, mechanisms, processes, algorithms, methods, systems, and many other benefits (Bar-Cohen Y (ed) 2005 Biomimetics—Biologically Inspired Technologies (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) pp 1–552). This field, which is known as biomimetics, offers enormous potential for inspiring new capabilities for exciting future technologies. There are numerous examples of biomimetic successes that involve making simple copies, such as the use of fins for swimming. Others examples involved greater mimicking complexity including the mastery of flying that became possible only after the principles of aerodynamics were better understood. Some commercial implementations of biomimetics, including robotic toys and movie subjects, are increasingly appearing and behaving like living creatures. More substantial benefits of biomimetics include the development of prosthetics that...
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...Moran, M.J. “Engineering Thermodynamics” Mechanical Engineering Handbook Ed. Frank Kreith Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 c 1999 by CRC Press LLC Engineering Thermodynamics Michael J. Moran Department of Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University 2.1 Fundamentals....................................................................2-2 Basic Concepts and Definitions • The First Law of Thermodynamics, Energy • The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Entropy • Entropy and Entropy Generation 2.2 Control Volume Applications.........................................2-14 Conservation of Mass • Control Volume Energy Balance • Control Volume Entropy Balance • Control Volumes at Steady State 2.3 Property Relations and Data ..........................................2-22 Basic Relations for Pure Substances • P-v-T Relations • Evaluating ∆h, ∆u, and ∆s • Fundamental Thermodynamic Functions • Thermodynamic Data Retrieval • Ideal Gas Model • Generalized Charts for Enthalpy, Entropy, and Fugacity • Multicomponent Systems 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Combustion ....................................................................2-58 Reaction Equations • Property Data for Reactive Systems • Reaction Equilibrium Exergy Analysis..............................................................2-69 Defining Exergy • Control Volume Exergy Rate Balance • Exergetic Efficiency • Exergy Costing Vapor and Gas Power Cycles ........................................2-78 Rankine and...
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...industrial waste products, noise pollution, and soil pollution. These damages yield adverse effects such as global warming, climate change, and loss of marine life among many aggravating effects of environmental damage. Even though, global organizations and governments have devoted much effort to environmental protection and restoration, is the damage reversible? Therefore, this paper aims at assessing various forms of damage to the environment and evaluating whether the damage can be reversed. Global warming has adverse effects on human health across the planet. For this reason, it has triggered responses from global corporations, and nations aimed at combating global warming. This can be accomplished through mitigation of the causes and effects, adaptation to altering the ecosystem, and geoengineering to reverse global warming, (Haldar, 2011). Sequestration method can be used as a means of mitigating global warming that involves capturing and storage of greenhouse gases while reducing emissions of these gases. Planetary engineering called geoengineering can be used as another method of deliberating modifications of the Earth’s natural environment enormously to suit human needs, (Haldar, 2011). These measures can reverse the danger of global warming, however; it can be achieved after many years. Human involvement plays a vital role in creating and enhancing habitats whose existence is not for agricultural production. A considerable number of cases indicate that human intervention...
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...Caffeine is the most-widely consumed psychoactive substance by human beings throughout the world (Reid, 2005). This report will detail its natural origins, chemical structure (as well as those of similar substances), and the methods and dosages in which it is rendered into its usable form. Additionally, this report will detail caffeine's various biological pathways within the human body, including access to the brain and various neurotransmitter pathways. Caffeine is a chemical that occurs naturally in over 100 plant species throughout the world (Steffen, 2000). Perhaps the most widely recognized of these plants is the coffee tree, whose small seed (commonly referred to as a "bean") is roasted and then crushed into a fine powder (Weinberg and Bealer, 2001). Caffeine also occurs naturally in cocoa beans, tea leaves, kola nuts, and gurana seeds, and mate. Some of these plants, such as tea, actually bear a distinct, but similar chemical to caffeine (i.e. theophylline); these chemicals will be discussed further in the chemistry section (Steffen, 2000). Caffeine is chemically known by two names. The first is 1,3,7 -trimethylxanthine; the second is 3,7,-Dihydro-1,3,7- trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione. Historically, caffeine has also gone by the name of methyltheobromine, as well as thein (Weinberg and Bealer, 2001). The chemical formula of caffeine is C8 H10 N4 O2. The molecular weight for this chemical is 194.19 atomic units. Its composition...
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...system designed specifically to increase sales while minimizing warehoused items. Fulfilling these orders would enable fewer but more accurate deliveries. The use of RFIDs affords the ability to identify products purchased and moved throughout the day for both orders and the fulfillment of same. On-site work teams could assist in debundling delivered products, allowing for more appropriate procurement decisions. Integrated delivery of the three separate locations would incorporate deliveries into one location, subsequently decreasing delivery and transfer costs. Achieving a mix of all products on a single trailer to retail customers could initially increase the overall cost, however would reduce costs of specialized shipments to various locations. Through the integration of locations, fewer staff would be required to package and ship the inventory, thus reducing expenses. The lack of expending funds for warehouse overhead...
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...Introduction to Budgeting A budget is any output that comes after various inputs are inserted along with processes with the intention of gaining a futuristic idea of whether or not one should go ahead with a financial decision. In other words, it is a combination of plans which are linked together for the purpose of describing a business or entity’s future operations. The budgeting process usually starts by planning strategies, which are done by the top managers/management such as department heads and the CEO of a company. Moving on, after the strategy has been decided, the managers implement it upon multiple levels, which accumulates and becomes a master budget. The plan contains multiple budgets such as a sales budget, production budget, direct labor, direct materials, manufacturing overheads, sales and administration along with a fixed asset budget and many others, depending upon the company itself and its goals. The budget made ultimately contains the following three primary things among many others; Income Statement, Balance Sheet and a Cash forecast. Role/Importance of Budgeting Creating a budget and then implementing it is integral for any ‘body’, whether it be government, private or a public entity. A budget as stated before is developed in accordance with the mindset that the entity has to make a profit from the implementation. A budget can be of various types, for instance, a company can make a budget for forecasting whether or not it should make a decision related...
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...interactive user (Price, 2008, p. 170). A comprehensive definition of information security (IS) was given by the Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS): it is the protection of the critical elements of information, including usage, storage and transmission through systems and hardware components (Whitman & Mattord, 2012, p. 8). According to this model, IS has many aspects, such as physical protection of assets, protection against passive or active attacks, access control, risk minimization and assessment of threats and vulnerabilities (p. 11). Computer security is indeed a vast subject, and out of this I picked the specific subject of latest Wi-fi innovations. The reason is that wireless networking is being used more and more to connect various mobile devices and appliances, and I wish to research into this fast changing field. One of the new broadband wireless technologies being developed is WiMAX. This paper provides a brief overview of this emerging protocol and its implementation of security in terms of application, data and host. Brief Overview of WiMAX WiMAX, or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a Metropolitan Area Network...
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...and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976. There have been more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It has also spread between countries starting in Guinea then spreading across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air (1 traveller only) to Nigeria, and by land (1 traveller) to Senegal. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks. The various medical agencies have identified the methods needed to be implemented for stopping the spread of Ebola, however , the most pertinent and requisite necessity is the awareness of instructions on managing the dieses and making available the required materials to fight the outbreak. The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommend that the protective gear leaves no skin exposed. These measures are also recommended for those who may handle objects contaminated by an infected person's body fluids. In 2014, the CDC began recommending that medical...
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...Industry Recognized Certification: A PATHWAY TO REENTRY July 2011 Industry Recognized Certification: A Pathway to Reentry ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Institute is grateful to those reviewers who shared comments on this document. Their participation has enhanced the value of the information for policy makers and colleagues working with at-risk youth. We would especially like to thank: • Darla Elliott, Senior Director, Corrections Programs • LeeAnn Prince, Director, Corrections Programs We also recognize the valuable guidance and feedback on this project from Roberts T. Jones whose input helped make this document stronger. From the field, we extend thanks to the various MTC executive staff who contributed their insight and experience to the project. Industry Recognized Certification: A Pathway to Reentry 1st Edition Published by MTC Institute. Copyright © July 2010. Principal Authors: Stephen MacDonald and Carl Nink Comments are appreciated and should be directed to Carl Nink, Executive Director at: MTC Institute 500 North Marketplace Drive • P.O. Box 10 • Centerville, UT 84014 (801) 693-2870 • Fax: (801) 693-2900 institute@mtctrains.com www.mtcinstitute.com Management & Training Corporation (MTC) is an international corporation dedicated to helping people realize their learning potential. MTC creates nurturing environments in which education is encouraged and rehabilitation is recognized. MTC manages and/or operates 24 Job Corps centers in 18 states for the U.S. Department...
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...SPECIAL TOPICS Special Topics:Resilient Packet Ring Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) - a Flexible Data Access Technology for Metropolitan Area Networks Steven S. Gorshe Principal Engineer - PMC-Sierra, Inc. steve_gorshe@pmc-sierra.com ABSTRACT IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) is a promising new technology that was standardized to meet the needs of telecommunications network providers and enterprise data networks. RPR allows substantial reuse of the valuable existing telecommunications infrastructure, while also allowing a greatly simplified means of aggregating packetized data from many customers into the provider’s access and metro networks. The RPR fairness protocol and algorithm insures fair medium access among an RPR’s users. RPR also provides the high reliability that has become increasingly important for enterprise network users. This paper reviews the key aspects of RPR, including medium access control and its fairness mechanism, physical layer options, protection/restoration options, and bridging and routing within and across an RPR. INTRODUCTION The increasing importance and bandwidth demands of enterprise networks in the 1990s generated the desire for a new metropolitan area network (MAN) and wide area network (WAN) protocol. From a data network perspective, the existing protocols lacked a fast, simple Layer 1 mechanism to recover from network faults. From a telecommunications network perspective, it was critical to have a network access technique...
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...W O M E N ’ S C O M M I S S I O N for refugee women & children w U N TA P P E D P OT E N T I A L : Adolescents affected by armed conflict A review of programs and policies U N TA P P E D P OT E N T I A L : Adolescents affected by armed conflict A review of programs and policies Wo m e n ’s C o m m i s s i o n f o r R e f u g e e Wo m e n & C h i l d r e n N e w Yo r k W O M E N ’ S C O M M I S S I O N for refugee women & children Copyright © January 2000 by Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-58030-000-6 Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children 122 East 42nd Street New York, NY 10168-1289 tel. 212.551.3111 or 3088 fax. 212.551.3180 e-mail: wcrwc@intrescom.org www.intrescom.org/wcrwc.html w cover photographs © Rachel K. Jones, Marc Sommers, Sarah Samson, Holly Myers, Anne-Sophie Rosette, International Rescue Committee M I S S I O N S TAT E M E N T The Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children seeks to improve the lives of refugee women and children through a vigorous program of public education and advocacy, and by acting as a technical resource. The Commission, founded in 1989 under the auspices of the International Rescue Committee, is the only organization in the United States dedicated solely to speaking out on behalf of women and children uprooted by armed conflict or persecution. Acknowledgments The Women’s Commission expresses its sincere...
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... he has also explained the methods of effectively responding to the accidents. With the help of this, different strategies for conducting the investigation of the company is also identified by the author. Answer 1: Author’s Main Point In this, the author is mainly focused towards the importance of health and safety programs in companies. He has also explained the accident development plan, which is useful in reducing the job hazards and strategically handle the external accidents investigations (Battles, 2011). Apart from this, the author’s main point is to generate the awareness among different countries and reveals the disadvantages of not having health and safety plan such as increases in health care cost, penalties, lost productivity and fines. Answer 2: Author’s Intended Audience In this paper, the author’s intended audience is organizations in different companies. It is because organizations cover a large number of people and health and safety program also improves the personal life of the employees. At the same time, the author has also generated awareness among people as well, so that they also improve their working habits and reduces the chances of accidents (Burke, Clarke & Cooper, 2012). The Author has also explained that companies must have written Accident Prevention Plan, so that employees can quickly respond to the accidents and reduces the chances of low productivity. Answer 3: Analyzing Potential Job Hazards There are various factors that...
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