...Iranian Journal of Management Studies (IJMS) Vol 3. No.3 January 2010 pp: 91- 111 Survey of leadership styles in different cultures Gholamreza Taleghani1* , Davood Salmani2 , Ali Taatian3 1. Faculty of managemenet, Uniersity of Tehran 2. Faculty of managemenet, Uniersity of Tehran 3. Master of Arts Abstract: Leadership is in fact a process of influencing followers. Characteristics of leadership are functions of time and situation and differ in different cultures and countries. Managers of international organizations should obtain enough knowledge of these cultural characteristics and differences and should have the utmost versatility while executing their leadership tasks. In this paper we have conducted a survey of the relation between cultures and styles of leadership in different countries. At first characteristics of leadership are discussed in work oriented leadership paradigm and management regimes, in a number of different regions, including China, Japan, U.S.A, Europe, and Arab countries. We also discuss about cross-cultural leadership concept and its challenges. At the end, a comparative analysis is made over the various leadership styles. Keywords: Leadership styles, cultural differences, conceptual leadership model, cross-cultural leadership * . Corresponding Author , Tel: 09121090719 Email: Ghreza@ut.ac.ir 92 Iranian Journal of Management Studies Introduction: Leadership is defined as the process of having dominance on...
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...this report is to explore the cultural determinants of both Japan and United States. The report elucidates the differences between the two countries in terms of leadership styles as influenced by their respective different cultures. The reason in selecting Japan as one of the research countries is because of its deep rooted strong cultural beliefs and group centered style in a business perspective. It is well known to the world that Japan is a closed economy but at the same time, extremely competitive. On the other hand, United States make a good contrast in terms of its open culture and individualistic style of doing business. Despite the differences, both are amongst the most competitive and successful nations in the world. The compromising Japanese and confrontational Americans do make this research journey an exciting and interesting one. Different cultures exist in the world and their impact on leadership styles in their respective countries is significant. As defined by Luthans and Doh (2009, p96), “Culture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behaviour.” And culture is gained through transmissions between individuals in forms of symbols, rituals, languages, stories told and etc. It will be interesting to find out that the countries’ cultures do in fact influence their leadership styles to quite a great extent. In this report, two entirely different cultures; Japan and United States will be explored in depth to provide a...
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...1. Introduction We started our research with a definition of the term “consumer behaviour which, according to Schiffman, L. and Kanuk L. (2004 p. 8) is “the behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs”. Considering that we are all unique persons with our own needs and requirements, one of the most important constants among all of us is that above all we are consumers. Until the late 20th century a lot of firms were product-orientated and failed to understand what is changed in their customers’ needs in an increasingly competitive marketplace. In today’s competitive market place there can be few organisations, which do not want to be customer-oriented. Proctor (2000) stated that “Nowadays, we understand that customers matter, as well as marketing is very important.” Also, Kotler and Keller (2011) highlight “the importance of understanding consumer buying behaviour and the ways how the customers choose their products and services can be extremely important for product makers as well as service providers as this gives them a competitive advantage over its competitors in several aspects. For example, they may use data obtained by studying the consumer buying behaviour to set their strategies towards offering the proper products and services to its core market of customers reflecting their needs and wants effectively.” To sum up all the arguments stated above...
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...Michael Porter’s theory on National Competitive Advantage, is the best theory to utilize when an internationalising firm wants to select one country over another for new entry The globalization has become a ubiquitous and potent symbol of the age since the early 1980s. The term globalization was used to describe strengthening interactions of people from various countries, which resulted from the emergency of numerous new technologies (Daniel, Radenbaugh & Sullivan, 2002). As the popularization of globalization, more firms prefer to enter the emerging markets, like China, to search for the higher return. However, resulted from the studies segment, there is not an exact theory or study can be regarded as guidelines for these internationalizing firms. Overall, Michael Porter’s theory on national completive advantage is a better theory to be adopted by the international firms which want to select a better country for new entry. The dominance of Porter’s theory are its comprehensiveness, the dynamic Diamond theoretical system and analysis form both inductive and deductive sides. Meanwhile, it is at a disadvantage in its assumption. Thus, this essay will explore both sides of Porter’s theory. Porter's model includes four key elements. The Diamond model is depicted as figure 1, where the four forces jointly constitute a firm's global competitiveness in a given industry ( Porter,1990) Source: Porter (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations. The first element...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In its basic form, negotiation is a method of conflict resolution. It is a problem-solving process in which two or more parties attempt to resolve their disagreement or conflict in a manner, and through a process, that is mutually agreeable. Whereas the general concept of negotiation is easy enough to understand, in practice it can be an extremely difficult proposition. Opposing views about what is right and wrong, disagreement on what is fair and equitable, understanding each other’s message and form of communication, and even the procedures that will be used to conduct negotiations are but a few of the hurdles that negotiators will encounter. Negotiation is further complicated when the parties find themselves negotiating across dissimilar cultures. Culture is a powerful factor in shaping how people think, communicate and behave. It therefore affects how they negotiate. In business arena, negotiations are crucial aspects of inter-organizational relationships like joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions, licensing and distribution agreements, and sales of products and services. As the proportion of foreign to domestic trade increases, so does the frequency of business negotiations between people from different countries and cultures. To successfully manage these negotiations, businesspeople need to know how to influence and communicate with members of cultures other than their own. This paper investigates the impact of culture on negotiations. It begins...
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...creativity research 2.4 Lines of study stemming from the 1950s 2.4.1 Personality 2.4.2 Cognition 2.4.3 Ways to stimulate creativity 2.4.4 Creativity and social systems 2.5 Background to creativity in education 2.6 Broader claims for creativity in the curriculum 5-12 3.0 What do we mean by creativity? 3.1 Definitions or descriptions of creativity 3.2 High creativity 3.3 Ordinary, or ‘democratic’ creativity 13-15 4.0 The development of creativity in education 4.1 Research into the development of creativity in education 4.1.1 Comprehensive approaches 4.1.2 Educational approaches 4.1.3 Psychodynamic approaches 4.1.4 Humanistic approaches 4.1.5 Behaviourist approaches 4.2 Teaching approaches to developing creativity 4.2.1 ‘Creative cycle’ approaches 4.2.2 Single-strategy approaches 4.2.3 Multi-strategy approaches 4.2.4 System approaches 4.2.5 Overall pedagogic criteria approaches 16-22 3 5.0 Assessment and creativity 5.1 Recording and assessing creativity 23-24 6.0 Conclusions and key findings 6.1 High and democratic creativity 6.2 Domain-specific and generic creativity 6.3 Teacher and pupil creativity 6.4 Pedagogic strategies 6.5 Recording and assessing creativity 6.6 Gender issues 6.7 Cultural issues 6.8 Social context issues 25-28 7.0 References 29-37 4 Section 1: Introduction 1.1 Aims and purposes This review forms part of a project which the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) is taking...
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...2009 Award Winning Essays Organized by Supported by The Goi Peace Foundation UN ESC O Japan Airlines Foreword The International Essay Contest for Young People is one of the peace education programs organized by the Goi Peace Foundation. The annual contest, which started in the year 2000, is a UNESCO/Goi Peace Foundation joint program since 2007. The United Nations has designated 2001-2010 as the "International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World" and 2005-2014 as the "United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development." Not only should young people benefit from these global initiatives, but they should be empowered to play a leading role in them. Each year, the essay contest adopts a theme relevant to building a Culture of Peace and a sustainable future, such as "Respect for life," "Caring for our planet," "Learning to live together," and "The role of media and ICT in building a peaceful world." The theme of the 2009 International Essay Contest for Young People was "The role of science in building a better world." Scientific progress has brought many benefits to humanity, while some applications of science have had adverse impacts. Young people were invited to express their vision for the future of science, and the kind of studies or researches they wish to engage in. 4,506 essay entries were received from as many as 134 countries. This publication contains a total of 16 essays: First Prize, Second Prize and Third Prize...
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...What a marketer want???? N how he get there???? Types of marketing… Societal marketing Traditional marketing Word of mouth Sales promotion Gorilla marketing Viral marketing n so n so on….n what not…many more YYYYYY DY NEED TO STUDY ALL DEZ…YYYY…ITNI CARE TO HMRI HMRY PARENTS B NHI KRTY…JTNA YE LOG KRTY HY… R DEZ REALLY THE CUSTOMERS OR THE PROFIT????? TOPIC…….BIRD EYE VIEW OF HOW P & G TACKLES ITS CUSTOMERS…. SUBJECT….MARKETING MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY…..SADAF, FARAH ,MARYAM,RUBINA DATE OF SUBMISSION…30 APRIL 2014 SUBMITTED TO….MAAM SADI AZIZ Mahatma Gandhi > Quotes > Quotable Quote “A customer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. We are dependent on him. He is not an interruption in our work. He is the purpose of it. He is not an outsider in our business. He is part of it. We are not doing him a favor by serving him. He is doing us a favor by giving us an opportunity to do so. CUSTOMER PSYCHOLOGY……HOW IMPORTANT FOR A MARKETER TO STUDY????? Companies use marketing to promote and sell their products or services, and consumer behavior is how consumers act and respond in the retail environment. In order for a company to create a strong marketing campaign, it is important to understand how and to what the consumer will respond. This relationship between marketing and consumer behavior involves studies, focus groups, psychological analyses and other methods of studying the market for a particular...
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...readiness to take risk, sensing opportunities, identifying and mobilizing potential resources, concern for excellence, and who is persistent in achieving the goal.”(Mohanty, 2005) Hence, successful entrepreneurs should have the following characteristics: leadership, originality ability and self-confidence, the traits are independents, individuality and optimism, innovate, creative, flexible and leadership behaviour, they always task-oriented and future-oriented, and play role of risk bearer. From these characteristics, I can find some of the characteristics which I have or not, so in order to impact my ability, I will critic and analysis those characteristics by two parts which are three areas sufficiently developed and three areas require further development. 1. Three areas sufficiently developed (1)High-achievement motivation For my personal view that the "desire" driven entrepreneurs to face all challenging, and supporting me decide the ways of do things. Sometimes, people often evade some problems and tasks which are they may think difficult to solution. But I always prefer to solve those difficult problems. Although sometimes the outcome cannot achieve expect of...
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...International advertising strategies International advertising strategies Theodore Levitt's seminal article ‘The Globalisation of Markets' (Harvard Business Review 1983) caused many companies to examine their international advertising strategies and to adopt a global strategy. What problems do you see in such an approach? Advertising is a universal business activity today. As media has spread across the world and marketers have expanded it reaching different unexplored counties, advertising is gaining impetus in the whole globe and it is easy to identify when you move from a place to another or simply when you travel that you realize that advertising is the most visible manifestation of the globalization of business in general and of brands in particular. Advertising allows consumers to “compare goods, which often results in lower prices and improved product quality; advertising stimulates the economy by encouraging consumption; and it has the potential to improve living standards” (Mueller, 1996, p. 256). When you talk about International Advertising it is means that you are talking about cross-border advertising and it is possible to have a specific connotations that you can adopted as a global strategy. According to Jones, J. (2000) there is two countries who believe that their advertising is the best in the world: United Kingdom and United States, and he stressed that the language (English) has becoming the primary worldwide language, at least for business; that belief...
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...genetic factor based on traditional Confucian culture of Korea (i.e., the DNA of Korean HRM), of which its advantages must be respected and preserved. Second factor is an adaptation ability, which modifies its own core competency and routine through an interaction with the environment. Korean HRM stands at a turning point now. The Korean economy is facing a hyper-competition in the global market. To survive, Korean companies have to improve their competitiveness. Also they must solve the problem of seniority-based HRM of Confucian values that hinders their competitiveness. To confront an inevitable transformation of the management system, Korean companies tried to solve the problem by bringing in a rapid growth process of North American HRM practices. But, unanticipated side effect has occurred in this process. As American HRM was uniformly adopted, traditional teamwork, organizational loyalty, and the advantages of traditional Korean companies were damaged. So many companies have shown a problem of decreased organizational effectiveness. In the case of employment relations, the rapid layoff and an increase of temporary workers via organizational restructuring have * Professor of Human Resource Management, Seoul National University (jongtae@snu.ac.kr)....
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...MANAGING DIVERSITY The Managerial Implication of an Increasing Diversity in Workforce Author/Student Note:Bong joseph laila ,MBA Student; Frederick Taylor University Moraga CA USA. This Research paper was conducted independently without any funding support nor groupwork;all correspondences should be addressed to josephlaila86@gmail.com. Managing Diversity Abstract Diversity means different things to different organizations.True diversity management articulates and raises performance standards by requiring organizations to learn to recruit, train and support people. Finding ways of working with diverse people involves valueing and utilizing differences as well as finding a common ground for intergrating a mix of people into organizations.This paper shows that organizations more often prefer a more diversified workforce basically because it makes business sense.By maximizing talent,fostering innovation;and tapping into the creativity of a diversified workforce;the altimate result will be increased profits,increase competivity and organizational effectiveness as a whole. Managing Diversity Introduction Between the 1960s and the 1970s management approach layed emphasis on eliminating unfair discrimination through legal compliance for women and ethnic minorities.This was the affirmative action approach which “focuses on achieving equality of opportunity in an organization and...
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...Creative Problem Solving for Managers Second edition How can managers tackle complex problems? How do you encourage innovation? How do you implement new solutions? Is creativity the key to management success? This accessible text provides a lively introduction to the essential skills of creative problem solving. Using extensive case studies and examples from a variety of business situations, Creative Problem Solving for Managers explores a wide range of problem solving theories and techniques, illustrating how these can be used to solve a multitude of management problems. Thoroughly revised and redesigned, this new edition retains the accessible and imaginative approach to problem solving skills of the first edition. Features include: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Blocks to creativity and how to overcome them Key techniques including lateral thinking, morphological analysis and synectics Computer-assisted problem solving Increased coverage of group problem solving techniques New website containing in-depth cases and a PowerPoint presentation As creativity is increasingly being recognised as a key skill for successful managers, this book will be welcomed as a readable and comprehensive introduction for students and practising managers alike. Tony Proctor is Professor in Marketing at Chester University College Business School and was formerly Senior Lecturer in Marketing and Head of the Department of Management at Keele University. Creative Problem Solving for Managers Developing skills...
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...Evolution of management Through the practice of management and the continued development of commerce and wealth we are transforming our lives. In Massachusetts (USA) in the 1850s the life expectancy of a male would have been 37 years of age and a female 40: in 1929 it was 58 for a male and 61 for a female; nowadays life expectancy would be in the region 70-80 years. While appreciating the past success of ‘management’ we would also recognise that today’s accelerating pace of change is putting pressure on our organisations to be at the forefront of management thinking. If we want to maintain our standard of living our rate of change has to be comparative to the rest of the world. But our present day management thinking has evolved from a whole range of influences over an extraordinary long period of time. In his comprehensive book ‘The Evolution of Management Thought’ Daniel A Wren writes: " Within the practices of the past there are lessons of history for tomorrow in a continuous stream. We occupy but one point in this stream. The purpose .. is to present…the past as a prologue to the future." So with the aim of accelerating the development of our management practice for the future let us examine that stream of evolving management thought of the past. Our Christian past has taught that us that there was a beginning (Adam & Eve) and there will be an end (Armageddon) and in between we should hear the word of god and obey his commandments. We therefore tend to think...
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...Professor Roger Palmer, Head of the School of Management, Henley Business School, UK The globalization of companies is the involvement of customers, producers, suppliers, and other stakeholders in the global marketing process. Global marketing therefore reflects the trend of firms selling products and services across many countries. Drawing on an incomparable breadth of international examples, Svend Hollensen not only demonstrates how global marketing works, but also how it relates to real decisions around the world. This book offers a truly global approach with cases and exhibits from all parts of the world, including Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Far East, North and South America. It provides a complete and concentrated overview of the total international marketing planning process, along with many new, up-to-date exhibits and cases, which illustrate the theory by showing practical applications. • Extensive coverage of hot topics such as glocalization, born globals, value creation, value net, celebrity branding, brand piracy, and viral marketing, as well as a comprehensive new section on integrated marketing communication through social networking. • Brand new case studies focus on globally recognized brands and companies operating in a number of countries, including Build-A-Bear Workshop, Hello Kitty, Ralph Lauren and Sony Music Entertainment. • Global Marketing ‘Svend Hollensen writes with real authority and insight having been...
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