...IDENTITY CARD NO. : 3505543 NAME : GEORGE S. OGUTU CONTACT : P. O. BOX 11873-00400, NAIROBI. CELL PHONE : 0722 736 054 OCCUPATION : CIVIL SERVANT EMPLOYER : GOVERNMENT OF KENYA, MINISTRY OF ROADS DISTRICT : SIAYA LOCATION : USONGA SUB-LOCATION : USONGA VILLAGE : NYANDORERA RESIDENCE : RONGAI STATES: I am the above mentioned male adult Kenyan of the above given address, aged 52years. I am employed by the Government of Kenya, Ministry of Roads as a Technologist based in Nairobi’s Industrial Area. I am the owner and Policy Holder of Motor Vehicle Registration Number KAA 572R Nissan Sunny Saloon. I had insured the said Vehicle with M/S Gate-way Insurance Company ** policy Number 010/070/1/140134/2008/11. The cover which was on display as on 1st September, 2012 was valued from 14th November, 2009 to expire on 13th November, 2012. I wish to state as follows:- I do recall that on the 1st day of September, 2012, I gave my vehicle to Keziah Ogutu who is my young sister. She was to use the vehicle to go to her office. At about 8.00 am, she called me and informed me that she had been involved in an accident along Mombasa Road at Bellevue while driving to her office. She further told me that a Pedestrian ran on the road when she collided with the vehicle. She told me that the Pedestrian sustained injuries. I then rushed to the scene and found the Police at the scene. The victim had already been removed from the scene and taken to hospital by an ambulance. After Police...
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...STANDARDS OF SOUND BUSINESS PRACTICES CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT © 2005 The Bank of Jamaica. All rights reserved Bank of Jamaica February 1996 Credit Risk Management Page 2 CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT A. PURPOSE This document sets out the minimum policies and procedures that each licensee needs to have in place and apply within its credit risk management programme, and the minimum criteria it should use, to prudently manage and control its credit portfolio and exposure to credit risk. Experience indicates that credit quality goes hand in hand with financial soundness. Deterioration in credit quality is often a sign of problems in an institution. The major risk accompanying a weakening of the credit portfolio is the impairment of capital or liquidity. For most institutions, extending credit comprises the major portion of their business. To a great extent, therefore, the quality of an institution’s credit portfolio determines the risk to depositors Credit risk management must be conducted within the context of a comprehensive business plan. Although this document focuses on an institution’s responsibility for managing and controlling its credit portfolio and exposure to credit risk, it is not meant to imply that credit risk can be managed in isolation form asset/liability management considerations, such as the need to maintain adequate liquidity, or other risks. B. DEFINITION Credit is the provision of, or a commitment to provide funds or substitutes for funds (both on-...
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...Statistical Methods in Credit Risk Modeling by Aijun Zhang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Statistics) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Professor Vijayan N. Nair, Co-Chair Agus Sudjianto, Co-Chair, Bank of America Professor Tailen Hsing Associate Professor Jionghua Jin Associate Professor Ji Zhu c Aijun Zhang 2009 All Rights Reserved To my elementary school, high school and university teachers ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would express my gratitude to my advisor Prof. Vijay Nair for guiding me during the entire PhD research. I appreciate his inspiration, encouragement and protection through these valuable years at the University of Michigan. I am thankful to Julian Faraway for his encouragement during the first years of my PhD journey. I would also like to thank Ji Zhu, Judy Jin and Tailen Hsing for serving on my doctoral committee and helpful discussions on this thesis and other research works. I am grateful to Dr. Agus Sudjianto, my co-advisor from Bank of America, for giving me the opportunity to work with him during the summers of 2006 and 2007 and for offering me a full-time position. I appreciate his guidance, active support and his many illuminating ideas. I would also like to thank Tony Nobili, Mike Bonn, Ruilong He, Shelly Ennis, Xuejun Zhou, Arun Pinto, and others I first met in 2006 at the Bank. They all persuaded me to jump into the...
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...Credit Risk Management: Credit risk can be defined as risk of failure of customer/counterparty of the bank to meet financial obligations. Another major source of credit risk could be concentration risk, which arises when a bank’s credit portfolio tend to be non-diversified i.e. large single borrower exposure or lending exposure to clients having similar economic factors (single sub-sector, industry, geographic region etc.) that would adversely impact the repayment ability of mass obligor during any possible economic downturn. To ensure the portfolio health, the bank has distributed the overall credit concentration among different segments/industry/trading. For example, branches are primarily responsible for sourcing of potential clients and initiate limit (credit) approval process for review of Credit Risk Management Division (CRMD), this division (CRMD) ensure the quality of credit proposal before limit approval, a separate division known as Credit Administration (CAD) monitors the documentation aspects of approved credits and finally the Legal Recovery Department manages the deteriorating accounts. It is mentionable that the bank has own credit risk management guideline. All other remaining risk in regards to credit portfolio are addressed by the Risk Management Unit (RMU), the primary responsibility of this unit isto identify and assess the severity of risks and highlight the same to the management for strategic decision making. Below are risk wise list of few global model...
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...University of Nottingham Credit Risk Management in Major British Banks By Xiuzhu Zhao 2007 A Dissertation presented in part consideration for the degree of “MA Finance and Investment” Acknowledgement I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor Mrs. Margaret Woods, who has given me strong support and encouragement during the whole research, and I am very appreciate of the expert guidance and inspiration she brought me. I am very grateful to my parents for their love and encouragement during my whole education period. The academic suggestions my father has given help me a lot in designing the dissertation. Last but not least, I would like to thank all my friends especially those in Melton Hall. I will never forget the help they have offered, which raises my confidence in completing this dissertation. i Abstract Credit risk is always treated as the major risk inherent in a bank’s banking and trading activities. And if not well managed, this kind of risk may drag a bank into great trouble or even bankruptcy, which can be proved by various bank failure cases. For banks, managing credit risk is not a simple task since comprehensive considerations and practices are needed for identifying, measuring, controlling and minimizing credit risk. In this dissertation, the credit risk management practices of major British banks are examined through the quantitative research on all Major British Banking Group members and qualitative analysis on the four sample banks....
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...ABSTRACT Risk Management is the application of proactive strategy to plan, lead, organize, and control the wide variety of risks that are rushed into the fabric of an organization„s daily and long-term functioning. Like it or not, risk has a say in the achievement of our goals and in the overall success of an organization. Present paper is to make an attempt to identify the risks faced by the banking industry and the process of risk management. This paper also examined the different techniques adopted by banking industry for risk management. To achieve the objectives of the study data has been collected from secondary sources i.e., from Books, journals and online publications, identified various risks faced by the banks, developed the process of risk management and analyzed different risk management techniques. Finally it can be concluded that the banks should take risk more consciously, anticipates adverse changes and hedges accordingly, it becomes a source of competitive advantage, and efficient management of the banking industry. KEYWORDS: Risk Management, Banking Sector, Credit risk, Market risk, Operating Risk, Gab Analysis, Value at Risk (VatR) _____________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Risk is defined as anything that can create hindrances in the way of achievement of certain objectives. It can be because of either internal factors or external factors, depending upon the type of risk that exists...
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...CREDIT RISK In the process of financial intermediation, the gap of which becomes thinner and thinner, banks are exposed to severe competition and hence are compelled to encounter various types of financial and non-financial risks. Risks and uncertainties form an integral part of banking which by nature entails taking risks. Business grows mainly by taking risk. Greater the risk, higher the profit and hence the business unit must strike a trade off between the two. The essential functions of risk management are to identify, measure and more importantly monitor the profile of the bank. While Non-Performing Assets are the legacy of the past in the present, Risk Management system is the pro-active action in the present for the future. Managing risk is nothing but managing the change before the risk manages. While new avenues for the bank has opened up they have brought with them new risks as well, which the banks will have to handle and overcome. When we use the term “Risk”, we all mean financial risk or uncertainty of financial loss. If we consider risk in terms of probability of occurrence frequently, we measure risk on a scale, with certainty of occurrence at one end and certainty of non-occurrence at the other end. Risk is the greatest where the probability of occurrence or non-occurrence is equal. As per the Reserve Bank of India guidelines issued in Oct. 1999, there are three major types of risks encountered by the banks and these are Credit Risk, Market Risk &...
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...Commercial Banking The first category of credit risk models are the ones based on the original framework developed by Merton (1974) using the principles of option pricing (Black and Scholes, 1973). * the default process of a company is driven by the value of the company’s assets and the risk of a firm’s default is therefore explicitly linked to the variability of the firm’s asset value. * The basic intuition behind the Merton model is relatively simple: default occurs when the value of a firm’s assets (the market value of the firm) is lower than that of its liabilities. * The payment to the debt holders at the maturity of the debt is therefore the smaller of two quantities: the face value of the debt or the market value of the firm’s assets. * Assuming that the company’s debt is entirely represented by a zero-coupon bond, if the value of the firm at maturity is greater than the face value of the bond, then the bondholder gets back the face value of the bond. * However, if the value of the firm is less than the face value of the bond, the shareholders get nothing and the bondholder gets back the market value of the firm. The payoff at maturity to the bondholder is therefore equivalent to the face value of the bond minus a put option on the value of the firm, with a strike price equal to the face value of the bond and a maturity equal to the maturity of the bond. Following this basic intuition, Merton derived an explicit formula for risky bonds which can...
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...Risk Identification There are many tools and techniques for Risk identification. Documentation Reviews • Information gathering techniques o Brainstorming o Delphi technique – here a facilitator distributes a questionnaire to experts, responses are summarized (anonymously) & re-circulated among the experts for comments. This technique is used to achieve a consensus of experts and helps to receive unbiased data, ensuring that no one person will have undue influence on the outcome o Interviewing o Root cause analysis – for identifying a problem, discovering the causes that led to it and developing preventive action • Checklist analysis • Assumption analysis -this technique may reveal an inconsistency of assumptions, or uncover problematic assumptions. • Diagramming techniques o Cause and effect diagrams o System or process flow charts o Influence diagrams – graphical representation of situations, showing the casual influences or relationships among variables and outcomes • SWOT analysis • Expert judgment – individuals who have experience with similar project in the not too distant past may use their judgment through interviews or risk facilitation workshops Risk Analysis Tools and Techniques for Qualitative Risk Analysis • Risk probability and impact assessment – investigating the likelihood that each specific risk will occur and the potential effect on a project...
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...banking industry of Bangladesh. Four 'Focus Groups' were formed with participation from Nationalized Commercial Banks, Private Commercial Banks & Foreign Banks with representatives from the Bangladesh Bank as team coordinators to look into the practices of the best performing banks both at home and abroad. These focus groups identified and selected five core risk areas and produce a document that would be a basic risk management model for each of the five 'core' risk areas of banking. The five core risk areas are as follows- a) Credit Risks; b) Asset and Liability/Balance Sheet Risks; c) Foreign Exchange Risks; d) Internal Control and Compliance Risks; and e) Money Laundering Risks. Bangladesh Bank in one of it’s circular (BRPD Circular no.17) advised the commercial banks of Bangladesh to put in place an effective risk management system by December, 2003 based on the guidelines sent to them. I am working in the Credit Department of Dhaka Bank Limited, Islampur Branch. In this report, I will try to make a comparative analysis between Bangladesh Bank’s suggested best practices guideline for managing credit risk and...
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...CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT BY COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA, A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KCB AND COOPERATIVE BANK, CHUKA BRANCHES BY AMULYOTO FRANKLIN UNGAYA (BB1/02596/10) A Research Proposal Submitted to the Department of Business Administration in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Commerce (Banking and finance option) of Chuka University CHUKA UNIVERSITY AUGUST, 2013. DECLARATION AND APPROVAL This research proposal is my own original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university, either in part or a whole. Amulyoto, F. U. Signature……………………………… Date…………………………………… APPROVAL This research has been submitted for examination with the approval of the following university supervisor: MR. NGENO K. W. A. Department of Business Administration Chuka University Signature………………………… Date……………………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writing of this proposal was made possible through support and encouragement from various persons. I sincerely thank my creator, the Almighty God who has given me grace to carry out my research study. I would also like to thank my supervisor Mr. Ngeno. Through his guidance and correction I was able to come up with this proposal. The gratitude is profound. Special thanks to everyone else who’s input in this work cannot go unmentioned. DEDICATION This research is dedicated to my mother, Mrs. Judith Amulyoto. TABLE OF CONTENTS ...
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...CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT Banks are in the business of risk management and, hence, are incentivized to develop sophisticated risk management systems. The basic components of risk management system are identifying the risks the bank is exposed to, assessing their magnitude, monitoring them, controlling/mitigating them using a variety of procedures and setting aside capital for potential losses. RBI prescribed risk management framework in terms of: a) Asset-Liability Management practices. b) Credit Risk Management. c) Operational Risk Management. d) Stress testing by Indian Banks in the perspective of international practices. BANKING RISKS: It can be categorized into: i) Business-related Risks. ii) Capital-related Risks. Business Related Risks: The business related risks to which banks are exposed are associated with their operational activities and market environment. They fall into six categories: namely, a) Credit Risk b) Market Risk c) Country Risk d) Business Environment Risk e) Operational Risk f) Group Risk Note: Market Risk comprising of interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, equity price risk; commodity price risk and liquidity risk; Credit Risk: Credit risk, a major risk faced by banks, is inherent to any business of lending funds to individuals, corporate, trade, industry, agriculture, transport, or banks/financial institutions. It is defined as the possibility of loses associated with a diminution in the credit...
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...Basel Committee on Banking Supervision International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards A Revised Framework Comprehensive Version This document is a compilation of the June 2004 Basel II Framework, the elements of the 1988 Accord that were not revised during the Basel II process, the 1996 Amendment to the Capital Accord to Incorporate Market Risks, and the 2005 paper on the Application of Basel II to Trading Activities and the Treatment of Double Default Effects. No new elements have been introduced in this compilation. June 2006 Requests for copies of publications, or for additions/changes to the mailing list, should be sent to: Bank for International Settlements Press & Communications CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland E-mail: publications@bis.org Fax: +41 61 280 9100 and +41 61 280 8100 © Bank for International Settlements 2006. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISBN print: 92-9131-720-9 ISBN web: 92-9197-720-9 Contents Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1 Structure of this document........................................................................................................6 Part 1: Scope of Application .....................................................................................................7 I. Introduction.....................
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...than ever for risk managers to have a clear understanding of sound credit risk management principles and processes. The Handbook of Credit Risk Management presents a comprehensive overview of the practice of credit risk management (CRM) for large institutions. In this hands-on resource, Sylvain Bouteillé and Diane Coogan-Pushner—noted experts on the topic of financial risk management—offer a comprehensive framework and solutions helpful not just for financial institutions, pension funds, or other institutions with large invested asset portfolios, but also for non-financial corporations or any organization having critical customer, supplier, banking, or counterparty relationships. The Handbook is written in a straightforward, accessible style and presented in a logical format that is consistent with a commonly employed risk management framework. This reliable resource offers a holistic treatment of CRM and includes a checklist of nine key questions that must be answered before accepting any transaction generating credit risk. In addition, the authors outline the four sequential steps to the management of credit risk—origination, credit assessment, portfolio management, and mitigation and transfer—and show how these steps must interact to protect an organization's balance sheet. Comprehensive in scope, this book covers a wealth of topics including fundamental and alternative credit analysis, securitization, credit portfolio management, economic capital, credit insurance, surety...
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...an agreement. It occurs when bad credit risks (firms with poor investment channels and high inherent risks) become more probable to acquire loans than good credit risks (firms with better investment opportunities and less inherent risks). Moral Hazard is the associated problem of information asymmetry that arises after the parties to a contract reach an agreement. It arises when the borrower has an incentive to breach the loan covenants by investing in ‘immoral projects’ which are unacceptable to the borrower and also have a high possibility of default. Both these risks occur because of the lenders’ imperfect knowledge about the borrowers and their activities. For Financial institutions, information asymmetry inherent to credit disbursement is a key risk that needs to be managed. II. Bangladesh Bank Guidelines for Credit Risk Management As the central bank and apex regulatory body for the country's monetary and financial system, Bangladesh Bank provides a number of recommended policy and procedural guidelines to the financial sector that are directional in nature and aims to improve the risk management culture. Policy guidelines of Bangladesh Bank include Lending Guidelines, Credit Assessment & Risk Grading, Approval Authority, Segregation of Duties and Internal Audit while Procedural Guidelines include Credit Approval, Administration, Monitoring and Recovery. III. Credit Risk Management System of Trust Bank Limited The Risk Management Committee of Trust Bank...
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