...Capital punishment is what I consider, “The legal” punishment of a criminal. Capital punishment has been used as a form of punishment for many years. In the modern world capital punishment is more controlled. Although, when capital punishment is mentioned it brings shivers down the back of most of society. Being it is a factor of death, capital punishment, should not be taken so lightly. The term capital does not represent or signify any ideas in a negative aspect. Capital is defined as first or foremost; first rate or excellent. Punishment, on the other hand, is defined as the rough handling or penalization for a wrong doing. Neither of these terms, when mentioned individually signify anything in the negative aspect. Although when these two terms are combined there is a lot more meaning to them than just excellent or penalization. These now strictly signify, death. (Capital) Capital punishment has been a form of “disciplining” since 1750 B.C., when it was part of the code of Hammurabi. The bible itself, also prescribes death as a penalty for any of thirty crimes committed. The crimes ranged from any between murder and fornication. In the 18th century more than two hundred capital crimes were recognized, and as a result over one thousand people a year were faced with the sentence of death. (History) Nowadays in the modern-world, the death penalty, has been rekindled. Although, it is not as barbaric as it was. Now the law only allows itself the use certain...
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...to Prof: Hannosour M. Cali Title Chapter IV Fruition of Punishment and Penalty Corporal Punishment is derived from a Latin word meaning body. It meant physical punishment and in the past it was very common. In the past corporal punishment was by no means limited to children. It was used on adults as well. Flogging has been a common punishment since ancient times. Jesus was flogged before crucified. In England from the Middle Ages Whipping was a common punishment for minor crimes. In the 18th century whipping or flogging was a common punishment in the British Army and Navy. This punishment Meant beating a person across the backside with birch twigs. Once a common punishment in schools it could also be imposed by the courts for minor offences. Birching civilians was banned in Britain in 1948 (except in prisons where it was used until 1962). Meanwhile for thousands of years until the late 20th century teachers beat children. In the Ancient World the teachers were strict and often beat the pupils. In the Middle Ages Discipline was also severe. Boys were beaten with rods or birch twigs. Punishments in Tudor schools were still harsh. The teachers often had a stick with birch twigs attached to it. Boys were hit with birch twigs on their bare buttocks. Public humiliation is the dishonoring showcase of a person, usually an offender or a prisoner, especially in a public place. It was regularly used as a form of punishment in former times, and is still practiced by different means...
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...What: In the 19th century the big question that this reform movement was all about was “Are these criminals to be treated like criminals or like human beings.” Another big problem was that prisons were used as punishment for serious crimes but legislatures wouldn’t supply the prisons with the money to run them. Since they didn’t have the money to fund these prisons they couldn’t have large amounts of inmates which they did in the 19th century so instead of holding them they rehabilitate them. Since there were so many prisoners prisons had chaos and the guards were forced to use torture to keep the inmates in line. (A) WHo: Dorothea Dix had a big impact on the prison reform movement. She helped inmates who were mentally ill in the US. She believed that the prisoners were being mistreated and deserved better treatment than they were...
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...Purpose and history For all the crimes the colonists committed, there were plenty of punishments to choose from. Most of the punishments were public, where heavy use of shame and shaming was included. Through the method of shaming, the criminal justice system meant more to teach a lesson than simply punish the offender. The “criminal” was almost always male. However, punishment for such crimes as witchcraft, infanticide, and adultery fell heavily on the women. In addition, much of the blame and punishment for crimes was attributed to those in the lowest rank in society. Whipping was the most commonly used form of punishment, especially in the south with slaves. Other frequently used punishments included branding, cutting off ears, and placing people in the pillory. These punishments were sometimes harsher, depending on the crimes committed. In the American colonies, executions were less common than in England. However, when such a method was used, it was most often a public hanging. Usually capital offenses, such as murder or rape, or repeated serious offenses constituted a need for an execution. Imprisonment was uncommon in colonial America since the budding colonies did not have people to spare to keep the community in order. Every person was valuable for their working ability, and losing even one worker to law keeping was neither reasonable nor an efficient use of resources. In addition, colonial communities rarely had enough extra money to build a prison and feed prisoners...
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... Instructors Name History of Punishment History of punishment exists since of thousands of years. Though, it is very tough to decide when exactly human civilization started punishment system. There are some records to support the start of punishment system. The earliest legal code may have been that of Ur-Nammu, Founder of third dynasty of Ur at about 2050 BC. In this legal code actually a person will have to pay for something he does wrong. Usually the payment will be done in Silver Mina. Later, In Samarian records there was actually death penalty was given at murder trial. In the “Law of Eshunna” the upper class and lower class were given different punishment. This law use to cover every aspect of social life including marriage, divorce, Loans etc. The punishments were in form of monetary. The code of Hammurabi written around 1750 BC. By this code, abiding principle was Talio which has to do with mutilating the part of the body which has committed crime. In the kingdom, the legal rights and judicial process were available for everyone. But slaves and prisoners of war were not included in this judicial process. In this code, death penalty was very common. In biblical era, the punishments follow Hammurabi law. Romans also borrowed their Law from Hammurabi. Later in 450 BC they made “Twelve Tables” to ensure the rights of average citizens...
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...system has evolved since ancient times, with new forms of punishment, added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms. These developments have reflected changing customs, political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through the Middle Ages, exile was a common form of punishment. During the Middle Ages, payment to the victim (or the victim's family), known as wergild, was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of corporal punishment. These included mutilation, branding, and flogging, as well as execution. Though a prison, Le Stinche, existed as early as the 14th century in Florence, Italy,[18] incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated by William Penn, towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, Pennsylvania's criminal code was revised to forbid torture and other forms of cruel punishment, with jails and prisons replacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's death in 1718. Under pressure from a group of Quakers, these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's crime rate. Patrick Colquhoun, Henry Fielding and others led significant reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.[19] [edit] Modern policeThe first modern police force...
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...During the 19th century long into the 20th century lynching, became a popular form of punishment. Generally this punishment was only reserved for the most vile of criminals, but during this particular time in our history being a specific ethnicity was the crime, racial tension grew throughout the United States and lynching was often accompanied by sever beatings, and humiliating taunts issued by a leering crowd. Lynching, in the United States, has influenced and been influenced by the major social conflicts in the country, revolving around the American frontier, Reconstruction, and the American Civil Rights Movement. Originally, lynching meant any extra-judicial punishment, including tarring and feathering and running out of town, but during the 19th century in the United States, it began to be used to refer specifically to murder, usually by hanging. lynching was seen by some as a positive alternative and by others a negative alternative. . On the American frontier, where the power of the police and the army was tenuous to, lynching was seen by some as a positive alternative complete lawlessness. In the Reconstruction-era South, lynching of blacks was used, especially by the first Ku Klux Klan, as a tool for reversing the social changes brought on by Federal occupation. This type of racially motivated lynching continued in the Jim Crow era as a way of enforcing subservience and preventing economic competition, and into the twentieth century as a method of resisting the civil...
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...The first half of the 19th century represented a watershed in the history of state punishment. Capital punishment was now regarded as an inappropriate sanction for many crimes. The shaming sanctions, like the stocks, were regarded as outdated. By mid-century, imprisonment had replaced capital punishment for most serious offences - except for that of murder. Ideas relating to penal reform were becoming increasingly popular thanks to the work of a few energetic reformers. Many of these ideas were related to the rehabilitation of offenders. Religious groups like the Quakers and the Evangelicals were highly influential in promoting ideas of reform through personal redemption. The 19th century saw the birth of the state prison. The first...
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...discusses a general examination of the death penalty. Also referred to as capital punishment, the death penalty is a process where a convict is to be put to death as punishment for a crime. The author reports that as centuries have passed, society’s view on the subject has changed. Most countries today have completely disregarded the practice and others have simply modified it. The reason for the need to adjust is based mostly on the argument that the death penalty violates human rights. Bedau goes on in his article to discuss other details about the subject in sections that include modes of capital punishment, symbolism, incapacitation, deterrence, retribution, the moral basis of abolition, and alternatives. To begin with, the death penalty developed worldwide during the 19th century. According to the article some modes of capital punishment ranged from beheading to boiling in oil. The process symbolized a “ceremony” where the criminal was paying for his sins. Today, procedures are no longer centralized on religion. Thus, the new methods inflict less pain on the felon and have greater efficiency. The next few sections in the article consist of information on incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution. As stated in the article, the norm is that the use of punishment convinces potential criminals not to commit crimes. In addition, more abolitionists now accept that the death penalty is the worst punishment a murderer can receive. They argue that those charged with smaller offenses...
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...Jails and Prisons Sarrita Will CJA/234 January 13, 2014 Helen Ford Jails and Prisons From 1790 to 1995 the criminal justice system went through nine different eras: penitentiary, mass prison, reformatory, industrial, punitive, treatment, community-based, warehousing, and just desserts. Each era described the jails place in corrections and outlines the role of jails throughout history to the present day. The Pennsylvania Quakers believed that honest labor would be the best and most humane way to deal with offenders and their irrational behavior within the community. In the year of 1786 convicts that were put to work on public projects. To distinguish the convicts from the public they wore clothes that were bright and shabby along with a ball and chain that was attached at their ankles. This was believed to prevent offenders from escaping into the community (University of Phoenix, 2011). As the criminal justice system evolved humiliation turned towards incarceration. With the population growing someone had to manage these lock-ups and the control was given to the local areas. Within the lock-ups there would be a mixture of women and men, and petty thieves with violent offenders. As the population grew not only counties but states as well began to maintain their own correctional systems. The correctional systems were managed by local sheriff department (Texas Education Agency, 2011). The duties of these departments housed suspects until their trial or sentencing, provide...
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...execution for murder and other serious crimes, which are punishable by death. The term capital punishment was borrowed from Latin word capitallis meaning related to head. It, therefore, referred to the one commonly used the method of execution, beheading. Death penalty and capital are terms widely used together to mean the same. However, some people have argued that the terms might not be the same. They believe that capital punishment might not necessarily result into a death penalty since the penalty might be translated into life incarceration. Throughout history, people have found wise to repay a victim by death for wrongs committed against them. For purposes of personal retribution and religious influence, death was seen as the best punishment one can be handed for committing a crime. However, this notion has significantly changed over time with some countries abolishing it completely while others have reduced the offences punishable by death. Historically some of the common crimes that were punishable by death included murder, adultery, robbery with violence, apostasy, rape, treason and some military offenses. These crimes are however different among countries. China, for example, punishes serious corruption crimes by death. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Qatar, which derive their legal system from Sharia law, also have different crimes, which are subjected to a death penalty. Such countries are most likely to have wider pools of crimes punishable by death. The Death...
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...Corrections There is no doubt that crime has been around since the beginning of time. It seems that crime will forever be present within society. It was societies’ decision to provide punishment for people who commit crimes. At some point in time, it became a unified idea to have some place to house criminals. The division of the criminal justice system that is responsible for housing criminals is known as The Department of Corrections. The Department of Corrections gives communities protection by providing jails and prisons for criminals. These facilities allow offenders to receive fair service while serving their time. The mission of places to house criminals is to reduce the risk of criminal conduct through a partnership with communities, with a continuum of community supervision, incarceration, sanctions and services to manage offender behavior. The fundamental value in the continuum of probation, prison, and parole is the principle that the least restrictive method be used to oversee offender behavior (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2009). Corrections have been around for quite some time. During the 1700’s, prisons were a terrible environment for prisoners. Prisons were nasty and did not provide good care for prisoners. The prisons were unsanitary and many prisoners got sick because of the filthy conditions. It has been proven that many times prisoners did not eat properly in prison and they received harsh corporal punishment on a regular basis. As time progressed,...
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...history of prison development was established. The history of punishment for those who committed their crimes will be in focus. We will compare the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system to each other. Finally, the impact of prison labor overtime shall be discussed. For some the purpose of prison is to protect society from criminals who intend to harm innocent civilians. For others a prison's purpose is to rehabilitate citizens who need skills to become upstanding members of society. Still others believe that a prison provides a way for criminals to be punished and therefore pay their debt to society. Within the correctional system of America there are varying degrees of incarceration. The history of punishment in corrections of prisons can be dated back as far as 1750 B.C. One of the earliest known written codes that specified different types of offenses and punishments was the Code of Hammurabi. The Code of Hammurabi was divided into sections to cover different types of offenses and contained descriptions of the punishments to be imposed to offenders. (Lych, 2014) There were five punishments common in Europe before the 1770s: Galley slavery, imprisonment, transportation, corporal punishment and death. Prisons were virtually nonexistent before the 1700s; prison was not considered a serious punishment for crime, and was seldom used. Instead, governments imprisoned people who were awaiting trial or punishment whereupon they would receive the more common capital or corporal...
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...Frederick Hammond Ms.Alchorn English 111 13th February 2011 Crime & Punishment In The Victorian Era The stripping of a person’s freedom has been used since ancient times as a punishment. However, until the late eighteenth century ( Victorian era) in England, it was unusual for guilty people to be imprisoned for long terms. Hanging and transportation (deportation) were the main punishments for serious offences. Prisons served as lock- ups for debtors and holding cells were the accused were kept before trial. However, by the Victorian era, prison had become an acceptable punishment for serious offenders and it was also seen as a means to prevent crime. It had become the primary form of punishment for a wide range of offences from stealing bread to adultery. As towns grew to cities and villages grew to towns the crime level increased dramatically in England, citizens became more and more worried about how criminals could be kept under control. There was also public unease at the number of people being hung. By the 1830’s, many areas in Australia were refusing to be the dumping-ground’ for Britain’s criminals. There were more criminals than could be transported. The answer to this problem was to reform the police and to build more prisons: 90 prisons were built or added all across Britain between 1842 and 1877. This was a massive building program, costing the crown millions of pounds. By the mid Victorian period, there were two distinct prison systems in England. There...
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...Define and discuss the classical school of criminology? In particular, address the contributions of Beccaria and Bentham to the debate about punishment and the impact of these contributions in modern corrections? * Perceptual Research on General Deterrence: A Critical Review * Kirk R. Williams and Richard Hawkins * Law & Society Review, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1986), pp. 545-572 * Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Law and Society Association * Article DOI: 10.2307/3053466 * Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/stable/3053466 2. .) In all societies certain kinds of behaviour are either encouraged or discouraged by a set of social rules, from mild discouragers such as frowns of disapproval to applause of approval. Behaviours that infringe upon the happiness of others or their property or the general wellbeing of those within the community were discouraged with stronger means such as verbal abuse, beatings and banishment. (Allen and Simonsen, 1998) 3. Theorists such as von Hentig of the early 1900’s proposed that Bentham’s theory of deterrence was invalid due to the fact that the pleasure of committing a crime is a “near object” whereas the consequence of crime imposed by the legal system is a “long-distance danger” and is unable to counteract the immediate rewards of crime. (Paternoster, 2010, p773) HOW MUCH DO WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT CRIMINAL DETERRENCE? Paternoster, Raymond Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology;...
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