...the premise of crime can be found in the relationship an individual needs to social structures and foundations. As indicated by social structure theory, the United States is a stratified society, where there are a couple of thousand "super rich" making more than $5 million every year, and 40 million Americans who live underneath the neediness line, ascertained at about $22,000 every year for a group of four. Those living in neediness confront deadlock employments, unemployment, and social disappointment. On account of their small monetary assets, lower-class nationals are regularly compelled to live in poor zones checked by substandard lodging, deficient health awareness, and tenants as opposed to property holders, poor instructive open doors, underemployment, and sadness (Crothers, 2013). These markers of neighborhood disorder are exceedingly prescient of crime rates. The issues of lower-class society are especially intense for racial and ethnic minorities, who have a salary level altogether underneath that of whites and an unemployment rate just about twice as high. In the inward urban communities, more than a large portion of all dark men don't complete secondary school. Also, they confront the load of bigotry and racial stereotyping. Examination demonstrates that whites are unwilling to living in or going by dark neighborhoods on the grounds that they think of them as crime-ridden, regardless of the fact that these areas really have moderately low crime rates (Crothers...
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...The primary source of data for consideration were governmental compilations of statistical information having to do with crime. One of the most important sources is the National Crime Victimization Survey. The NCVS is unique as a record of criminal victimization as reported directly by Americans, not filtered through police reports. Along with many of the other articles, this one also has many percentages and tables showing differences between Whites and Blacks in arrest rates. One table shows the arrest rates for murder, rape, robbery, assault, and car theft between Asians, Whites, Indians, and Blacks. In all categories the percentage of Blacks is higher than all other racial groups. They state that, “The calculations from the NCVS indicate...
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.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Uniform Crime Reports UCR Program from the FBI collects information on crimes reported to law enforcement authorities such as murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. The this data is compiled from monthly law enforcement reports made directly to the FBI or to centralized state agencies that then report to the FBI. Each report submitted to the UCR Program is examined for reasonableness, accuracy, and deviations that may indicate errors. Any variations in crime levels may indicate modified records procedures, incomplete reporting, or changes in a jurisdiction's boundaries. To identify any unusual anomalies in an agency's crime counts, monthly reports are compared with previous submissions of the agency and with those for similar agencies.This report also includes detailed data on crimes cleared, persons arrested for a wide range of crimes, law enforcement personnel, and the characteristics of homicides such as age, sex, race of victims, and circumstances surrounding the homicides. The UCR presents crime counts for the Nation as a whole, as well as for regions, states, counties, cities, towns, tribal law enforcement, and colleges and universities. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is created by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and provides a detailed picture of crime incidents, the victims, and its trends. They improved the...
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...2003 THESIS: WORKPLACE AS IT RELATES TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE I INTRODUCTION: • Crime and violence • Workplace violence a major concern • The three entities involved II STATISTICS • The Bureau of Justice Statistics • Statistics from 1992 to 1996 • National Crime Victimization Survey and The Bureau of Labor Statistic III WORKPLACE VIOLENCE A LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUE • Responsibility of Law Enforcement • The impact and ramification • The direction of Law Enforcement IV WORKPLACE VIOLENCE A CORRECTIONAL ISSUE • Correctional facilities a breathing ground for violence • Domestic violence to workplace violence • Introduction of a new program V WORKPLACE VIOLENCE A PRIVATE SECURITY ISSUE • The direction of Professional security • The scope of Professional security • The challenge of Professional security INTRODUCTION Initially, when we consider crime and violence the average American may envision or think of the inner city streets, area populated by “lower class status”, and poor neighborhoods. They may even think of sub cultural conflict, or conflict overseas. Then when asked what causes violence, the average American may consider poverty, racial disparity, ineffective families, substance abuse, and the list goes on. In most cases the average American maybe right, in their estimate of crime and violence. However, we tend to avoid or exclude the issue of crime and violence in the workplace. Workplace violence has become an issue that should be...
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...Is How Crime Measured in the United States Accurate? LT B February 14, 2014 Is How Crime Measured in the United States Accurate? America's system of reporting crime has undergone a number of changes over the years since its inception in the early 1900s. Some would argue that the system data is invalid and does not accurately reflect the crimes committed, reported, or prosecuted, and neither is it indicative of the cause for criminal behavior. Nonetheless, this system is the only source available with any form of useful data relating to crime. Is there a more reliable alternative to measuring crime and collecting pertinent data? In America, law enforcement agencies use criminal statistic reports to measure crime; however, these statistics do not account for crimes that go unreported, reported crimes that did not lead to arrests, and charges reduced through plea-bargaining. When it comes to analyzing crime statistics a person must use his or her own critical thinking skills. Not all crime statistics will be accurate as it is an attempt to provide the American public with general information gathered that may not be in detail. The subject of Information is key, at the basic level a person should have knowledge in the description of the crime. There are a numerous amount of questions a person must take into consideration when it comes to reading and reviewing these reports. For example, 1.) Examine the source and whether or not it is reliable and trustworthy 2.) Acknowledge...
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...Having the victim to open up and build a relationship with the law enforcement member doing the interview, A brief history of the person such as marriage, family, and location of extended family, additionally this allows the In the event of suspect or danger to the partner, mom, dad, sisters, brothers, and children. The place of employment to not the route and routine the victim goes through each day. Items out of the ordinary for the day are pieced as a probable cause of the action being more likely to occur than a typical day. Once the basics are outlined the story or capturing of the ordeal this can be compared with a painting, to writing a story as there need to be information on who was involved. What was around and used to commit the crime, this can also be the weapon or the item creating harm? Where creating a canvas to search the possibility to question anyone else who would have been in that area or should have been in the location on a regular basis make the possibility for a suspect. This proceeds to who was around is there any idea of the name or description of the person responsible of the...
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...intention of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) developed to uncover? What does data from the NCVS tell us about crime in the United States today? * The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is an annual survey of selected American households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the extent of criminal victimization-especially unreported victimization-in the United States. The data tells us that procedures are based largely on reports to the police by victims of crime. 2. Identify and explain the significant differences between the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). * The URC consists of monthly aggregate crime counts. Records one offense per incident, as determined by the hierarchy rule, which suppresses courts of lesser offenses in multiple- offences incidents. Does not distinguish between attempted and completed crimes. Records rape of females only. Collects assault information of five categories. Collects weapon information for murder, robbery, and aggravated assault. Provides counts on arrests for the eight major crimes and 21 other offenses. The NIBRS is consists of individual incident records for the eight major crimes and 38 other offenses, with detailed on offense, victim, offender, and property involved. Records each offense occurring in an incident. Distinguishes between attempted and completed crimes. Records rape of males...
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...In the article Victims and Offenders in Two Crime Statistics Programs: A Comparison of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), (herein after NCVS and NIBRS will be called “systems” when referencing the statistics of the nature of the crimes), the comparison of the two reporting systems for crimes are similar. These two reporting systems are a visual representation of the crimes that are reported. They do not account for crimes that are not reporting or crimes that are reported after the date. They report crime only when there is an official report, such as one by the officer that comes to the scene of the crime to take statements from the individuals. NCVS and NIBRS are only report burglary, larceny, aggravated assault, and vehicle theft. They do not report on more serious crimes such as rape or murder. Every report was different for males and females. Males where committing more crimes than female in every category mentioned above for offenders. Aggravated assault victims had more male than female. The crimes where committed against males more than females. This was reported by both systems noting that males where victimized more than females. Robbery was the same way noting that males were victimized more than females. Larceny and vehicle theft on both systems display white people has have being the must victimized out the other races. This includes white males and white females. This is broke down to head of...
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...a gatekeeper: funding, resources, knowledge, success. Terms: No Child Left Behind, Race to the Top, credentialism, Output efficiency: How many people can u graduate standardized testing, grassroots, astroturf, business model, quality education, tracking, Ability grouping: also called tracking standardized testing Rodriguez v. San Antonio: says that quality education is not guaranteed by the us constitution only a desk Property tax: taxes on residential and commercial property in a school district to fund the school, Foundations: A way to funnel private money into a school The Houston Miracle: the basis for no student left behind, ended up being a lie 2. Crime and the Criminal Justice System. a. Types of crime (and examples) and extent of crime: UCR, NCVS, comparison, trend, resources/cost. b. Street crime: perception and treatment and pressure on CJ system, consequences. c. CJ system and the poor: public defenders, contract system, court appointed lawyer, plea bargaining. d. CJ system and race: racial profiling, disproportionate arrests and convictions,...
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...chemical defense sprays or stun guns, and the rationale is the same. Law-abiding citizens are disarmed of any possible effective means of self-defense because of the possibility of criminals obtaining and misusing these weapons. Ironically, not one of these laws has done a single thing to reduce crime in this country. Quite the contrary, history has shown that with each passing of these laws crime has increased (“A National Crime Victimization Survey Report,” 1992). Had there been one armed citizen at Sandy Hook Elementary School this tragedy may have had a different outcome. Point in fact Connecticut already has a ban on an assault weapons purchased after October 1st 1993 (NRA-ILA), but since an “assault weapon” was not used, which was in fact found locked in the trunk of the car of the shooter and misreported by the media for their own purposes. This current media frenzy is nothing more than an attempt to push through stringent and gun control laws that will only be followed by law abiding Americans who fear reprisal of the government. Interestingly, the US Department of Justice points to the armed citizen as possibly, the most effective deterrent to crime in the nation. Wright and Rossi questioned over 1,800 felons serving time in prisons across the nation and found: 81 % agreed the "smart...
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...Rape: A Modern Crime RAPE: A MODERN CRIME The definition of forcible rape was established in the 1920s and has remained relatively unchanged since that time. According to the FBIs website, rape is narrowly defined as “The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.” While the FBIs Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) shows that rape statistics have dropped from 2002 to 2010, it’s difficult to verify if these statistics are accurate. There are two major factors that skew the statistics for reported rape cases. First, rape often goes unreported by victims due to embarrassment or fear of reprisal by the perpetrator(s). Secondly, the narrow definition of rape excludes the number of cases reported by would be victims. Fortunately, the definition of rape was revamped in 2012 and has broadened the reporting criteria for this terrible crime. Changes include the perpetrator gender, physical resistance and the instances in which the victim is incapable of giving consent (Affairs, 2012). These changes will undoubtedly change the number of reported rapes committed and impact crime statistics greatly. It was just another ordinary summer day on July 6, 2011 in Stafford, Virginia. The sun was shining, birds sang their songs and children could be hear playing about. For one woman, this ordinary day would turn into...
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...words) Using appropriate statistical and/or graphical techniques examine how each of your IVs is associated with the DV. Use appropriate tests of statistical significance to see whether it is reasonable to infer these associations to the population represented by the survey. Obtain and consider strength of association statistics and reflect on what these show / mean. Succinctly summarise these two analyses in one paragraph. When looking at this crosstabulation of data from the British Crime Survey regarding the relationship between gender and fear of being raped (see Appendix 1) it seems clear that women are much more worried than men. This is exemplified by the fact that over 90% of women stated that they are worried about being raped compared to the 9.8% that admitted to being worried. In fact, almost 70% of men said they are not worried at all whereas only 30.1% on women claimed to have no concerns. When evaluating the crosstabulation of data from the British Crime Survey regarding the relationship between social class and fear of being raped (see Appendix 2) it seems a lot more evenly spread than that of the one concerning gender. In terms of being the most worried, it seems that people in higher technical occupations have a higher fear of being raped. What is interesting however is that this category also holds the highest number of people who are not worried about being raped. In order to analyse this effectively, it seems the necessary thing to do is look...
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...Victimization Amira Shade Professor Robert Roth CRJ 105 Crime and Criminal Behavior November 1 , 2014 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss when a criminal attacks a victim whether it may be physical or not it can cause harm to the victim in different ways. Many situations can lead to a person becoming a victim of a crime and this paper will discuss some theories of victimization. Also, there researched can be used to obtain data on crimes that were not reported to law enforcement from victims. 1. Introduction Over the past several decades the tendency was to blame the victim when it came to the psychology and the dynamics of victimhood. Although, in past years blaming the victim was common, more recently this has changed. It is politically incorrect to exploit the role of victims in instances of crime cases. No matter what the circumstances or the case the victim does not deserve to be blamed for their own victimization. Many may feel that due to their particular lifestyle or where the victim may live precipitates causes for someone to become victimized. In many instances it has been thought that the victim’s behavior precipitates why they may be victimized. They are said to put these criminal acts in motion by exhibiting provocative or risky behavior. This may include picking arguments or even possibly using other gestures. (Miethe, 1993) Even though victims should not be blames for their own victimization, criminologist...
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...Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Christian Viejo CJS/239 September 12th, 2012 Bob Young Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Imagine living in a world where there is nothing that is tracked. We would have no way of knowing our history as we do now and will only have what someone makes up. In order to know our history and the history around, it is important to take notes and keep a record of all events. The same goes for keeping track of other items such as crimes. It is important to keep track of this information so that we can pick up and trends that may be caught on and help prevent the crimes in the future. In order to keep track of this information, there are certain tools that help keep track of it. We will discuss those tools and the differences of them. We will also discuss the impact of victimization and how the data can help prevent crimes against someone in the future. Common Sources of Crime Reporting Data According to the “National Institute of Justice” (2009), there are two major reports that are used to collect data on crimes within our country. The first of these reports is called the Uniform Crime Reports, also known as UCR. The second of these is called the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Someone may ask why there are two different sources being used and the answer is simple. Each report although collects similar information, collect different information and is used by different agencies. The Uniform Crime...
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...........................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 3.1.2 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 3.4.2 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................................27 4.2 Routine Activity Theory ...........................................................................33 5. AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ...........................................................38 6. CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................44 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
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