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...Societies in this century and the previous ones have been victims to unlawful, racial discriminated unrests. Unrests which have been known to be quite damaging not only to the victims of the act but rather the community as well. Regardless of the government’s ability to control and manage any offensive events in the community, cases still seem to arise in the community. It’s evident for a need communication and an understanding of crisis management, peaceful resolutions to the crisis in order to obtain a community fracas and hostile free. As a professional in the at Egan criminal justice organization, in a crime ridden community. The case study addresses the flawed emergency response to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. This study, however experienced challenges that come with gathering and interpretation of information from the sites of study. The study suffered from financial constraints. The expenses for the study eventually were significantly lower than the estimated budget. This was from factors such as insufficient resources from local station. The institution had a misalignment...
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...the criminal justice system today. Effective research methods have the ability to open and close cases. Those interested in the criminal justice field have a wide range of research methods at their disposal. The terminology involved is also a very important aspect when used in the study of criminology and criminal justice. This paper will explore some of the various research methods that are applied to the criminal justice system and explain how the knowledge of the terminology involved can be a valuable tool within these methods of research. Empirical Research in Criminal Justice Although research in criminal justice varies considerably, there are five general steps that are followed in order to conduct research. The first step is called problem formulation. This is the selection and specification of the area that will be investigated. The next step is research design which is the type of experimental or non-experimental approach, with the use of control groups and studying group(s) at one time or over a period of time. The third step is data collection methods which give a choice of various methods to be used such as observation, questionnaires, or interviews. The fourth step is analysis and presentation of findings which is to summarize report and when necessary statistically analyze and present findings. The fifth step is conclusions, interpretations, and limitations which is what the researcher believes the study explains. Quantitative Research in criminal Justice ......
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...Introduction An effective research method in the criminal justice system is essential and using these methods gives the ability to successfully open and close cases. People who work in criminal justice system have a wide selection of research methods and tools at their disposal. Throughout this paper we will discuss various research methods that are used within the criminal justice system as well as the terminology associated with the research. We will discuss the importance of knowing the proper terminology for research in the criminal justice system and how not knowing the proper terminology affects you as you conduct criminal justice research. We will also look at the benefits of knowing the terminology when evaluating and analyzing research. Research Process In order to properly grasp the importance of research and the terminology within the criminal justice system we must first ask, what is research? Research is the systematic investigation into the study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions (Press, 2010). The process of research can vary significantly, but there are five steps generally followed when conducting research. Formulation is the first step and this is when the selection and specification of an area to be investigated. The second step in the research process is research design this is the type of approach will be used, such as experimental or non-experimental using study groups or controlled groups. The third step is......
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...CASE STUDY 2 Criminal Justice professionals have certain responsibilities and duties in order to fulfill the needs of society. Criminal justice professionals are the backbone to any society and they are given certain authority and power by the government to protect its citizens. This sets them apart from the general population. They are expected to fulfill the vast amount of duties expected of them in a professional manner. Criminal justice professionals are expected to have very high moral standard therefore in order for the citizens to feel safe they have to remain vigilant and professional; they are not expected to be any discrimination or biasness at all, during the commission of their duties. Law enforcement, correctional system and legal system are a few of the criminal justice professions that are entrusted by the government with the powers to protect and serve the citizens of the country. Law enforcement officer’s role is public safety, which can officially be broken down in different functions, enforcing the law, keeping the peace and protection of life and property. In carrying out the function law enforcement officer have to exercise discretion. Without law enforcement we would have anarchy and crime would be more prevalent. Policing is as much as helping people and maintaining community quality of life as it is about enforcing the law and apprehending criminals. In today’s multicultural and diverse......
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... Research Methods in Criminal Justice July 24, 2012 Abstract When people are learning about the criminal justice, they learn that research method and terminology plays a major role in the academic and law enforcement field. These research methods and terminologies used daily with the police officers or detectives for investigation cases. Effective research methods and terminologies also used by attorneys or paralegals in criminal justice field to open and close cases in the court. Research methods are the tools that identify the issues in criminal justice from its point of view and base on the nonscientific problem or issue. “Knowledge is why people create reality and describe by Comte. This paper tells different type of research methods that are applied in the criminal justice field and how the terminology involved with these types of research methods. Scientific Research in Criminal Justice In many criminal justice fields, the law enforcements start to gather the documents and data information. They begin to observe the information or facts about the crime. Many of them use a systematic method to check the information such as asking questions about who, what, where, when, why, and how of the crime. They begin to gathering the piece together, by the facts and determining if there is enough evidence for the case. The hypothesis takes a part of the case to help gathering the information for the crime.......
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...Accountability has become Hostage of Plea Bargain. Does Plea Bargaining Undermine the Criminal Justice System? Legal and Social Impacts on Society. Student’s Name Institution Contents 1.1 Background to the Study...............................................................................................4 1.2 Purpose of the Study.....................................................................................................5 1.3 Research Objectives......................................................................................................5 1.4 Research Questions.......................................................................................................6 1.5 Significance of the Study..............................................................................................6 2.0 Methodology/ Research Design.....................................................................................6 2.1 Sampling Design............................................................................................................7 2.2 Sample Size....................................................................................................................7 2.3 Data Collection and Analysis.........................................................................................7 2.4 Validity and Reliability..................................................................................................8 2.5 Skills Required......................
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...Problems within the Criminal Justice System In the United States Abstract: This research paper explores some problems faced within the criminal system justice in the United States. Larry J. Siegel’s book “Criminology” gives us a history of the criminal justice system, how it operates, and some of the problems we experience with this system. Some of the problems detailed in this paper include the right to equal justice; which he explained the different kind of judgment that people receive based on their race, gender and class, the criminal justice system spends more money on criminals instead of improving technology for the police apprehending them, the criminal justice system lacks of sentencing disparity, reliance on eyewitness and modern technology can lead to conviction of innocent citizen, and finally the rehabilitation model which is set up to educate criminals and eventually let them free because of the belief that they are changed people and have been rehabilitated. According to the definition from the text “Criminology”, the term criminal justice system refers to “the components of government charged with enforcing law, adjudicating criminals, and correcting criminal conduct” (Siegel, 2009, p. 558). According to Siegel, the criminal justice system is essentially “an instrument of social control: society considers some behaviors so dangerous and destructive that it either strictly controls their......
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...Accountability has become Hostage of Plea Bargain. Does Plea Bargaining Undermine the Criminal Justice System? Legal and Social Impacts on Society. Student’s Name Institution Contents 1.1 Background to the Study...............................................................................................4 1.2 Purpose of the Study.....................................................................................................5 1.3 Research Objectives......................................................................................................5 1.4 Research Questions.......................................................................................................6 1.5 Significance of the Study..............................................................................................6 2.0 Methodology/ Research Design.....................................................................................6 2.1 Sampling Design............................................................................................................7 2.2 Sample Size....................................................................................................................7 2.3 Data Collection and Analysis.........................................................................................7 2.4 Validity and Reliability..................................................................................................8 2.5 Skills Required......................
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...Restorative Justice Paper Luis Sanchez Life is about making wrong and bad choices, there is not a single individual on earth that was born with the appropriated knowledge of what is right and was wrong. No individual is perfect they are all equal and all go through struggle, and by struggling choices are being made whether are choices with appropriate behavior or inappropriate behavior. Some individuals know how to control themselves before a tragedy occurs, but most fail to control their temper and they violate the law, and by violating the law consequences are implement because justice must be obtain. Once an offender commits crime then it is more likely for the case to go to trial. The criminal justice system is the practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control. So when crime occurs the defendant will receive either a punishment or sentence. The criminal justice system and other systems that are against crime and inappropriate behavior are always on the side of the victim, because their goal is to obtain justice. The restorative justice is an approach to justice that focus on the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the involved community instead of satisfying abstract legal principles or punishing the offender. Restorative justices involve both victim and offender and focuses on the personal needs. It is based on a theory of justice that considers crime and wrongdoing to be an offence against an......
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...Restorative Justice Paper Joseph R. Bain CJA 224 July 05, 2014 Aileen Azadian Introduction Among many basic human qualities is the fundamental need to assign blame and punish wrongdoers. With the framing of the U.S. Constitution the people and the government sought to stress the importance of law in order to maintain among many things, moral principles which were vital to human life, justice and liberty. The expectation being of course that laws would help maintain social order which would ensure life, liberty and justice. To highlight this fact, violating the law carries with it certain consequences. Perhaps the most significant of these consequences is the concept of punishment. The idea and purpose of this concept is to assign the deserved punishment relative to the violation. The mechanism of punishment helps to discourage and deter others in society from committing such behavior. There are 5 rationales that exist, operate and support the idea of punishment in today’s criminal justice system. They are retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, restoration and incapacitation. Retribution centers solely on the punishment of the offender. Almost as a bi-product of retribution comes deterrence. Deterrence, as stated before helps to discourage others in society from committing criminal behavior. Rehabilitation helps to reform offenders in the hopes of eventually reintegrating offenders back into society as productive members. Restoration seeks to make the victim and...
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...Running head: IS JUSTICE TRULY BLIND? Is Justice Truly Blind The structure by which offenders are detained and reprimanded is one of the supports of any democratic system. However in order for that arrangement to remain feasible, the community must be convinced that individuals in resembling circumstances are treated the same and with consistency, from the original exploration of the offense, to the hearing and penalty of that crime, down to the prosecutors and the judges. This process is not optional, but rather guaranteed by the Constitution of law despite race, gender or ethnicity (Justice on Trial, 2012). As we know our criminal justice system today, it appears to be operating far from this principle. Somehow in the arena of criminal justice, racial discrimination is increasing instead of diminishing. Disparate treatment of minorities differentiates every point in the course of action. Black and Hispanic Americans, as well as other minority groups, are mistreated by inconsistent targeting and unreasonable treatment by the police and other law enforcement officials; by the racially distorted charging and plea bargaining resolutions offered by prosecutors, biased punishments, and by the letdown of judges, nominated officials and other criminal justice guidelines used to remedy the unfairness of justice that has become more obvious as time goes on (Justice on Trial, 2012). All of these issues add to the opinion that lawlessness is a colored and......
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...03-Banks.qxd 1/30/04 4:52 PM Page 57 3 Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System ETHICAL BACKGROUND It is generally agreed that discrimination based on ethnic origin is morally wrong and a violation of the principle of equality. The equality principle requires that those who are equal be treated equally based on similarities, and that race is not a relevant consideration in that assessment (May and Sharratt 1994: 317). In other words, it is only possible to justify treating people differently if there exists some factual difference between them that justifies such difference in treatment (Rachels 1999: 94). Equality is a nonspecific term that means nothing until applied to a particular context. Thus, in a political context, equality means equal access to public office and equal treatment under the law, and equal treatment extends to equality in terms of job hiring, promotion, and pay. Race refers to groups of persons who are relatively alike in their biological inheritance and are distinct from other groups (American Anthropological Association 1997: 2). Ethnicity is a cultural phenomenon referring to a person’s identification with a particular cultural group (Hinman 1998: 403). Race is socially constructed, and the notion that persons “belong” to a particular race was developed in the last century based on the belief that there was a biological basis for categorizing groups of people. Biologically, however, the term race has no meaning, yet society...
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...Investigation into the Neglect Of Victims of Crime. A Case Study of Bungoma Killings By Rotich Oliver Kangogo Date: 09/05/2014 Contacts: 0729 770 432 Email: oliver.rotich@yahoo.com CRIME VICTIMS IN KENYA: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE NEGLECT OF VICTIMS OF CRIME. A CASE STUDY OF BUNGOMA KILLINGS Victims of crime, especially murder are hugely and to a greater extent forgotten by the criminal justice system. By victims I stand to recognize the primary and the secondary victims of crime. Primary victims are those that are directly harmed by the criminal activity while the secondary victims are the family, friends and relatives of the deceased. The only ’justice’ provided to them is the incrimination and incarceration of the perpetrator and little or no reparation and neither sometimes. It is rather ignored that this victims suffer social, psychological and financial effects as a result of the crime which harms them even much more. There are no well-known or formal institutions that firmly stands for the needs of the victims. If they do exist, they are mainly part of the efforts by Non-Governmental Organizations. The Witness Protection established by the Constitution has not effectively turned up as there are constant cases of victimization both by the society and the institutions of criminal justice. The only effort by the government is the establishment of the popular commissions of inquiry which in most cases are forums of corruption and unexplained......
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...never even think of what they are doing as research. People who are looking to buy a home, may investigate several real estate agencies before choosing one, then when they see properties they ask various questions to decide which house is right for them. When a group decides to have a party as a restaurant, they most likely have a few choices which they narrow down in various ways. These processes are all types of research. The focus of this paper however is the process and terminology of research in the criminal justice field. While still a relatively young science criminal justice research has come a long way, much of which has been absorbed into common language and so is no longer considered to be research related, but simple common sense. Criminal justice research often faces criticism from those who think that it is obscure jargon or academic intimidation, an elaborate explanation of what some see as common sense (Hagan, 2010). There are various methods used in criminal justice research, most employ collecting, analyzing and reporting data which can entail many complex details, the same as any other research discipline. The research process varies in scope, style and procedure, but it all starts with a few general steps; first is problem formation, review, select and specify the area to be investigated. When deciding upon the problem, look for gaps in theory, conflicting findings in current research and the feasibility of conducting the research as well as any timelines......
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...Criminology and Criminal Justice http://crj.sagepub.com/ Reconstructing the role of the appropriate adult in England and Wales Harriet Pierpoint Criminology and Criminal Justice 2006 6: 219 DOI: 10.1177/1748895806062982 The online version of this article can be found at: http://crj.sagepub.com/content/6/2/219 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: British Society of Criminology Additional services and information for Criminology and Criminal Justice can be found at: Email Alerts: http://crj.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://crj.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://crj.sagepub.com/content/6/2/219.refs.html >> Version of Record - Apr 21, 2006 What is This? Downloaded from crj.sagepub.com at Apollo Group - UOP on July 7, 2014 Criminology & Criminal Justice © 2006 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks & New Delhi) and the British Society of Criminology. www.sagepublications.com ISSN 1748–8958; Vol: 6(2): 219–237 DOI: 10.1177/1748895806062982 Reconstructing the role of the appropriate adult in England and Wales HARRIET PIERPOINT University of Glamorgan, UK Abstract The definition of the role of the ‘appropriate adult’ for young suspects in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Code of Practice C is ambiguous and contradictory. This article argues that the role has been socially constructed by...
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