1.Mary carpenter was an English educator and juvenile rehabilitator, who strongly advocated reformatories for juveniles and houses of corrections for the idle. She was a powerful influence in New South Wales into the 20th century. She stated, “treatment should be according to the individuals need rather than being controlled by the offense he or she committed.” Stress was on the quality and adaptability of the offender. The movement advocated what could be seen as preventative justice that attempted to condition offenders against further offenses.
2.Inalienable rights are rights that inherent to being a human. They cannot be taken away and are considered the basis of human life. They are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness and are not granted nor conditional.
3.On 5March1770 a group had gathered a round a British sentry stationed in front of the Custom House. Being that he was alone, he feared for his life and called for reinforcements. Six additional men showed up, and soon after shots were fired by the British soldiers that left three people dead and fatally wounded two others. John Adams and Josiah Quincy were called to defend the British soldiers and accepted. Although their own lives were now in danger they believed strongly that no man should want for competent counsel in his defense, and that the soldiers were innocent until proven guilty in the courts.
4.Social Darwinism arose during the civil war years and produced a fascination with laissez faire economics. English philosopher Herbert Spencer took Darwin’s biological theory and concluded that humans would flourish under free competition , leaving them the strongest species and most fit to survive. Thomas Malthus observed that high birth rates were limited by the starvation of children unfit to survive.
5.Cesare Lombroso was a medical doctor from Italy who developed a theory of criminology based on heredity as a major source of crime. He developed several criminal “types” that were based on physical characteristics of offenders he observed in prison hospitals. The criminal subspecies was seen as a throwback to earlier stages of evolution.
6.Vigilantism is an organized movement that seeks to impose law and order, independent of the existing legal authorities. It can also fill the void in legal authority when there is none established. The American disposition toward violence is attributed to this tradition, by some. Throughout history the lack of law enforcement has created a vacuum that becomes filled by the private organization of vigilante groups.
7.Sir Robert Peel achieved the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829. The act set forth 12 principals of reform that are still pertinent in today’s system. Recent crime waves and riots prompted Peel to push the reform. The Metropolitan Police officers being called bobbies, resulted from the identification with Robert Peel.
8.Louis XIV used the divine right of kings to undermine the nobility and the clergy who had been the traditional figureheads of law enforcement in France. He began toward the centralization of French policing by passing a series of royal decrees in the in the 1600s.He separated the operations of the high courts from those of the police and appointed royal judges to serve in feudal courts.
9.Zeb Brockway was a prison warden who wrote the paper “ The Ideal of a True Prison System for a State”. The warden advocated a reformatory program that would prepare inmates for release. He was the first superintendant of the Elmira Reformatory. He developed a system at Elmira that granted him personal acquaintance with each of the prisoners, giving him an assessment of their character and potential for reform.
10.Debtor’s prisons were for those who cold not settle debts with their creditors. Debtors were imprisoned and denied the opportunity to make money in order to repay their creditors. It was the responsibility of the imprisoned to secure food, clothing, and all necessities. Since jailers often demanded gratuities when supplies were delivered, the debt grew as one was imprisoned. Jail Liberty programs were established for a short time, which allowed for the imprisoned to seek work within the town limits to repay his debt.
11.Prison labor was the foundation of the penitentiary movement. It familiarized inmates with the discipline of work and gave them a skill set to use in normal society. It also allowed prisons to make profits and reduce the burden of operation costs off the taxpayer. There were many labor programs, the price piece and contract labor programs invited private business to take advantage of inmate labor. This led to conflict with private entrepreneurs and the population of the industrial midlands that gained voting rights with the Reform Act of 1832.
12.The first National Prison Congress was held in Cincinnati, 1870. The gathering included wardens, prison officials and academics. It established a Declaration of Principals, and called for the institution of a progressive form of prison discipline based on Brockway’s paper. The yearly meetings allowed for the open exchange of ideas on penology and brought speakers and observers from Europe. The meetings were renamed in 1908 as the American Prison Association, and continued to bring contribution and participation from different states.
13.August Vollmer was chief of the Berkeley Police Dept who believed that every officer should be a practicing criminologist. In 1916 he joined with Dr. Albert Schneider to establish the first crime laboratory in an American police department.
14.Donald Clemmer described the process of “prisonization”. The process by which a prisoner, through fear of guards and relationships with other prisoners, seeks out a small protective group and thereafter becomes progressively more hostile to the corrections program. This has become a recognized aspect of any scientific approach to prison sociology.
15.The U.S. Secret Service was established on 5July1865, in the Treasury Dept with William P wood as its first chief. It was originally assigned to investigate counterfeiting with 10 agents assigned. Their power soon expanded to whenever a vague provision in federal statutes permitted. The Sundry Civil expense Act of 1907 officially established the Secret Service to presidential protection. The Secret Service investigated the Tea-pot Dome scandal and eventually led to the formation of the Bureau of Investigation.
1. The development of prison philosophy in 19th century focused on a movement toward a reformatory system that would help lower the crime rate. Juveniles were at he center of the issue, being that juvenile offenders were still young and would be returned to society. The Child Saving Movement was the primary movement that brought focus on the need for juvenile reformatories and correction houses. The idea was that if a child was simply punished, during their incarceration, there young mind would develop a deep resentment for the society that held them, producing a more likely return to unlawful behavior. If a juvenile were to be taught the proper way to function in society and given a skill set to help them excel, their return to crime would be unlikely. These ideas would transfer to the adult side of corrections and see some success. With the reformation ideology, inmate labor also became a large focus. With industrialization reshaping enterprise and industry, the prisons would try to keep up with the standard. Programs were established with private business that allowed for inmates to produce products for these businesses. A company would be able to use inmate labor to operate their machines and produce goods, if the company provided the machines and trained the inmates in operation of the machines. These programs reduced the strain on guards, who were traditionally the “ managers” of inmate industry, and also provided the inmates with valuable training on machinery that would help them achieve normalcy upon release. Prisons also found them selves operating there own industry in order to make profits. The profits earned from prison industry directly funded prison operations, thereby reducing taxpayer cost. One problem with this method of operation, were the strain on the guards and prison officials. Another problem was the initial cost of operating, or the overhead on beginning a modern industrial undertaking within a prison. Machinery and training for inmates had a large impact on the choice of industry a warden would undertake. The prisons also ran in to opposition from entrepreneurs who were gaining power in the political arena. This shifted the prisons to the lease system where an inmate was leased to a businessman for use on his own property. At the urging of Brockway, the National Prison Association adopted the piece price system as an alternative to the contract labor system.