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...The basic definition of the word criminal is someone who commits offending behaviour within society (Harrower, 2001). The crime may range from petty theft to murder. Criminals are born not made is the discussion of this essay, it will explore the theories that attempt to explain criminal behaviour. Psychologists have come up with various theories and reasons as to why individuals commit crimes. These theories represent part of the classic psychological debate, nature versus nurture. Are individuals predisposed to becoming a criminal or are they made through their environment. There are various theories within the biological explanation as to why individuals commit criminal behaviour, these include: genetic theory, hereditary theory, psychosis and brain injury theory. In the next few paragraphs examples of each will be shown. The first theory to be explored is the hereditary theory, which stems from Cesare Lombroso (1876) father of criminology, (Feldman, 1993) whose studies were carried out by morphology. Lombroso tried to show a relationship between criminal behaviour and physical characteristics. Lombrosco suggested that an individual was predisposed to becoming a criminal, as a result of internal or innate characteristics, rather than environmental factors. Lombroso observed both criminals and non- criminals by their physical abnormalities, such as physical measurements and examinations. He concluded that most prisoners show the same physical abnormalities, which...
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... Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) was known as “the father of criminology.” He was an Italian that was convinced that serious and violent offenders had inherited criminal traits. He created a strict biological determinism and this allowed for a jumping off point for other criminologists. Cesare Lombroso is known as the “father of criminology”. He branched his research off of positivism and the studies of J.K. Lavater, Franz Joseph Gall, Johann K. Spurzheim, and the classical criminology work of Cesare Beccaria. Classical criminology brought forth a closer look at criminals and their behavior and Beccaria was the “first [to call] public attention to those wretched beings.(CRIMINALMAN)” Lombroso viewed the Classical School of Criminology as being based “on the assumption that [most] criminals are endowed with intelligence and feelings like normal individuals, and that they commit misdeeds consciously, being prompted thereto by their unrestrained desire for evil.(CRIMINALMAN)” The Classical School focused solely on the offense of the criminal and the severity of the punishment which is dependent on the seriousness of the crime; this created the basis of the whole penal system(CRIMINALMAN). On the...
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...The Link: Genetics and Criminal Behavior Carla Davis AIU Online An ongoing debate that genetics can be linked to criminal behavior has been ongoing. Researchers are working hard to link criminal behavior and genetics. This study tries to find supporting evidence that a criminal can inherit the notion to commit criminal activity through inheritance. On side believes that criminal activity is caused through inheritance while others agree that genetics has absolutely nothing to do with committing crimes and it’s a person choice when committing a crime or partaking in criminal activities. Included in these studies are adopted studies, twin studies, and testosterone studies. These studying link criminal activities with genetics and give supporting evidence that criminal activities are not inherited. The Link: Genetics and Criminal Behavior Research currently suggests that the genetic characteristics of anger and illegal behavior involve several different factors depending on multiple genes. Although no researcher has been able to put a finger on any genetic factor that could be applied to the concept genes play a part in the influence of aggressive and criminal behavior, many studies have been done to include twin studies and adoption. Twin studies, adoption studies, and testosterone studies are the leading studies that link genetics and criminal behavior. (University of Texas at Dallas, 2012) Studying the differences and similarities between single/identical eggs and non-identical...
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...explanation of criminal/anti-social behaviour. (12) * One other explanation for criminal behaviour is labelling and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Labelling theory states that criminal or anti-social behaviour is a consequence of the application of a criminal label given to the individual by others around them. * This explanation has four main stages. Firstly, a label is assigned to the individual by others around them; such labels are derived from stereotypes. For example, hoody wearers being labelled as troublemakers because of their physical appearance. * Secondly, the labelled individual will be treated according to their label by others around them. For example, if a crime such as graffiti occurs and a hoody wearer is nearby they will be blamed because their label is of a troublemaker. * Thirdly, the labelled individual reacts by starting to believe their assigned label. As a reaction to constantly being treated differently, the hoody wearer starts to believe that they are a bad person. * Finally, this results in the labelled individual behaving in line with the expectations of those around them which confirms the label. For example, the hoody wearer engages in criminal behaviour therefore a self-fulfilling prophecy (SFP) has occurred whereby the label has become true. * One example to illustrate how labelling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs is the naming of boys in the Ashanti tribe according to the day of the week they are born on. The tradition...
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...immigrants means an increase in crime. Do native born Americans have a viable concern with immigration and an increase in crime or is this just a way for the media, politicians, and anti-immigration groups to spread their opinions and fears on immigration? If there is a correlation between crime and immigration how will this play a role in today’s prison system? An overwhelming amount of native born Americans believe that the influx of immigrants, especially illegal immigrants, will have a negative effect on the crime rate in the United States. Of course, in an absolute sense, it probably does. Immigration brings more people into the country, and unless this process is counterbalanced by emigration, the absolute volume of crime will very likely increase. In addition, immigrants are often disproportionately male and at early ages of labor market entry and advancement. Because young males are disproportionately likely to be involved in crime in all parts of the world that we know about (Hirschi and Gottfredson, 1983), this may also contribute to increases in crime. In this sense we will probably want to know whether immigrants who enter the country contribute to crime beyond what we could otherwise expect of citizens of similar numbers, ages, gender, and so on. Recent research suggests that the claims that immigration cuases crime are false, and that in reality immigrants may have dramatically lower crime rates thatn Unites States born citizens. A 2007 study by Dr. ruben rumbaut...
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...Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, case, and control of criminal behaviour in both the individual and society. Criminology has been studied for many years and it has become a major topic in our society. I believe criminals are not born criminals. It’s our own choice to commit a crime. Also, criminal behaviour comes from our living environments. Lastly if anyone is a criminal they were raised to be a criminal. It is our own choice to commit a crime. Just like it is our own choice to study for an upcoming test in school. In the classical early history of criminology, a guy named Jeremy Bentham believed in utilitarianism which is the view that people’s behaviour is motivated by the pursuit to seek pleasure and avoid pain. It is about what a person wants. The consensus theory is a sociological early history theory which states that people know the difference between right and wrong, some individuals choose to do wrong. We all have a brain and we all know how to use it. Lastly, the rational choice and deterrence theory plays an important part of a criminal. Some people suggest that criminals calculate the costs and the benefits of criminal activity and if the benefit outweighs the cost, the criminal is willing to take the risk of getting caught. These theories prove that a criminal can think before they do. Everybody has a choice in life. Criminal behaviour also comes from growing up in poverty. Some people have less ...
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...Many people wonder if experience is just there from what we learn in life or if we are born with them. There are always two questions to a subject we have been wondering for years. How come one of the twins like football and the other twin hates that sport? Sometimes we are born with a different type of attitude from one of our siblings. We would either get it from one of our parents or from one of our peers we have been hanging out with from the outside world. If you have a nasty attitude towards your parents or other people, everyone will wonder which parent they got it from. It is not only the parents, it is also from who the young child is hanging around with and what they are learning from the peer. Many people wonder why we behave the way we do and why we behave differently compared to our family members. It is what they call nature and nurture. Nature is a trait of what we are with and what is passed down genetically. Nature gives us our eye and hair color, what we like to eat, how our smile looks and shape of our body. Nurture is personal experience. We aren’t born with a blank personality, we learn from either our parents or peers. It is the causes of our behaviors and characteristics. Genes may give us a little boost on how our personality starts, but from the environment from the outside world has the power to make us the exact opposite. Before psychology class, I have also been wondering for a while why I and some of my siblings are different from one another. I...
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... Theories on Crime Comparison For several years, theorists have come to the conclusion that people commit crimes for several different reasons. Some say that criminals are born; some say that it is because of self gratification and the need to be rewarded. Theorists believe that there is a psychological, biological, and sociobiological theory that will explain the genuine thought, behavior, and action of the common criminal. This paper will contain information regarding the relationship between personality and criminal behavior; the key elements of the psychological theory, and the philosophical basis of each theory. Key Elements of the Psychological Theory Psychological theory focuses on the involvement among personality, the learned behavior, and criminal behavior. The question is raised concerning the actual criminal behavior that an individual displays and why these people commit crimes. Although theorist believe that what they believe is true there could be many different aspects that develop the makeup of a criminal. By looking back into the criminal behavior of some serial killers and habitual criminals people have often asked why they do what they do; what clicked in their minds that made them commit such heinous crimes? Research, extensive studies have been conducted to determine exactly what switched was turned on to cause these individuals to...
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...Strengths and Weaknesses of Biological Explanations of Criminal Behaviour Positivist criminology began towards the late 18th century and early 19th century and contrasted with Cesare Becharios early ideas of classicism. Positivism which arrived after classicism looked at criminal behaviour from a completely different perspective. Positivism looked at the offender rather than that of the crime. Positivism can be separated into three main areas, Biological, Psychological and Sociological. These three areas give explanations on why the offender commits acts of criminal activity and also help to provide answers to why there is crime in society. In this essay there will be analysis on the biological theory to positivism. In doing so theorists such as Cesare Lombroso, Hans Brunner and Gall will be explored in an aim to explain the strengths and weaknesses of their theories. This essay will feature an insight towards outlining positivism by expressing knowledge into the biological side of the subject. Biological positivism was focused on the ideas put forward that criminals were born bad. Work by Italian Professor and criminologist Cesare Lombroso spoke about activism and how criminals were people who had not evolved sufficiently enough from our earlier ancestors. The idea criminals not evolving was based on representations of Charles Darwin’s study of evolution and how criminals could in fact be those who are underdeveloped. Lombroso’s ideas were that activism was operational in society...
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...Social Organized Crime Perspective Paper Natalie Strauss CJA/384 09/24/13 Jessica Vesey “Social Institution is defined as an organizational system which functions to satisfy basic social needs by providing an ordered framework linking the individual to the larger culture” ("Tom Cravens.com", n.d.). This paper will provide more information as to how social institutions apply to organized crime, also which empirical and speculative theories are most applicable when applied to organized crime and criminal behavior. Social institutions can be applied to organized crime in various ways. Examining the Mafia, top leaders of the Mafia are referred to as “Bosses”, which sole responsibility is to control their family, find was to gain revenue, and meet with other bosses to discuss what is best for the family. Gangs can be applied to social institutions because the majority of the members were born into the gang life. Generation to generation, gangs recruit young males and females that are loyal and have the ability to work the streets. Both the Mafia and gangs have various traits in common, some of those traits are: They both control their own territory; all members must get an approval before any action takes place (murders, robberies). They all follow certain codes and by laws such as (no snitching), no dating each other’s wives or main women, no stealing from each other, and no conducting on the side deals for extra money. If any of these codes are death becomes the next option...
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...The theories on crime deterrence and punishment have changed throughout history. Beccaria, Lombroso and Durkheim are three theorists who have changed the way deterrence, punishment and crime generally is viewed within society. This research paper will first explore each of the theorists’ ideas separately. It will then examine the similarities and differences between each theory. Cesare Beccaria, born in 1738, focused on deterrence as the means of crime prevention. Beccaria fits into the Classical School of thinking, and wrote in a time when torture was used regularly to obtain information from people, and where capital punishment could be used for any type of offence. Punishment was based on a retributive means, where the punishment, or harm, given was equal to the harm caused by the perpetrator. In 1764, Beccaria published a book called “On crimes and Punishments”, where he theorised that this approach did not discourage determined criminals from committing crimes. He suggested, however, by taking away their liberty through incarceration that this would deter other would-be criminals not to commit similar crimes, and would also prevent the perpetrator to recommit the crime again. He based this theory on the utilitarian ideals: “the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number” (Beccaria 1764/1994, p. 227). In his book, Beccaria theorised the deterrence to a crime would increase in effectiveness the faster the punishment was delivered. He also argued that the punishment should...
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...above the rest. It’s the nature versus nurture debate. This debate involves the belief that it is either the environment or biological traits that eventually lead juveniles to criminal behavior. Does some type of “evil gene” exist that causes some to commit crimes? There are some that feel that criminal behavior is due to a person’s upbringing and/or life experiences (“nurture”). Others feel that criminal behavior is much more than environmental factors and involves a person’s genetic makeup (“nature”). Are people just born that way? Is criminal behavior...
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...enter the soils of America from difference parts of the world whether legally or illegal for various push-pull factors. The movement of immigrants to America creates an impact not only to the population of America but it also effects the socioeconomic development of this nation. Over the years, most native-born American view immigrants as a threat because they thinks these people take their job always from them or even refer to the immigrant as criminals or bad people. But are those assumptions always right? No, because not all immigrants are criminals and they do not take away jobs from the native-born American instead they accept any job with cheap pay which no native-born can do for survival Moreover, immigrant plays significant role in the economic development of this country by paying taxes and and contributing to improving employment rate by creating jobs....
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...concerning the defense of criminal behavior. Many people believe that our actions and conduct comes from the genes we possess, and that we are born with a higher likelihood to act in certain ways. Others believe that our behavior is a result of our childhood, and how we are brought up. Extensive research has been done on the nature vs nurture debate. Although both nature and nurture ultimately affect one’s behavioral characteristics, it seems nurture has a much greater impact. So, is our behavior affected by our heredity and genes, or by the environment we grow up in? What is nature? “Nature is your genes. The physical and personality traits determined by your genes stay the same irrespective of where you were born and raised” ("Nature vs Nurture." Diffen.com. Diffen LLC, n.d. Web. 3 Dec 2014). Taking in the consideration of I.Q., studies prove that genetics has a great effect. Adopted siblings have no more similar of an I.Q. than strangers, while blood related siblings have an I.Q. correlation of .6. Twins especially, having an I.Q. correlation of .86 (Nancy,L. Same-Age Unrelated Siblings: A Unique Test of Within-Family Environmental Influences on IQ Similarity. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1997 June; 89(2): 381-390.) DeNoto, 1 Nature vs Nurture The nature vs nurture debate has been a raging topic for decades now. It has caused much controversy in justifying human characteristics, especially concerning the defense of criminal behavior. Many people...
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