...As inflammation spreads, the lumen of the intestine narrows, an obstruction can develop, and abscess frequently form. 11. This question has two parts. a. Who does Crohn’s disease usually affect? Crohn’s disease usually affects white adults age 20 to 40, and two to three times more common among Ashkenazi jews. b. Describe the treatment for Crohn’s disease. The treatment for Crohn’s disease is with anti-inflammatory medications and with immunosuppressive agents. Surgery is performed to correct complications such as obstruction, perforation, or massive hemorrhage. Ileostomy is necessary if the large intestine has been severely damaged. 12. What are the symptoms of chronic ulcerative colitis? Typical symptoms include diarrhea with pus, blood, and mucus in the stools and cramp-like pain in the lower abdomen. 13. What are the possible causes of hemorrhoids? The possible causes of hemorrhoids include heredity, poor dietary habits, inadequate fiber, overuse of laxatives, and lack of exercise. 14. What are the risk...
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...Crohn’s Disease Crohn's disease is named after the physician who described the disease in a paper written in 1972. It is also called Morbus Crohn's, Granulomatous enteritis, Regional enteritis, or Terminal ileitis. The disease is usually chronic, with recurrent periods, and also periods of remission. The spread of Crohn s disease into the world is getting worse, and there is still no cure or prevention known to the disease. Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease ,IBD, the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines. Crohn's disease can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to other intestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and to another type of IBD called ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease may also be called ileitis or enteritis. Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation and ulcers in the top layer of the lining of the large intestine. Crohn's disease affects men and women equally and seems to run in some families. About 20 percent of people with Crohn's disease have a blood relative with some form of IBD, most often a brother or sister and sometimes a parent or child. The most common complication is blockage of the intestine. Blockage occurs because the disease tends to thicken the intestinal wall with swelling and scar tissue, narrowing the passage. Crohn's disease may also cause sores, or ulcers, that tunnel through the affected area into surrounding tissues such as the bladder, vagina, or skin. The areas...
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...<Crohn’s Disease affects roughly 500,000 to two million people in the United States ("Medicinenet.com", 1996-2012). Men and women both are affected likewise. Americans of Jewish European descent are four to five times more likely to get Crohn’s Disease than the general population. Crohn’s Disease traditionally has been a disease of Caucasians, but recently there has been a rise in registered cases the African American community. The dominance seems to have dropped in the Hispanic and Asian populations and communities. Crohn’s Disease mostly starts during adolescence and continues through early adulthood (typically between the ages of 15 and 35). There is a slight second peak of newly diagnosed cases after age 50. <The occurrence rates among Hispanics and Asians are at a decreased level than those for Caucasians and African Americans. A study in Puerto Rico examined hospitalization rates for African Americans. The commonness for African Americans was verified as 41.4 per 100,000 for Crohn's Disease ("Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America", 2009). An 11-year study of incidence rates of pediatric Crohn’s Disease in one state study pointed out rates doubled for Crohn’s from 1991 to 2002 ("Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America", 2009). In this study Caucasians had a greater occurrence of Crohn’s Disease (4.15 per 100,000); African Americans (1.83 per 100,000) and Hispanic populations (0.61 per 100,000) ("Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America", 2009). Continuing...
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...Crohn’s Disease is a condition suffered by many young men and women all around the world. Though more prevalent in Northern US and Canada, the disease has found its way to the farthest reaches across the globe. It is found more commonly in females and presents ages 20-30 years, though not strictly. The disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease and can affect any part in the gastrointestinal tract. Once known as auto immune, it is now classified as immune deficiency. No cure has been found, but researchers work diligently to reduce the effects throughout a Crohn’s patient’s life. Crohn’s Disease was given its name in 1932 by gastroenterologist Dr. Burrill B. Crohn, whom it was respectively named after. Previous to this, many cases appeared and recorded as early as 1682 which was when the first description of the condition was made by the Italian physician Giovanni Battista Morgagni. It was described as “…a young man with a chronic, debilitating illness and diarrhea” (Bellany, 2005). Since then, more and more cases have arrived and continues to effect thousands of people worldwide. This condition falls under a medical category known as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or IBD. The two main forms of IBD are Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis. While very similar and often confused with one another, they have many different, as well as common symptoms. Less common forms are known as collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis and Behcet’s disease. Crohn’s Disease...
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...Crohn's disease is named after the physician who described the disease in a paper written in 1972. It is also called Morbus Crohn's, Granulomatous enteritis, Regional enteritis, or Terminal ileitis. The disease is usually chronic, with recurrent periods, and also periods of remission. The spread of Crohn s disease into the world is getting worse, and there is still no cure or prevention known to the disease. Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease ,IBD, the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines. Crohn's disease can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to other intestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and to another type of IBD called ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease may also be called ileitis or enteritis. Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation and ulcers in the top layer of the lining of the large intestine. Crohn's disease affects men and women equally and seems to run in some families. About 20 percent of people with Crohn's disease have a blood relative with some form of IBD, most often a brother or sister and sometimes a parent or child. The most common complication is blockage of the intestine. Blockage occurs because the disease tends to thicken the intestinal wall with swelling and scar tissue, narrowing the passage. Crohn's disease may also cause sores, or ulcers, that tunnel through the affected area into surrounding tissues such as the bladder, vagina, or skin. The areas around the...
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...O<Crohn’s Disease affects roughly 500,000 to two million people in the United States ("Medicinenet.com", 1996-2012). Men and women both are affected likewise. Americans of Jewish European descent are four to five times more likely to get Crohn’s Disease than the general population. Crohn’s Disease traditionally has been a disease of Caucasians, but recently there has been a rise in registered cases the African American community. The dominance seems to have dropped in the Hispanic and Asian populations and communities. Crohn’s Disease mostly starts during adolescence and continues through early adulthood (typically between the ages of 15 and 35). There is a slight second peak of newly diagnosed cases after age 50. <The occurrence rates among Hispanics and Asians are at a decreased level than those for Caucasians and African Americans. A study in Puerto Rico examined hospitalization rates for African Americans. The commonness for African Americans was verified as 41.4 per 100,000 for Crohn's Disease ("Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America", 2009). An 11-year study of incidence rates of pediatric Crohn’s Disease in one state study pointed out rates doubled for Crohn’s from 1991 to 2002 ("Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America", 2009). In this study Caucasians had a greater occurrence of Crohn’s Disease (4.15 per 100,000); African Americans (1.83 per 100,000) and Hispanic populations (0.61 per 100,000) ("Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America", 2009). Continuing...
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...<Crohn’s Disease affects roughly 500,000 to two million people in the United States ("Medicinenet.com", 1996-2012). Men and women both are affected likewise. Americans of Jewish European descent are four to five times more likely to get Crohn’s Disease than the general population. Crohn’s Disease traditionally has been a disease of Caucasians, but recently there has been a rise in registered cases the African American community. The dominance seems to have dropped in the Hispanic and Asian populations and communities. Crohn’s Disease mostly starts during adolescence and continues through early adulthood (typically between the ages of 15 and 35). There is a slight second peak of newly diagnosed cases after age 50. <The occurrence rates among Hispanics and Asians are at a decreased level than those for Caucasians and African Americans. A study in Puerto Rico examined hospitalization rates for African Americans. The commonness for African Americans was verified as 41.4 per 100,000 for Crohn's Disease ("Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America", 2009). An 11-year study of incidence rates of pediatric Crohn’s Disease in one state study pointed out rates doubled for Crohn’s from 1991 to 2002 ("Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America", 2009). In this study Caucasians had a greater occurrence of Crohn’s Disease (4.15 per 100,000); African Americans (1.83 per 100,000) and Hispanic populations (0.61 per 100,000) ("Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America", 2009). Continuing...
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...Flannery Imaging Sequences of Crohn’s Disease Crohn’s disease, a form of Irritable Bowl Syndrome, is an ongoing symptomatic disease that has affected as many as 1.4 million people in the United States.7 Although it may occur at any age, the most common onset for IBS is between 15 to 30 years old.7 IBS can be broken down into two categories such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.7 Crohn’s disease is one of the most difficult diseases to diagnose and uses a lot of distinctive tests such as X-ray, CT, MRI, Ultrasonography, and Nuclear Imaging. We will be investigating the optimum imaging sequences to analyze the cause, diagnosis, and treatments of Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease can incorporate any location of the gastrointestinal tract, but it usually affects the area in-between the small and large bowels.7 Although the cause of Crohn’s disease is widely unknown, there are numerous implicating factors. Genetics is proposed as it “is found among first-degree relatives, suggesting a strong genetic component” .7 Other factors that play a part in contributing to the disease can be environmental, for example, smoking and your diet.7 Infectious and Immunologic factors are also considered, such as preexisting infections as a child or the infectious bacterium, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP).3 The optimum imaging sequences to diagnose Crohn’s disease are plain radiography with barium studies, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging...
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...HAEMATOLOGY Answers to case study questions Chapter 5 Case Study 5.1 We find a 50-year-old woman with long-term Crohn’s disease, on various treatments and with an abdominal surgical history. Her blood tests were requested following a routine GP visit, when she complained of some lethargy, fever and diarrhoea. (p. 125) 1 The results outside the reference range are haemoglobin, MCV and ESR. This result, along with the history, is sufficient to confer the diagnosis of anaemia. With the MCV below the bottom of the reference range, we can extend the diagnosis to microcytic anaemia. The abnormal ESR adds little to the diagnosis as it is the likely consequence of the anaemia. 2 Having given the patient a diagnosis, a treatment must be initiated. However, this is not yet possible as the basis of the microcytic anaemia must be defined. As the two major causes of microcytic anaemia are iron deficiency and haemoglobinopathy, the blood is tested for iron. A level below the bottom of reference range extends the diagnosis to iron-deficient microcytic anaemia. The reason for the vitamin B12 request is unclear, but as the result is within the reference range, then malnutrition as a cause seems unlikely. The diagnosis is not entirely unexpected given the history— Crohn’s disease being an inflammatory disorder of the intestines known to lead to malabsorption. Indeed, the inflammation may well contribute to the abnormal ESR. The referral to surgery may well have been to remove a section of diseased...
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...is to protect the body against diseases and other invaders that the body recognizes as foreign. Because of the immune system, our bodies are able to fight off illnesses such as the common cold. What would happen if the immune system started to attack healthy cells within your body for no known reason? Unfortunately, that is what happens to individuals who suffer from an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune disease describes a group of diseases that can affect the human organ systems. These diseases all have the same underlying problem. Which is the body’s immune system becomes defective and attacks the organs in which it was supposed to protect (Autoimmune Disease in Women, 2013). The cause is still unknown as to why the immune system can no longer tell the difference between healthy body tissues and antigens, but it is believed some microorganism, different drugs, and certain genes may increase the risk of developing an autoimmune disease (Dugdale, 2011). Having an autoimmune disease can be difficult for a person, especially in the early stages, because many do not know what to expect or have the basic knowledge on the disease. For many, these diseases can cause major complications and illnesses, especially when going untreated for long periods of time. Fortunately, with the advances in medicine and research, people, with autoimmune diseases, can live long, normal lives with proper support and treatment. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Multiple...
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...Anatomy and Physiology of Crohn’s Disease Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disease of the intestines with usually peak between 15 and 35. It is one of many Inflammatory bowl disease (IBD), and is sometimes also called Regional enteritis, Morbus Crohn’s, Terminal iletis, or Granulomatous enteritis. It primarily affects the small and large intestine, but can affect the digestive system anywhere between the mouth and the anus. It is named after the physician who examined the disease in a landmark paper written in 1932. Crohn's disease lasts for many years throughout life, and many patients require surgery at some point and even then they can have recurring symptoms. The cause of CD is unknown, although there are two major theories. One theory is that the structural changes in the cells of the bowel are perceived by the immune system as foreign and are attacked, leading to constant inflammation. The second theory is that an unknown type of bacterium persistently attacks the bowel, which also leads to constant inflammation. Patients with CD are usually nutritionally deficient which is mainly due to a decreased intake and malabsorption of nutrients. This tends to happen because certain parts of the abdomen might be inflamed so the patient may not be able to properly absorb the food, which can cause them to be deficient in certain vitamins and other nutrients. Although diet may affect the symptoms in patients with this disease, it appears unlikely...
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...to one’s health because it can cause sickness, degenerative diseases, and even death. Introduction The Measles vaccine is one of the many vaccinations children receive to supposedly keep them safe from the disease. While the effectiveness of this vaccination in combating the wild measles virus is debatable, the unintended consequences of the vaccines side effects have become increasingly alarming and may warrant the removal of this vaccine from the general populous. From the very beginning of the vaccines release studies have been linking numerous disorders that only occur after the vaccine has been given. One such example of this is a study published in 1973 shows that the measles virus vaccine can cause encephalitis, encephalopathy, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis generally occurring within six to 15 days after being vaccinated with the measles vaccine. It was estimated in this report that the encephalitis risk after having being vaccinated is one case per 1000 patients. (Landrigan, & Witte, 1973). In 1995 a group studied the causality between the measles vaccine and inflammatory bowel disease. They compared 3,045 people vaccinated in 1964 against 11,470 people who did not receive the vaccine. The results of the study were astounding. The group found that people who were vaccinated were three times more likely to develop inflammatory bowel disease, three times more likely to develop Crohn's disease, and substantially more likely to develop ulcerative colitis...
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...at home with her spouse and has a few friends she sees on a regular basis. The patient states she has never smoked, nor has she ever drunk alcohol and no one in the house does either. She does consume 3-4 diet pops a day that contain caffeine. The patient states she has no medical training or knowledge other than the conditions, which she has a history of. She seems to have memory deficits of unknown etiology and very high anxiety issues with very high dependency or separation issues (needing someone near her at all times and demanding). The patient’s medical history consists of kidney stones, urinary tract infection (UTI), high cholesterol, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes mellitus (Type 1), acid reflux, allergic rhinitis, addison’s disease, osteoporosis, osteopenia, anxiety, and depression. She has a surgical history of: cholecystectomy, colonoscopy, liver biopsy, and hysterectomy. After asking the patient how she learns best, she states “I learn better with a hard copy and someone going over the information me and my husband.” Also assessed were her needs. The acute stage she needs IV access, pain meds, a strict diet of nothing by mouth or minimum, sips of water, IV fluids for dehydration, glucose control, urine sample, stool sample. The next stage of care would most likely consist of a gastroenterologist consult, x-ray (abdomen), CT scan (abdomen), colonoscopy, gastroscopy, and eventually a...
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...Clinical Trials for New drugs. Therapies and Medical equipment The process for a new drug can take years and several stages to be approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Although most drugs are tested for specific kinds of diseases they might often have disappointing results for a specific disease but may have great results for another. The FDA has twelve stages of drug development and Review; these are important procedures before and after clinical trials. The twelve stages of drug development fall into the FDA’s four categories: pre-clinical, clinical, NDA (New Drug Application) review and post marketing. In the pre-clinical category there are two stages; animals tested and IND (Investigational New Drug) Application. The drug sponsor, companies/research institutions responsible for developing a drug, develops a new drug and seeks to have it approved by the FDA. Once the drug has been developed the sponsor has to test the new drug on animals for levels of toxicity, safety and efficacy of the drug. The sponsor then must submit an IND application and must include the results from animal testing. When the FDA approves of the new drug they make sure that it is completely safe to proceed and test on humans. In most cases drugs that have gone through the pre-clinical testing never actually make it to the human testing phase or are reviewed by the FDA. If the new drug is approved for human testing the research moves on to the clinical category, aka clinical...
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...Exam #4 Review Comprehensive and/or early Weeks Know all conditions that cause splenomegaly All associated diseases with EBV Week 1 Mechanisms of Cellular Adaptation Types of necrosis and pathology where most likely found. Apply the definitions of Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia. Week 2 Pain Throughout Organ Systems General anatomy of kidneys, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, male and female reproductive organs. Costochondritis vs Angina Pectoris vs Myocardial Infarctions. Rheumatoid arthritis Gout lab findings Week 3 Fluid Balance and Edema Electrolyte imbalances of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Intra and Extra cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium as related to osmotic balance. Know the physical signs/symptoms of electrolyte imbalances including hyper and hypo natremia, kalemia, and calcemia. SIADH lab and imaging findings Diabetes insipidus lab and imaging findings Week 4 Topic 4 Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers Week 8...
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