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Cross Docking

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Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales
Maestría en Administración de Empresas

Grupo #3
CROSS DOCKING

Elaborado por:
Elitang Nazma Charles Spence
José Rafael Cordero Herrera
José Antonio Dávila Monge

Profesor Dr. Saúl Núñez

Abril 2015
Resumen Ejecutivo
El Cross Docking es un sistema de distribución en donde se recibe la mercadería que va a ser despachada sin la necesidad de ser almacenada para ser enviada inmediatamente a sus destinos. Dentro de sus características podemos mencionar:
• Se acorta el tiempo de almacenamiento a 24 horas.
• Posterior a la recepción de la mercadería, ésta se coloca en el “Picking” o se despacha de inmediato.
• Se mantiene información actualizada y continua o en línea.
Los tipos de Cross Docking son:
• Cross Docking Pre-distribuido: Se caracteriza porque el proveedor organiza la mercadería que se va a vender de acuerdo a los diferentes puntos de entrega.
• Cross Docking Consolidado: El producto se recibe y es despachado inmediatamente a un área acondicionada en el centro de distribución, se organizan y se envían a sus respectivos destinos.
Para una adecuada aplicación del Cross Docking se debe considerar: una evaluación económica, el compromiso de la gerencia y una integración horizontal de la organización. Esta se puede aplicar en diversas empresas o industrias, dentro de la cuales podemos mencionar: manufactureras, distribuidoras, transportistas y ensamblaje.
Dentro de los beneficios del proceso, se pueden mencionar los siguientes:
• Incremento en la velocidad del flujo de productos
• Reducción de costos de manipulación y distribución
• Reducción en los costos de Almacenamiento o eliminación de éstos
• Convergencia con la filosofía JIT (Just in Time) en la cadena de abastecimiento
• Promueve la productividad
• Reduce las necesidades de espacio
• Mejora la vida útil del producto y la frescura de éstos
• Mejora el tiempo para disponer de los productos por parte de los clientes
Ventajas al utilizar el Cross Docking:
• Enlaza la información, el producto el almacenamiento y el transporte en tiempo real, identifica el punto de salida, su recorrido y su despacho al punto de destino.
• Facilidad de implementación.
• Brinda información en tiempo real y reduce los costos de operación de los depósitos.
Introducción

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo explicar a los estudiantes del curso el proceso de Cross Docking en las empresas de hoy en día. Brinda una oportunidad para conocer procesos logísticos necesarios para optimizar las operaciones de una compañía.
Entre los puntos a informar, se mencionarán: las características del proceso, los tipos que existen, las ventajas que ofrece y la metodología de aplicación.
Así mismo, la presente investigación permitirá al estudiante brindar un aporte sobre el tema en estudio, basado en las experiencias laborales de cada uno, por lo que se enriquecerá la participación del grupo. El fin de esta investigación es crear un foro de participación, en dónde se ejemplifique el tema en estudio, para simplificar la compresión sobre tal.
Es importante recalcar que muchas empresas costarricenses desconocen sobre estos procesos logísticos, por lo que este aprendizaje debería ampliarse en las áreas de trabajo de los miembros de este grupo para así fortalecer el perfil profesional de cada uno.
A continuación se explicará el problema y los objetivos de la investigación; y al final se brindará un apartado de conclusiones y recomendaciones para el lector.

Planteamiento del problema
¿Qué es Cross Docking y cuáles son sus ventajas logísticas para las compañías hoy en día?

Objetivos
• Comprender el modelo de Cross Docking.
• Conocer sus características.
• Identificar los tipos que existen de este proceso logístico.
• Identificar la metodología de aplicación.
• Conocer los beneficios que brinda a la compañía este modelo. Desarrollo del Proyecto
El Cross Docking es un Sistema de distribución en donde se recibe la mercadería que va a ser despachada sin la necesidad de ser almacenada para ser enviada inmediatamente a sus destinos. Este modelo se basa en realizar un proceso de consolidación de productos para posteriormente ser des-consolidados en su proceso de entrega. Esto garantiza un flujo continuo de productos, se ahorran costos, se da un transporte más expedito y con un menor costo pensando en las necesidades de los clientes, por lo tanto se requiere una exacta sincronización entre lo que se recibe y lo que se embarca.
Gráfico No.1
Modelo General de Cross Docking Fuente: Ingenieriaindustrial.com, 2015

Características del Cross Docking:
1. Se acorta el tiempo de almacenamiento a 24 horas.
2. Posterior a la recepción de la mercadería, ésta se coloca en el “Picking” o se despacha de inmediato.
3. Se mantiene información actualizada y continua o en línea.

Tipos de Cross Docking:
Existen dos tipos de Cross Docking:
 El Cross Docking Pre-distribuido y
 El Cross Docking Consolidado
El tipo de Cross Docking utilizado dependerá de:
a) El modelo utilizado por cada tienda
b) La entrega inmediata
c) El volumen de producción entregado
d) Los costos de las opciones de distribución

Cross Docking Pre-distribuido:
Se caracteriza porque el proveedor organiza la mercadería que se va a vender de acuerdo a los diferentes puntos de entrega, de esta forma esas unidades se preparan y se envían hacia los diferentes puntos de salida de la mercadería, en este lugar todas las unidades de los proveedores convergen con otros productos similares de otros proveedores que serán despachadas. La ventaja en este modelo de Cross Docking es que los productos no requieren de manipulación adicional para ser despachada.
Cross Docking Consolidado:
La característica de este modelo es que el producto se recibe y es despachado inmediatamente a un área acondicionada en el centro de distribución, se organizan y se envían a sus respectivos destinos. Generalmente se utiliza este tipo de estrategia con el fin de armar ofertas que se enviaran a diferentes almacenes

Para aplicar la técnica del Cross Docking se deben de temar en cuenta varios aspectos para sacar un mejor provecho de esta metodología:
 Evaluación económica: A pesar de que se conoce que va a representar una serie de beneficios, su implementación requiere cierta inversión económica que garantice la implementación de un sistema de costos que demuestre los beneficios asociados a la implementación de esta metodología. Implementación de herramientas que permitan una eficiente comunicación con el consumidor
 Compromiso de la Gerencia: Cualquier cambio de estrategia que se vaya a implementar en una empresa siempre debe llevar la luz verde de la Gerencia (apoyo y visto bueno) y esta no va a ser la excepción, tanto para los cambios y nuevo manejo interno como con la interacción que se va a tener con los agentes externos.
 Integración Horizontal de la Organización: Esta es una estrategia que no está dirigida solamente a un área de la empresa, sino que se dirige al 100% del personal de la compañía, es decir debe haber un involucramiento de la compañía en general.
El Cross Docking se puede aplicar en gran variedad de empresas:
 Empresas de manufactura o Recepción, consolidación y envío de materias primas hacia la planta o Directamente desde las líneas de producción hacia los clientes
 Empresa distribuidoras o Las empresas que fabrican los productos los envían al distribuidor y este los envía a los clientes
 Empresas de transportes o Organizan las estibas basándose en los diferentes destinos geográficos y por ende da permisibilidad a la consolidación de mercaderías y reducción de costos
 Empresas de ensamble o A través de este medio se puede establecer el ensamble de equipos en tránsito.

La aplicación del Cross Docking en las empresas que se señalaron anteriormente se da pensando en una idea continua de aplicación, por lo tanto se establece una estandarización del procedimiento, sin embargo, debido a esto nace otra metodología llamada Cross Docking de oportunidad, el cual se basa en la utilización o aplicación del Cross Docking solamente si es necesario hacerlo o si se requiere.
Para optar por el Cross Docking de Oportunidad se requiere que uno de los proveedores pueda organizar los pedidos de los clientes en un tiempo definido de 24 a 48 horas, la variación que exista de este tiempo en la preparación de los pedidos dependerá de cómo se aprovechen las diferentes condiciones que se presenten.

Beneficios del Cross Docking:

Como se ha podido observar el Cross Docking brinda una serie de beneficios, entre los cuales tenemos:
 Incremento en la velocidad del flujo de Productos
 Reducción de costos de manipulación y distribución
 Reducción en los costos de Almacenamiento o eliminación de éstos
 Convergencia con la filosofía JIT (Just in Time) en la cadena de abastecimiento
 Promueve la productividad
 Reduce las necesidades de espacio
 Mejora la vida útil del producto y la frescura de éstos
 Mejora el tiempo para disponer de los productos por parte de los clientes

**Todos estos beneficios se traducen en un incremento en las utilidades de las empresas

El Cross Docking requiere compromiso entre todos los socios comerciales involucrados y una serie de requerimientos adicionales como:
 Códigos de barras
 Radio frecuencias para la recolección de datos
 Seguimiento de los productos e intercambio verás de datos

Ventajas al utilizar el Cross Docking:
 Enlaza la información, el producto el almacenamiento y el transporte en tiempo real, identifica el punto de salida, su recorrido y su despacho al punto de destino.
 Es sencillo de implementar si los depósitos están adaptados a los procesos de recepción y entrega de mercadería.
 Técnicamente se integra a los procesos existentes en la cadena de distribución de los productos, brindando información en tiempo real y reduciendo los costos de operación de los depósitos.
Al igual que tiene ventajas la implementación del Cross Docking, también tiene la posibilidad de que se presenten factores que afecten la viabilidad de su implementación.
Los depósitos en donde se va a implementar deben poseer un número considerable de puertas que sirvan como entradas y salidas, al igual que grandes áreas de almacenamiento y tránsito. Estos depósito deben considerar la naturaleza de los productos, es decir, que requieran almacenamiento o no, deben considerar el proceso de manipulación y estacionamiento de la mercadería y la disponibilidad de ésta.
Se requiere ademán un cambio en el proceso de comercialización de los productos, se deben definir nuevas estrategias a nivel empresarial, una buena selección de los productos, replanteamiento de las estrategias de acuerdo a la oferta y demanda de los diferentes productos, establecerse total control de todo el proceso.

Gráfico No.2
Fundamentos de Cross Docking Fuente: Ingenieriaindustrial.com, 2015

Conclusiones
• El Cross Docking es un modelo de distribución que es rápido y rentable ya que desde el punto de vista de costos se ve una reducción en los costos de almacenaje, distribución, inventario, Personal, Financiero.
• Este modelo está ligado a aquellas empresas en donde sus objetivo es lograr una respuesta eficiente a las necesidades de los clientes o bien consumidores, ya que permite la entrega con plazos establecidos
• Una de las principales ventajas es la reducción o casi eliminación del inventario en el almacén ya que con el Cross Docking las mercancías no son almacenadas, sino que son preparadas para ser enviadas inmediatamente.
• Si el modelo es diseñado correctamente y eficientemente la empresas tendrán un beneficio en todo el proceso de comercialización del producto, obteniendo buenos resultados principalmente en la relación con sus clientes

Recomendaciones
Este modelo es muy útil y se recomienda su uso para aquellas empresas que principalmente manejan productos perecederos y también que tengan la necesidad de mayor velocidad en el flujo de productos y cumplimiento de plazos fijados de entrega.
Se recomienda también a aquellas empresas que necesiten reducir costos que conllevan mantener inventarios, tanto por los costos de almacenamiento como los recursos humanos necesarios para el mantenimiento y control del inventario.
A pesar de los muchos beneficios que brinda el Cross Docking, este modelo no se recomienda para todas las empresas, principalmente porque no se consigue un equilibrio entre coste y beneficio. Para entidades que no tengan una línea de abastecimiento a proveedores de manera continua ya que de lo contrario tendrían la necesidad de utilizar almacenamiento para la mercadería y por lo tanto podrían aumentar los costos de almacenamiento. También si la entidad no cuenta con un adecuado sistema de informático que permita un manejo adecuado y completo de la información, ya que este modelo requiere mucho orden para lograr el cumplimiento de plazos. Anexos
Video de la aplicación del Cross Docking:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=wevJ7GkAHqQ

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...continue to struggle with the complexities of a hybrid managed/unmanaged environment. ..... Sorry, I had to laugh at that paper! ... Java on the other hand is cross-platform, and also traditionally runs as an ... - NET programmers continue to struggle with the complexities of a hybrid managed/unmanaged environment. ..... Sorry, I had to laugh at that paper! ... Java on the other hand is cross-platform, and also traditionally runsASSIGNMENT and ESSAY. ... others)Information Technology (Programming/ Languages (Java, C++, VB, .NET, & etc)/Database Design/ Computer Networking/ System Analysis/ Project Management/Project Development/ IT & Society/ and. - NET programmers continue to struggle with the complexiASSIGNMENT and ESSAY. ... others)Information Technology (Programming/ Languages (Java, C++, VB, .NET, & etc)/Database Design/ Computer Networking/ System Analysis/ Project Management/Project Development/ IT & Society/ and. - NET programmers continue to struggle with the complexities of a hybrid managed/unmanaged environment. ..... Sorry, I had to laugh at that paper! ... Java on the other hand is cross-platform, and also traditionally runs as an ... - NET programmers continue to struggle with the complexities of a hybrid managed/unmanaged environment. ..... Sorry, I had to laugh at that paper! ... Java on the other hand is cross-platform, and also traditionally runs as an ...ASSIGNMENT and ESSAY. ... others)Information Technology (Programming/ Languages (Java, C++, VB, .NET, & etc)/Database...

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