...groups of people of different ages, called a cross-sectional design, the study of the same people over a period of time, called a longitudinal design, and the combining of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs in some fashion in a sequential design. What are the strengths and limitations of each of these designs? Other research methods are; systematic observation, self-reports, the clinical method, and ethnography. What are the similarities and differences of these methods? Let us now examine these fascinating topics. Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, & Sequential Designs Cross-sectional design studies groups of subjects that are selected at each of a series of ages. The results may seem to indicate that there are major changes based on age. However, cross-sectional data about adults can differ not only in age, but in cohort. Influences of this kind lead to cohort effects, findings that are the result of historical factors to which one age group in a cross-sectional study has been exposed. Cross-sectional studies cannot tell us anything about sequences of change over age, or about the consistency of individual behavior over time, because each subject is tested only once. Cross-sectional research is useful because it is relatively quick to do and can give us a glimpse of possible age differences or age changes. (Berk, 2010) Longitudinal designs seem to solve the problems of cross-sectional research because they follow the same individual...
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...Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003, Vol. 112, No. 4, 558 –577 Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0021-843X/03/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558 Testing Mediational Models With Longitudinal Data: Questions and Tips in the Use of Structural Equation Modeling David A. Cole Vanderbilt University Scott E. Maxwell University of Notre Dame R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) provided clarion conceptual and methodological guidelines for testing mediational models with cross-sectional data. Graduating from cross-sectional to longitudinal designs enables researchers to make more rigorous inferences about the causal relations implied by such models. In this transition, misconceptions and erroneous assumptions are the norm. First, we describe some of the questions that arise (and misconceptions that sometimes emerge) in longitudinal tests of mediational models. We also provide a collection of tips for structural equation modeling (SEM) of mediational processes. Finally, we suggest a series of 5 steps when using SEM to test mediational processes in longitudinal designs: testing the measurement model, testing for added components, testing for omitted paths, testing the stationarity assumption, and estimating the mediational effects. Tests of mediational models have been an integral component of research in the behavioral sciences for decades. Perhaps the prototypical example of mediation was Woodsworth’s (1928) S-O-R model, which suggested...
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...turnover and employment systems literature by examining theoretically and empirically whether applying three categories of human resources (HR) practices, instead of treating HR practices as a consistent group (Batt and Colvin, 2011: 697), might produce similar effects on quits and dismissals rates. Previous researches had diversified views about the causes of quit and dismissals due to various factors and conditions that were considered in these studies and theoretically show plausible dissimilarity. In addition, the authors attempt to explore the potential effects of those sets of HR practices and turnover on the organizational performance and the reflections on customer satisfaction. Hypotheses Batt and Colvin (2011: 696-701) analysis and arguments about the current literature yield seven hypotheses. Whereas employers in which apply two sets of incentive HR practices, namely, high-involvement work and attractive investments and inducements practices, they may encounter lower turnover rate and higher level of operational performance. By contrast, the third set of these incentive HR practices, labeled performance-enhancing, might associate negatively with turnover rate and positively with operational performance. Moreover, authors hypothesize that the cooperation among these three HR categories could produce higher level of performance compared to their individual effects. Finally, the turnover might be negatively related to performance and its effects could mediate...
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...International Journal of Management Reviews (2008) doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00227.x Teamworking and organizational performance: A review of survey-based research Teamworking xxx 2007 Publishing Ltd ORIGINAL Journal of Ltd 2007performance XXX UK Publishing Management Reviews © Blackwell 1460-8545 International and organizational IJMR Oxford, Blackwell ARTICLES Anne Delarue,1 Geert Van Hootegem, Stephen Procter and Mark Burridge This paper presents a review of recent survey-based research looking at the contribution of teamwork to organizational performance. In particular, it focuses on empirical studies in which both teamwork and performance are directly measured in a quantitative way. The paper begins by identifying four interrelated dimensions of teamwork effectiveness: attitudinal, behavioural, operational and financial. The first two represent transmission mechanisms by which organizational performance can be improved. The latter two provide direct measures of organizational outcomes. The review shows that teamworking has a positive impact on all four dimensions of performance. It also reveals that, when teamwork is combined with structural change, performance can be further enhanced. The paper concludes by highlighting some important research gaps that future studies could address. Introduction Teamwork has emerged in recent years as one of the most important ways in which work is being reorganized (Osterman 1994; Waterson et al...
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...weather forecasting, earthquake prediction, electroencephalography, control engineering, astronomy, communications engineering, and largely in any domain of applied science and engineering which involves temporal measurements Cross-Section Data Cross-sectional data, or a cross section of a study population, in statistics and econometrics is a type data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at the same point of time, or without regard to differences in time. Analysis of cross-sectional data usually consists of comparing the differences among the subjects. For example, if we want to measure current obesity levels in a population, we could draw a sample of 1,000 people randomly from that population (also known as a cross section of that population), measure their weight and height, and calculate what percentage of that sample is categorized as obese. This cross-sectional sample provides us with a snapshot of that population, at that one point in time. Note that we do not know based on one cross-sectional sample if obesity is increasing or decreasing; we can only describe the current proportion. Cross-sectional data can be used in cross-sectional regression, which is regression analysis of cross-sectional data. For example, the consumption expenditures of various individuals in a fixed month could be regressed on their incomes, accumulated wealth levels, and their various...
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...not have. The correct research should have compared the new TRIX with competitor brands. This example was presented in your text to illustrate: a. poor budgeting for research b. how researchers in large firms are in "silos" and are not open to outside suggestions c. how former research studies often determine the design of present studies d. improper research design e. a case where exploratory research should have been undertaken after the causal research Answer: (d) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 114 2. Which of the following is true about research design? a. Research design should be the first consideration in a research project. b. Research design decisions should be made after data analysis. c. Research design should be selected during the initial meeting with a client. d. Research design should be selected after thoroughly considering the problem and research objectives. e. Research designs should be made after data collection. Answer: (d) Difficulty: (Moderate) Page: 116 3. Which of the following is the best description of research design? a. a set of advance decisions that makes up the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information b. a marketing term or concept involved in the marketing management problem that will be researched c. the specific pieces of...
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...INSTITUTE For Technology and Management Bangalore [pic] AN ASSIGNMENT OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR On [pic] “INDIAN RAILWAYS” Submitted To: Submitted By: Prof.SRI KUMAR PRAMIL KUMAR GUPTA BANGALORE PGDM 2009-11/31 Introduction: Indian Railways.... the golden Era 16th April, 1853...............The Beginning The first railway on Indian sub-continent ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane. The idea of a railway to connect Bombay with Thane, Kalyan and with the Thal and Bhore Ghats inclines first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843. The formal inauguration ceremony was performed on 16th April 1853, when 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 guests left Bori Bunder at 3.30 pm "amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude and to the salute of 21 guns." The first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a distance of 24 miles, on 15th August, 1854. INDIAN RAILWAYS, the premier transport organisation of the country is the largest rail network in Asia and the world’s second largest under one management.Indian Railways is a multi-gauge, multi-traction system covering the following: |Track Kilometres |Broad Gauge |Metre Gauge |Narrow Gauge (762/610 mm) |Total | | ...
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...Research Paper 1) Title, author and full quoting reference : “Efficient Supplier or Responsive Supplier? Home or Overseas? An Analysis of Sourcing Strategies under competition.” - Xiaole Wu - School of Management, Fudan University, Shanghai and Fuqiang Zhang Olin Business School, Washington University. Published online in Articles in Advance January 27, 2014. 2) Contextual Background: reasons and interests of the research Motivated by the recent back shoring trend, this paper studies a sourcing game where competing firms may choose between efficient sourcing (e.g., sourcing from overseas) and responsive sourcing (e.g., sourcing from a home country) Efficient sourcing usually provides a cost advantage, whereas responsive sourcing allows a firm to obtain more accurate demand information when making procurement decisions. By characterizing the equilibrium outcome, we find some interesting results driven by the strategic interaction between the firms. The chapter is based on cross-sectional data, required in order to address the proposed research questions and help understanding “how much” and what kind of manufacturing will be housed in western countries in the near future. 3) Question of research Based on the characterized equilibrium, we conduct a comparative statics analysis to examine: What are the recent market changes (e.g., the shrinking market sizedue to economic recession, the increasing labor costs in emerging economies, and the rising global commodity...
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...research design in international marketing research? 7. How can technology facilitate the research design process? 8. What ethical issues arise when selecting a research design? AUTHOR’S NOTES: CHAPTER FOCUS This chapter provides an overview of research design. A definition and a classification of research designs are presented. The differences between exploratory and conclusive research designs are discussed. The three basic types of research designs, namely exploratory, descriptive, and causal, are described and a comparative analysis of these designs is presented. The potential sources of errors in research designs are covered in some detail. The budgeting and scheduling of a marketing research project, as well as the preparation of a marketing research proposal, are covered. This chapter is similar to competing texts with regard to the material on the basic types of research designs. It is different in that it presents a comparative analysis of these designs and also gives a unified treatment of errors associated with research designs. This chapter could be taught by focusing on the opening questions sequentially. Greater emphasis could be placed on the differences between exploratory and conclusive research (Opening Question 2) and on the material on exploratory, descriptive, and causal research (Opening Question 3). The potential sources of errors in a research design should be...
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...upbringing as an explanation for criminal behaviour. (15) A) Longitudinal studies are psychological investigations carried out over a long period of time, or at various intervals over a long period of time. They allow psychologists to study changes in behaviour and, for instance, partiality to crime, and how this behaviour and the attitudes of those partaking in such behaviour change over time and why. But there is a flaw in the fact that longitudinal studies like Farrington, et al., have many extraneous variables that can affect the validity of the results. This is not an issue for studies like Wikstrom & Tafels Peterborough Youth Study, which was a snapshot study â a study conducted at just one point in time â and consists of a singular analysis of the school reports of 2,000 14/15 year olds and one interview, thus making the practicality of psychological research far easier than the 40 year-long longitudinal study Farrington conducted. On top of this, the most commonly used approach to collecting data from longitudinal research is self-report; both Farrington and Wikstrom & Tafel used them. Self-report techniques are a good indicator of partiality to criminal behaviour because you can ask personal questions and learn about smaller crimes that unreliable criminal records (used by Farrington in a bid for concurrent validity) and school reports (used by Wikstrom and Tafel for the same purpose) omit. But in spite of this, self-report may be subject to withheld information or social...
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...FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS & LAW RBUS2900 Business Research Method Article Review: Trust and Team Performance This paper will be analyzing and critiquing three main articles of trust and its direct and indirect effect on team performance. The selected articles are collected from the journal of occupational and organisational psychology, organization science and journal of business and industrial marketing, published no earlier than 2009 Contents RBUS2900 Article Review: “Trust and Team Performance” 2 I. Introduction 2 II. Research Design Characteristics 3 III. Summaries of the Three Articles 3 3.1. Article1: “The differential effect of team members’ trust on team performance: The mediation role of team cohesion” (Mach, Dolan & Tzafrir, 2010) 3 3.2. Article 2: “Getting everyone one board: The role of inspirational leadership in geographically dispersed teams” (Joshi, Lazarova & Liao, 2010) 5 3.3. Article 3: “Managerial trust and NPD performance: Team commitment and longevity as mediators” (Doyan, 2010) 6 IV. Critiques of the Three Articles 7 4.1. Article1: “The differential effect of team members’ trust on team performance: The mediation role of team cohesion” (Mach, Dolan & Tzafrir, 2010) 7 4.2. Article 2: “Getting everyone one board: The role of inspirational leadership in geographically dispersed teams” (Joshi, Lazarova & Liao, 2010) 8 4.3. Article 3: “Managerial trust and NPD performance: Team commitment and longevity as mediators” (Doyan, 2010) 9 ...
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...Generating Panel Data g Using CBMS Guidelines on Identifying the Same Household during the Survey This work was carried out by the PEP Asia-CBMS Network Team of the Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies (AKI) of De La Salle University, Manila with support from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) Generating Panel Data Using CBMS What is Panel Data (Longitudinal or cross-sectional time series data)? Data where multiple cases ( p (individual, households, etc.) , , ) were observed at two or more time periods. What is the main purpose of Panel Data? Helpful in monitoring the status of each household over time through analysis of several phenomena such as dimensions of poverty di i f t Generating Panel Data Using CBMS Advantages of pre-survey panel data preparations ti 1.Saves more time compared to matching the households after the data collection 2.Helps ensure that all households will be covered 3.Facilitates identification of new households (Note: (N t new households should b given a h h ld h ld be i new HH ID) Generating Panel Data Using CBMS CBMS Panel Data Household panel data is a collection of several information about the same household over time. Generating p g panel data entails a rigid definition of g what constitutes the same household. Generating Panel Data Using CBMS Definition of “same household” over time ...
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...athletes to continue peak performance when they reach their thirties or forties indicates that deterioration begins at a relatively young age and progresses in severity from that point on. Indeed, many studies have confirmed that most physiological processes deteriorate progressively after about thirty years of age, some functions more severely affected than others. Most of the research on age-associated physiological deterioration has utilized cross-sectional studies; that is, subjects of different ages are studied at a given point in time (e.g., the calendar year 1990). These are called cross-sectional studies because the data are collected from a cross section of the population. Since this study design provides information quickly and relatively inexpensively, it is widely used. However, because of generational factors and selective mortality, the cross-sectional design can yield erroneous information about aging. An example of how a generational factor may confound an aging study is illustrated by a hypothetical 1970 cross-sectional study of cognitive function in which Americans in the third decade of life were compared with those in the tenth decade. It is critical to note that the average number of years of schooling of Americans has increased markedly during the twentieth century. Therefore, if this study finds cognitive ability of those in the tenth decade of life to be less than in those in the third decade, it may be due to the difference in educational level or to age-associated...
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...athletes to continue peak performance when they reach their thirties or forties indicates that deterioration begins at a relatively young age and progresses in severity from that point on. Indeed, many studies have confirmed that most physiological processes deteriorate progressively after about thirty years of age, some functions more severely affected than others. Most of the research on age-associated physiological deterioration has utilized cross-sectional studies; that is, subjects of different ages are studied at a given point in time (e.g., the calendar year 1990). These are called cross-sectional studies because the data are collected from a cross section of the population. Since this study design provides information quickly and relatively inexpensively, it is widely used. However, because of generational factors and selective mortality, the cross-sectional design can yield erroneous information about aging. An example of how a generational factor may confound an aging study is illustrated by a hypothetical 1970 cross-sectional study of cognitive function in which Americans in the third decade of life were compared with those in the tenth decade. It is critical to note that the average number of years of schooling of Americans has increased markedly during the twentieth century. Therefore, if this study finds cognitive ability of those in the tenth decade of life to be less than in those in the third decade, it may be due to...
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...DESIGNS: There are five basic research designs according to which one can conduct his/her research. These research designs are: 1. Experimental design 2. Longitudinal design 3. Explanatory design 4. Cross sectional design 5. Case study design DESIGN THAT SUITS OUR TOPIC: Keeping in consideration all other methods and designs, we think that cross sectional design suits our research topic. Cross sectional design may be defined as “A basic type of research method in which a large cross-section of the population is studied at one specific time and the differences between individual groups within the population compared.” The most important advantage of cross sectional studies is that in general they are quick and cheap. As there is no follow up, fewer resources are required to run the study. Cross sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence and are useful at identifying associations that can then be more rigorously studied using a cohort study or randomized controlled study. Cross-sectional surveys can be conducted using any mode of data collection, including telephone interviews in which landline telephones are called, telephone interviews in which cell phones are called, face-to-face interviews, mailed questionnaires. Cross-sectional studies are observational in nature and are known as descriptive research, not causal or relational. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables. This...
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