...dependencies. Both of these concepts were key during the Cuban revolution held in the XXth century. The Cuban revolution was an armed revolt led by Fidel Castro’s 26th of july movement and allies against the authoritarian government of Cuban president Fulgencio Batista. The revolution started in 1953 and lasted 5 years and a half until 1959 when the rebels finally ousted Batista, however the causes to it weren’t just short term but also long term ones. The purpose of this essay is to analyze both of this types of causes which led together to start the revolution. The long term causes started with the Cuban ten years war also known as the great war in 1868 to 1878. This war was part of Cuba’s fight for independence from Spain due to that it was the first of 3 wars between the 2 countries. In October 10 1868 sugar mill owner, Carlos Manuel Cespedes and his followers proclaimed independence beginning the conflict. The Cuban people demanded 4 main things to the Spanish parliament: Tariff reform, Cuban representation in parliament, judicial equality with Spaniards and full enforcement of a slave trade ban, however the Spanish government denied all of this demands which caused discontent among Cubans and ended in a conflict. The war finally ended because the rebels lacked of organization, resources, participation of the white race, the inability to bring the war to western provinces (such as Havana) and the Us opposition to Cuban independence (it sold weapons to Spain). The pact of Zanjon ...
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...LAST 170 Midterm Exam: Wednesday, October 22 and Friday, October 24, 2014. Wednesday and Friday during usual class time •Students with last names beginning with A-K will take the test in 100 Gregory Hall •Students with last names beginning with L-Z will take the test in 1LIB 66 •Please bring a #2 pencil. Friday: students will go to their scheduled discussion sections and take the second part of the exam. Format: 3 mini-essay answer; 40-60 multiple-choice questions; 5-10 fill-in-the-blank questions; and 5-10 two-sentence answers. Short-essay answer: concisely answer the following questions. Be prepared to answer all of them. ACTUAL QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAM 1) Consider what you learned in lecture and from the readings by Rohter, Guimarães, Goldstein, Vaughan, and Stout. Discuss how people are racialized in Brazil and Cuba. Be sure to cover the following issues: a. What historical conditions explain the high level of inequality in these countries? Why are socio-economic conditions connected to race? (10 pts) b. Provide one concrete example from the readings that shows how constructions of race in Brazil and Cuba are similar, and one concrete example from the readings to show how they are different (10 pts) c. Discuss why identities are mediated and how media is used as part of the process of racialization (10 pts). Use one example provided in class to explain your argument (10 pts). 2) Considering the movie “Even the Rain” and from...
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...A notable example includes President John Tyler who used the doctrine in 1842 to justify the seizing Texas. However, the Doctrine’s relevance in the Spanish American War defines . It has been established that American went to war with Spain over Cuba. The point of contention, however, is the reason why they went to war. At the time there has been two primary “justifications” for the declaration of war: the economical benefits of annexing Cuba, and — more-popularly — the sympathies that Americans felt for Cubans. While both types of these justifiers wanted the war to start, they wanted the war to end differently than each other. The inevitable concision of Spain left America in a peril: what was to be done with Spain? There were two options: either annex Cuba for economic reasons, or leave them to regulate themselves. The arguments presented in the Monroe Doctrine support the latter solution more than the former, as the Doctrine stated its reasoning included the people’s “cherish sentiments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their...
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...with a nation. In the book Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America, by John Chasteen, it says that nationalists were often urban , middle class, mixed race, or recent immigrants. It is said that Nationalism is one of the most widespread and influential ideologies in modern world history. In this week's reading for James Wood, entitled "Nationalism", it talks about Nationalism and how it affected Latin American countries. An example of how Nationalism affected Latin America is the Cuban war for independence from Spain, which happened from 1868 to 1898. Jose Marti was a apostle of Cuban Independence, in which he earned this title from many years of fighting for this cause. Jose had died on the battlefield fighting for Cuba's independence in 1895. Due to his belief about Cuba being independent, Jose was imprisoned and was also exiled from Cuba. Jose Marti's most famous essay was published in newspapers in both New York and Mexico City in January of 1891. In this essay he talks about the blindness of the previous Latin American governments to what was actually going on in the that region. The Mexican Revolution of 1910 had posed a revolutionary challenge to the neocolonial system. Francisco Madero had led a campaign to overthrow the government, which at the time was a positivist dictatorship ran by Porforio Diaz. This revolution lasted for a decade from 1910 to 1920 and it was very bloody. The Revolution had many twists and turns, but it gradually became institutionalized...
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...Fidel Castro’s Influence on the Cuban Revolution, 1953-1959 The year was 1953 and Fidel Castro was a dashing and daring reformer that was determined to make a impact in a country that was ruled by an unjust president. With the Movement strong and confident, Castro delivered these strong words to his group of men: “In a few hours you will be victorious or defeated, but regardless of the outcome – listen well, friends – this Movement will triumph. If you win tomorrow, the aspirations of Martí will be fulfilled sooner. If we fail, our action will nevertheless set an example for the Cuban people, and from the people will arise fresh new men willing to die for Cuba. They will pick up our banner and move forward... The people will back us in Oriente and in the whole island. As in '68 and '92, here in Oriente we will give the first cry of Liberty or Death!” These words by Castro illustrates what type of leader he was and still is to this day. Castro is one of the most polarizing figures in Cuban history, with many natives of Cuba arguing that he was the central cause of the destruction of Cuba, while others consider him to be the visionary that saved Cuba from the destruction that would have come about if a capitalist system had been instituted instead of a communist one. Actions taken by Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution shaped Cuba politically and socially to what we know it to be today. Fidel Castro was born in southeast Cuba, in the Oriente Province on August 13, 1926...
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...sides soon came to realize that the struggle between Spain and the new Republic had reached an impasse. The rebels could not meet the Spanish regulars in the field but neither could the Spanish put down the guerrillas. Negotiations began in August and concluded in December with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. The agreement extended a general amnesty to the rebels with a payment of US$800,000 for Aguinaldo and his government to retire in voluntary exile to Hong Kong. Aguinaldo left the Philippines with his government on December 27, 1897. While in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo and his compatriots designed what is today the Philippine national flag. Spanish-American War / War of Philippine Independence 1898 - 1901 Relations between the United States and Spain deteriorated over the conduct of the war for independence in Cuba. On February 15, 1898 the American battleship, USS Maine, exploded and sank in Havana harbour under mysterious circumstances with the loss of 260 men. As war between the United States and Spain became imminent, the commander of the U.S. Asiatic Squadron, Commodore...
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...similar for both Unit 1 and Unit 2. Paper 01 in each unit consisted of nine short-answer questions, three on each Module. The questions were intended to assess the range of content covered by the syllabus, and questions were set on each theme. Candidates were expected to answer all nine questions. This paper was worth 30 per cent of the candidates’ overall grade. Paper 02, on the other hand, emphasized depth of coverage. Three questions were set on each Module, one of which required candidates to analyse extracts from a set of documents related to one of the themes in the Module. The other two questions were extended essays. Both the document analysis and the essay questions required well-developed and clearly reasoned responses. Candidates were required to choose three questions, one from each Module. They were required to respond to one document analysis and two essay questions. This paper contributed 50 per cent to the candidates’ overall grade. Paper 03, was the internal assessment component. Candidates were required to complete a research paper on a topic of their choice from within the syllabus. This paper contributed 20 per cent to the candidates’ overall grade. Unit 1: The Caribbean in the Atlantic World Paper 1- Short Responses that Test Coverage Module 1 This Module focused on Indigenous Societies and their encounter with the Iberians. Question 1 This question required candidates to describe two economic features of either the Kalinago, Taino or Tupi, and to outline two...
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...AP* World History Study Guide and Graphic Organizers – Unit 5: The Modern World, 1914 CE – present 1. World War I Students are required to know the causes, major events, and consequences of WWI 1) Causes a) Imperialism i) No new lands to expand into – some nations didn’t have many colonies (Germany, Italy) ii) Rivalries as nations competed for colonies iii) Sometimes armed conflict in colonial lands for control over resources b) Nationalism i) Pride in one’s nation, want one’s nation to be the best and most powerful ii) Fostered conflict as nations competed to be the best iii) Justified imperialism, militarism iv) Caused disruptions in multi-ethnic nations (Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire); rebellions, revolts against foreign rule c) Militarism i) Build up of a country’s military; keeping a large standing army ii) Nations expanded their militaries as a show of power iii) Arms race: each nation needed to have a standing army because their neighbors had standing armies d) Alliances i) Bismarck: German chancellor behind alliance system in Europe ii) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy allied; France, Great Britain, Russia allied 2) Events a) Assassination of Archduke Frantz Ferdinand: Serbian terrorists kill the Austrian duke and his wife as they honeymooned in Sarajevo i) Austria demands Serbian submission ii) Russia offers to back Serbians in defying Austrians iii) Austria and Germany declare war on Serbia and Russia (along with Russia’s allies) b) Schlieffen...
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...Why The US Became An Imperialist Power It can certainly be argued that the turn to imperialism by the United States in the late nineteenth century was of a piece with expansionist policy that dated back to the founding of the nation. Many of the justifications were similar, including a civilizing mission, expanding economic opportunities, competition with foreign powers, and others. Additionally, the anxieties that resulted from the closing of the frontier (most famously expressed in Frederick Jackson Turner's 1893 essay The Significance of the Frontier in American History) are often cited as driving forces for continued expansion as a way of maintaining American vitality in a modern world. Yet imperialism marked a major departure from previous US policy. For more than a century, political leaders had emphasized American isolation from the problems of the world. By mid-century, however, the desire for new markets for United States manufactured goods had resulted in increasing involvement in foreign affairs. The United States became an imperialist power for reasons of wealth, land, and power in the late eighteenth century. Though ideologically convincing, the imperialist policies that the US followed proved to be unsuccessful in a number of instances. From 1890 to about 1911, many Americans held the strongest of reservation either in favor or against United States imperialism. Thus, the debate over imperialism is split into two categories: Imperialists and anti-imperialists...
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...America Annexing the Philippines Just imagine living life in a cold and deserted state. In 1898 the United States went to war with Spain because of their poor treatment of the Philippines. The U.S. was not sure what to do with the Philipines, but they needed to make a choice. The U.S. had three choices which were to hand the islands back to Spain, give the Philippines its independence, or annex. The decision to annex was passed by one vote, it was a very split decision. Now the big debate was whether or not the U.S. should have made the Philippines apart of their rule. The United States should have annexed the Philippines because they needed to protect them from other countries, annexing was the only choice, and to help them rebuild and get...
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...paint a clearer image on how far the organisation has come from post-World War II , through the Cold War to the present day. A major tool of the UN in its unprecedented efforts has been its UN Charter , within which it manifests its principles and goals clearly and concisely, and it is through this framework that it has conducted itself in every UN peacekeeping mission. The Charter is the working document of the UN as it follows its guidelines in a diligent and stringent manner. However, this stance has led to it being exploited by more cunning leaders, or even finding itself in the complex situation of being tempted to disobey the Charter, due to its limiting and constraining nature. In this essay, I will focus primarily on a combination of all the approaches used in writing essays .As such I will describe the three peacekeeping missions I have chosen mainly the UNOSOM, UNAVEM and UNOC and explain their history up until their demise, while also providing a critical analysis of the minute details that caused them to not fully achieve their set goals and thus result in abject failure. I will also theoretically look at the events and situations surrounding each mission as well as...
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...Identification. Christopher Columbus landed in Puerto Rico in 1493, during his second voyage, naming it San Juan Bautista. The Taínos, the indigenous people, called the island Boriquén Tierra del alto señor ("Land of the Noble Lord"). In 1508, the Spanish granted settlement rights to Juan Ponce de León, who established a settlement at Caparra and became the first governor. In 1519 Caparra had to be relocated to a nearby coastal islet with a healthier environment; it was renamed Puerto Rico ("Rich Port") for its harbor, among the world's best natural bays. The two names were switched over the centuries: the island became Puerto Rico and its capital San Juan. The United States anglicized the name to "Porto Rico" when it occupied the island in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. This spelling was discontinued in 1932. Puerto Ricans are a Caribbean people who regard themselves as citizens of a distinctive island nation in spite of their colonial condition and U.S. citizenship. This sense of uniqueness also shapes their migrant experience and relationship with other ethnoracial groups in the United States. However, this cultural nationalism coexists with a desire for association with the United States as a state or in the current semiautonomous commonwealth status. Location and Geography. Puerto Rico is the easternmost and smallest of the Greater Antilles, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Basin to the south. Puerto Rico is a crucial hemispheric access...
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...more defensive method Reagan deployed a more Offensive style to dealing communist-controlled countries. Reagan laid out his interpretation of his doctrine at his State of the Union Address on February 6, 1985. "We must not break faith with those who are risking their lives on every continent from Afghanistan to Nicaragua to defy Soviet-supported aggression and secure rights which have been ours from birth . . . Support for freedom fighters is self-defense." He went on to explain how he thought that Truman’s version of containment, originally designed to halt Stalin in Europe was now obsolete. President Reagan’s doctrine facilitated the use of US involvement in places like Angola where the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) fought against the Soviet and Cuban backed Angolan government. US involvement was also present in Afghanistan when in December 1979 the USSR invaded. At the request of the Afghan Government the Soviet army crossed Afghan’s northern borders to assist the pro-communisis Afghan government in defeating the anti-Communist Muslim Afghan guerrillas (mujahidin). Another publicized involvement was with the assistance of the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. When the American military forces left Nicaragua for...
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...The Edexcel International GCSE in History Schemes of work We are happy to provide these new enhanced schemes of work for you to amend and adapt to suit your teaching purposes. We hope you find them useful. Practical support to help you deliver this specification Schemes of work These schemes of work have been produced to help you implement this Edexcel specification. They are offered as examples of possible models that you should feel free to adapt to meet your needs and are not intended to be in any way prescriptive. It is in editable word format to make adaptation as easy as possible. These schemes of work give guidance for: * Content to be covered * Approximate time to spend on different key themes * Ideas for incorporating and developing the assessment skills related to each unit. Suggested teaching time This is based on a two year teaching course of five and a half terms with one and a half hours of history teaching each week. This would be a seventy week course with total teaching time of approximately 100 hours. The schemes suggest the following timescale for the different sections: * Paper 1: 20 hours for each of the two topics: Total 40 hours. * Paper 2 Section A: 20 hours for the topic: Total 20 hours. * Paper 2 Section B: 25 hours for the topic since it covers a longer period in time. Total 25 hours. * Revision: 15 hours. Possible options for those with less teaching time * 20 hours for Section Paper 2 Section B ...
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...expansion such as in the Philippines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In this essay, the documents will be analyzed along with some additional historical evidence which will help to contextualize the documents. The relationships of the documents and their views will be compared. Additionally, the document’s point of view, author, purpose, historical situation, and audience will be examined. First, Document 3 shows “President William McKinley in 1899 described to a church delegation why the Philippines was acquired.” We need to figure out what was happening during this time. According to Zinn, “In February 1898, the U.S. battleship Maine, in Havana harbor as a symbol of American interest in the Cuban events, was destroyed by a mysterious explosion and sank, with the loss of 268 men. Excitement grew in the United States and McKinley began to move in the direction of war” (pg. 304). Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States: 1492-Present, Taylor and Francis, 2003. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/Pitt-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3570346. Furthermore, according to Boyer, “By terms of the 1898 peace treaty, Spain ceded to the United States Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands, whose Spanish colonial administrators had surrendered. This led to a three-year war to defeat Filipino insurgents fighting for independence” (pg.73) Boyer, Paul S. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press Inc., 2012 Furthermore...
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