...Decision Making : Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 was a tumultuous time for Americans, and people around the nation. During this time the United States and nations were on the brink of nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis was known as one of the most trying times in history, as well as crucial moment throughout John F. Kennedy’s presidency. The Cuban Missile Crisis was believed to be one of the most successful decision-making processes in history. The movie Thirteen Days was one among several media outlets, which analyzed the events leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. It explored the leadership methods of President Kennedy, and process which led him and the Executive Committee (ExComm.) to reach a successful resolution. The intent of this summary will explore detailed events of the film to pinpoint several decision-making models, such as the rational model, political model, and process model. The review will focus on the key players in the decision making process and their influence on President Kennedy, as well as, how they eventually reached a successful outcome. During an emergency meeting with President Kennedy, McGeorge Bundy, National Security Advisor reported U-2 aerial photographs detecting the construction of medium range missiles in Cuba. President Kennedy initiated a discussion with the Joint chiefs of the Executive Committee. He took a step back to allow everyone involved to suggest different scenarios to solve the missile crisis. The military consensus...
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...Leadership Style John Vicciardo LDR/531-Organizational Leadership August 18, 2014 Dr. Patricia Anderson Abstract This paper will analyze the leadership style of John F. Kennedy and compare it to historical and contemporary leadership theories. It will review JFK’s leadership characteristics, compare them to my specific leadership style and discuss areas of future personal focus. The discussion includes specific examples that feature Kennedy’s ability to take risks, create and articulate a vision, identify the needs of followers and be responsible for his decisions. The paper will outline a leadership discussion with my mentor in which the traits of JFK and how they apply to my style are discussed. Table of Contents Introduction4 The Leadership Style of JFK4 Bay of Pigs4 The Cuban Missile Crisis5 Man on the Moon5 Personal Leadership evaluation6 Conclusion6 References8 Leadership Style Introduction There are several different theories for understanding leaders and what enables them to be successful. The theories: leader-member exchange, transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, trait theory, contingency theory and behavioral theory (Robbins & Judge, 2013), are interdependent and most leaders will exhibit characteristics of all of these theories at different times in their roles. John F. Kennedy was a great political leader that I admire and his leadership style showcases the need for leaders to be born with some attributes while...
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...p81 The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Limits of Crisis Management. RICHARD M. PIOUS. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2001 Academy of Political Science Nowhere do the constitutional prerogatives of the president seem greater than in the midst of national security crises; nowhere do we invest in the president greater resources of command. Although in the past half century presidents have surrounded themselves with a vast national security apparatus, consisting of intelligence agencies and the National Security Council, it is not at all clear that presidents have been effective as crisis managers. They often lack crucial information, use incomplete or misleading analogies to understand crisis situations, find it difficult to micromanage events, and are unable to project force effectively. Even when they are successful, it is often in spite of, rather than because of, the resources of the institutionalized presidency at their disposal. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 provides a case study of how John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev almost blundered into a nuclear war through the crisis management approaches of their advisory systems, but then managed to extricate themselves using personal diplomacy and old-fashioned political horsetrading. They did so without revealing to the world how they had defused the crisis, a decision to maintain confidentiality with far reaching consequences for subsequent presidential crisis decision making. The illusion that presidential crisis management can...
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...The Kennedy Doctrine This paper discusses the Presidency of John Fitzgerald Kennedy from the perspective of charismatic leadership. Specifically, it addresses the four characteristics that social scientists have agreed lead to such leadership and their relation to the 1961-1963 Kennedy Presidency: a crisis situation, potential followers in distress, an aspiring leader, and a doctrine promising deliverance. This paper shows that all four of these characteristics apply to Kennedy, and demonstrates their causality of his charismatic leadership persona, which endured long past (and perhaps in part because of) his assassination in 1963. The United States was in a state of controlled turmoil. Unknown dangers were threatened from enemies abroad, while moral concerns further eroded confidence at home. The nation was emerging from a decade of paranoia and fear stirred up by certain high-ranking members of the federal government. In this election year, a Democratic Senator would become one of the youngest men ever elected to the office of President of the United States of America in a historically barrier-breaking election. No, the year is not 2008, and the President is not Barack Obama. Instead, turning the calendars back to 1960 brings us the year that John Fitzgerald Kennedy was elected the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America, the youngest man ever elected to the office, as well as being the only Roman Catholic to ever hold...
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...The Cuban Missile Crisis: Reading the Lessons Correctly Author(s): Richard Ned Lebow Source: Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 431-458 Published by: The Academy of Political Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150497 Accessed: 10/11/2008 23:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aps. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. The Academy of Political Science is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve...
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...The Cuban Missile Crisis: Reading the Lessons Correctly Author(s): Richard Ned Lebow Source: Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 431-458 Published by: The Academy of Political Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150497 Accessed: 10/11/2008 23:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aps. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. The Academy of Political Science is collaborating with JSTOR to...
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...life on that fateful Friday in November 1963. His decision-making, his leadership and his ability to inspire a nation at a time when it was desperately needed were second to none. He seemed to face one crisis after another, on the international stage and at home. • The Bay of Pigs – a failed attempt by US CIA-led forces to overthrow the Fidel Castro-dictated Cuban government initiated less than three months after JFK took office. • The Cuban missile crisis – one of his most defining moments, Kennedy made Russian chairman Nikita Khrushchev accede to our demands to pull their weaponry out of Cuba. Kennedy initiated a blockade of Soviet ships headed towards Cuba and told Khrushchev the blockade would be in force until the arms were removed. • The economy – was shaky and the unemployment rate was at levels similar to what we’re experiencing now. Kennedy loosened monetary policy to keep interest rates down and the economy turned around and prospered. • He promoted the equal rights revolution, laying the groundwork for the Civil Rights Act. • The space program and his challenge to send a man to the moon within a decade culminated with success, and the computer advances it generated had undreamt of consequences. Without a doubt John F. Kennedy has become one of America's most favorite presidents. Among his greatest accomplishments was his leadership during the Cuban missile crisis and the establishment of the Peace Corps. In contrast to his success...
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...The United States made the right decision in intervening during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Missiles brought to Cuba were against the Monroe Doctrine, and the USA had to act on it. The Monroe Doctrine warns all nations to not interfere in American affairs. The Nuclear Missiles that were brought to Cuba were an extreme threat to the United States, therefore, establishing a naval quarantine around Cuba and intervening had to be done for the welfare of the United States. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a conflict between the United States and Soviet Union over Soviet nuclear missile bases that were found and being built in Cuba. The conflict only lasted 13 days in the October of 1962. In the short amount of time that the Cuban Missile Crisis transpired,...
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...Leadership in Organizations Semester Assignment John F. Kennedy (USA President: 1961-1963) November 22, 1963 |October 28, 1962 |October 22, 1962 |October 16, 1962 |May 25, 1961 |January 20, 1961 |November 8, 1960 |May 29, 1917 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |JFK is assassinated while riding through the streets of Dallas, Texas. Lyndon Johnson becomes president |Soviet Union agrees to remove its missiles from Cuba |JFK announces naval quarantine of Cuba |The U.S. obtains photos of Soviet missile emplacements in Cuba, bringing about the Cuban Missile Crisis |President John F. Kennedy's "Man on the Moon" Address |John F. Kennedy is sworn in as President of the United States and makes his inaugural address |JFK defeats Nixon and becomes president |Birth of John F. Kennedy in Brookline, Massachusetts | | Meital David – ID#: 039024898 Alon E. Nachmany – ID#: 302259593 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29th, 1917, into a rich, politically connected Boston family of Irish-Catholics. Even though his childhood was abundant with frequent and serious illnesses; John still strove to create his own path in life, writing a best-selling book, while still attending Harvard University, and volunteering for combat in World War II. After the war, John pursued journalism, but soon after entered politics, serving the US House of Representatives (1947 – 1953) and the Senate (1953 – 1961). The most significant events in Kennedy's life were soon to follow. After...
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...The Cuban Missile Crisis The world was at the edge of a third world war. This was the result of a variety of things: the Cuban Revolution, the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, US anti-communism, insecurity of the Soviet Union, and Cuba's fear of invasion all made causes for war. However, war was not the result due to great cooperation from both President Kennedy and President Khrushchev and each of the decisions made by the leaders was crucial in the outcome of The Crisis. Kennedy's choice to take action by means of quarantine instead of air-strike and Khrushchev's decision to abide by the quarantines were perhaps the two most significant decisions made by the leaders in order to prevent war. The Cuban Missile Crisis showed the world that compromising and discussion can in-fact prevent war. As Khrushchev said in 1962, "They talk about who won and who lost. Human reason won. Mankind won." 1 The world had almost seen another world war, the effects of which would have been devastating because of the weapons involved. Humanity, indeed, was the prevention of the war. The Cuban Revolution was a background cause to the crisis. On January 1st, 1959 a Marxist regime in Cuba would have seemed unlikely. To the communist party in Cuba, Fidel Castro appeared tempestuous, irresponsible and stubbornly bourgeois. In 1943 President Batista appointed a communist to his Cabinet, as he used communists as leaders of the labor unions. Batista started to fail the Cuban communists and their...
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...re-establish diplomatic relations with Cuba. “To the Cuban people, America extends a hand of friendship ”, he said. ‘Since the President took office in 2009, he has taken steps to support the ability of the Cuban people to gain greater control over their own lives and determine their country’s future. Now, the President is taking the next steps to renew our leadership in the Americas, end our outdated approach on Cuba, and promote more effective change that supports the Cuban people and our national security interests.’( "President Obama Delivered a Statement on Cuba." The WHITE HOUSE. 17 Dec. 2014. Web. 1 May 2015. <https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/foreign-policy/cuba>.) It seems to me as if this would be an especially good time for a change in America’s relations with Cuba and that the moment has finally come to put an end to this mess that not only economy of both countries suffers from but the real people too, and to admit that the embargo has to be lifted. The U.S. trade embargo on Cuba was placed after World War II by the President Eisenhower in October 1960, one year after Fidel Castro seized power. Thus, diplomatic relations were severed. It was an implicit reluctant recognition of the permanence of the Castro regime and an explicit signal of U.S displeasure with expropriation of American property and with Cuba’s having become an ally of the Soviet bloc. A 1961 disaster with a name Bay of Pigs, carried out by Cuban exiles, was...
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...The beginning of Cuban missile crisis-a conflict between two huge atomic nations, the U.S and the U.S.S.R. was a formal presentation made by the CIA to President Kennedy. Experts pointed to the missile base being constructed near San Cristobel, Cuba. No one expected that the Russians would build a base in Cuba for Ballistic Missiles after confirming that the Russians would sign an atmospheric test-ban treaty. This may have been justified by the fact that U.S had a similar base in Turkey near the border with the Soviet Union. However, the biggest puzzle was that Khrushchev assured that there were no military installations in Cuba and that the relationship between the two superpowers would not conflict. The best decision about Kennedy was when he warned that U.S would not tolerate any kind of interference in Latin America by the Soviet Union. More importantly, the president called the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM), a group which met continuously for next twelve days and almost daily for some six weeks thereafter and wanted an air strike on the missile sites. “The President…knew he would have to act.” Kennedy instructed the members to come forward with recommendations for one course or possibly several alternative course of action and various alternatives like quarantine, blockade, and air strike against the missile bases alone were suggested. While the argument went on about the possible sanction the missiles were already in Cuba and they realized...
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...Davis AP US History 31 May, 2012 Bay of Pigs They Bay of Pigs was a failed operation by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with encouragement from the US government, attempting to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. The Bay of Pigs took place in Cuba and was launched in April 1961 shortly after John F. Kennedy became president. The defending force were trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated the invading exile combatants within three days. In January 1959 counter-revolutionary groups grew, after the success of the Cuban Revolution; the guerrilla continued until 1965. On March 11th 1961, Jesus Carreras and American William Alexander Morgan (a former Castro ally) were executed after a trial. On April 6th 1961, the Hersey Sugar factory in Matanzas was destroyed by sabotage. On April 14th that same year, a Cubana airliner was hijacked and flown to Jacksonville, FL to stage a ‘defection’ of a B-26 and pilot at Miami on April 15th. In 1960, the CIA started hiring Cuban exiles to train them for the upcoming invasion. The Cuban intelligence network knew the invasion was coming and the media estimated conflict throughout the world. Soviet Radio broadcasted a newscast predicting the invasion "in a plot hatched by the CIA" using paid "criminals" within a week. The invasion took place four days later. The well equipped Cuban Armed Forces posed a huge threat to the invaders. On April 15th, the invasion commenced and eight bombers attacked...
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...Alexandra Roach Dr. Fiddner PLSC World Politics 101 006 October 8, 2015 Cuban Missile Crisis Analysis Due to the Cold War, in October 1962, tensions were high between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cuban Missile Crisis began on October 14, 1962. This was by far the most significant event to happen in the Cold War. The Soviets had been using Cuba as a place to set their missiles from which they would be able to launch a nuclear attack at any time on almost anywhere in the Southeastern parts of the United States, this including places like Washington D.C., New York City, New Orleans, and other major cities in the United States. Photographers were able to capture pictures of these missiles with high-altitude U-2 spy planes giving evidence that the missiles were 90 miles off the American costal line. Although it seems as if the Cuban Missile Crisis happened at a blinding pace, this crisis actually was a culmination of a much longer process. In this essay I will be focusing on the events that led up to the terrifying 14 day event of the Cuban Missile Crisis as well as looking at the crisis from an individual level of analysis and from a realist point of view. In order to fully understand the Cuban Missile Crisis, we must first take a look at all of the events that had lead up to the crisis. Among many of the factors leading up to the nuclear standoff between the countries, one of the factors, of course, was the genuine concern of defense of each leader, John...
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...The Monroe Doctrine James Monroe was the 5th president of the United States holding office from 1817-1825, and was considered to be one of the last founding fathers to be in office. With the help of his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, James Monroe created the Monroe Doctrine that asserted America’s dominance in the Western Hemisphere. Monroe gave this statement at his address to congress on December 2, 1823. The Monroe Doctrine had four main points: (1) The United States would remain neutral in European affairs, and would abstain from conflict. (2) The US would honor any European colonies already established in the Western hemisphere. (3) The US would not allow any new European colonies to be created in the Western hemisphere, and would act with force if necessary. (4) The US would view any European countries that tried to interfere with a Nation in the Western hemisphere as hostile, and respond as needed. The United States defeated the British in the War of 1812 about 10 years before, and it helped establish the young country as a world power. The US did not necessarily have the means to enforce the Doctrine, and it was vague in describing how they would react if anyone did attempt anything. The Doctrine would help keep European ideals, influence, and colonization away from the Americas. With the Doctrine America essentially had full control over the Western hemisphere and that is exactly what Monroe wanted, because he believed it would help America prosper the...
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