...Assess the view that working-class children under-achieve because they are culturally deprived Social class is ‘a division of society based on social and economic status’ This hierarchy classifies the working-class as those who are employed for wages generally in skilled labour occupations. The term ‘Cultural Deprivation’ is an external factor outside of the education system in having a negative impact on a child’s success, which generally occurs within working-class families as of reasons which will be further explained in this essay. Those who are culturally deprived tend to have not acquired basic values and skills which are vital for educational success, potentially due lack of economic wealth, poor attitude to the institution of education and an in-adequate upbringing . Several sociologist theorists argue for and against the view ‘under-achievement is caused by cultural deprivation in working-class families‘ as there’s evidence that other factors contribute to educational under-achievement in working class children also. Cultural deprivation comes in three aspects during primary socialisation, including lack of intellectual development, poor language skills and not having the correct attitudes and values to drive them to their success. A working-class family generally can not provide educational toys or books which enable intellectual progression, and therefore their children score lower than middle class children on tests of ability as shown by Douglas (1984). Working-class...
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...American and UK subculture theory (comparison study) This study occurred about 3rd quarter of 1900's, whereas, the subculture of American is far different from Great Britain, however, there was, instead, a focus on cultural forms and their links to leisure activities. Then later research, taking a more politically radical and Marxist approach, became interested in moral panics and problem atisation surrounding the activities of certain young people. The social disorganization theory also arise to their study from Britain to America, although it appears that on Britain has very minimal number of gangs compare to America, has lots of gangs, specifically the study of differentiation unto working class young people into college boy and corner boys. Consequently, according to downes study he argues that the delinquent subculture can exist even when there is no structured delinquent gang. These lead to the 2nd main point that subculture theory can explain adolescent corner groups where delinquency is sole purpose of the group. Downes argue also that young people in his study were not afflicted by class-based status-frustration which manifests in a reaction-formation, as in the work of Cohen. Neither were alienated from 'conventional forms' and so withdrew support their legitimacy, this is because, in the main, the young people did not express a problem of adjustment to working life "dissociation"(elevation of non-work over work) and alienation by Cloward and ohlins that elaborated...
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...SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY Authors Muneeb Bin Hafeez Rashi Kumar Lohano Ratan Kumar Usman Ahmad Submitted to Dr. Erum Maqbool For fulfillment of the requirement of “Term Report” as a pre-requisite for completion of the course of “Foundations of Human Behaviour” Institute of Business Administration, Karachi. Statement of Contribution Outline of the Term Report Abstract Main Body of the Research 1) Problem statement 2) Justification statement 3) Purpose 4) Audience 5) Functional Definitions of the Construct 6) Hypotheses 7) Methodology and techniques of research 8) Literature review 9) Primary research 10) Interview i. Contact Person 11) Findings 12) Conclusion and Recommendations 13) Research Tool 14) References 15) Author’s Note Abstract Sleep deprivation has been an important topic of study with the first documented research on sleep deprivation being conducted by Mary D. Maneceine in 1894 on rats by depriving them of sleep and examining their behavior. Sleep deprivation is an important part of academic life. It is often quoted “a sound mind in a sound body” to describe the ideal and desirable state of a human being. It can be observed that the functioning of a ‘sound body’ is vital to the efficient working of a ‘sound mind’. To maintain a healthy body it important that the recuperative functions of the body are allowed to efficiently play their role. The...
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...Chapter 2 The researchers have decided to build a study on the causes and effects of being an irregular student in the College of Fine Arts and Design. This issue has been significant in all the universities due to its increasing number. But first, let us define what a regular and irregular means. Regular is for something to be normal, usual or customary. Irregular is for something to be not according to rule or unusual. In relation to our study, regular students are those who are following the normal flow of the given subjects to be passed, while irregular students are those who may have difficulties or problems in their given subjects. Those problems and difficulties may be defined or given, but needs further explanation. “There have been a number of studies researching the factors that affect a person’s grade point average (GPA). Many of these factors include family life, personality characteristics, employment, and extracurricular activities. Lee and Lee (2007) found that family closeness is a key factor in determining a child’s academic performance. Their results indicated that students who rated their family closeness at a higher level displayed an ability to adjust to their schools better, which could enhance academic performance because they were more comfortable in their environment. Although not suggesting that the closeness of the family is a predictor of GPA, the Halawah study (2006) did indicate that children whose parents were involved...
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...AD OLE SCE N T Research Report S L E E P N E E DS and Resource Guide AND PATTERNS P U B L I S H ED B Y T H E N AT I O N AL S L E E P F O U N D AT I O N AD OLE SCE N T Research Report S L E E P N E E DS and Resource Guide AND PATTERNS P U B L I S HE D B Y T H E N AT IO N A L S L E E P F O U N D AT I O N w w w. s l e e p f o u n d a t i o n . o r g Table of Contents Preface .............................................................................................................................................................i PART ONE: Research Report ........................................................................................................................1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................1 Physiological Patterns ........................................................................................................................2 Behavioral and Psychosocial Patterns................................................................................................2 Consequences of Poor Sleep in Adolescents .........................................................................................3 What Can Be Done ..................................................................................................................................4 Reference s................................................................
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...suffer from sleep deprivation and fatigue while they are awake. Usually, a fully-grown person has about 4 to 5 cycles of REM sleep, consisting of about 25% of a night's sleep. A new-born child's sleep can consist of as high as 50% REM type sleep (Davidmann, 1998). As I previously stated, a person would go through the sleep stage cycle four to five times a night, hence four to five dreams per night. With this in mind it can be calculated the average human being will have 136,000 dreams in a lifetime, spending about six total years in the REM stage dreaming. Mentally retarted people and people with less IQ's are tend to have less REM sleep as compared to other mental disorders. The reason this cases are still unknown. Sigmund Freud first argued that the motivation behind all the dreams content is wish fulfilment and the abetment of a dream is often to be found the day past the dream, which he called the day residue. In the case of small children they dream about those things that they have encountered in their previous day since they dream quite...
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...The view that working class children cultural deprivation is the reason of their underachievement can be very rightly true. Cultural deprivation is the lack of certain rules of behavior in social situations, values, belief that something is a worthwhile, attitude and skills these are all of what society calls “normal”. Working class children are less likely to succeed in life because they are less likely to be found in nursery schools, less likely to go to university and more likely to be poor readers when they start school, more likely to be in lower sets and streams in secondary school, more likely to leave school early, more likely to underachieve at GCSEs and a level, more likely to be excluded and suspended. This is because the middle-class culture children are suitably prepared for school, but it's totally reverse for working-class culture; it basically fails to prepare children adequately for educational success/achievement. Cultural deprivation has been identified as one reason why the working class children are generally achieving less than middle class pupils. It attributes the working class under-achievement to the fact that they have often been brought up with a negative attitude towards education. The difference is working class people have a different culture from middle class people. That means working class children do less well in education. Some people then make a causative link between the two ideas and come up with the idea that working class children do less...
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...Experimental Research PSY/285 Fatima Gibbs 6/05/11 Carol Watson Pharmaceutical Research: Sleep Aids There are many different types of sleep aids available today. Insomnia is common and is difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or a disturbance in sleep quality that makes it difficult for a person to feel rested in the morning. About 10% of adults suffer from chronic insomnia. It is important to get an appropriate amount of sleep everyday for proper functioning. Lack of sleep can cause; mood swings, lack of memory, and affect the full use of motor skills. There are many causes of insomnia such as: depression, stress, anxiety, which are mental health related issues, chemical imbalances, pain, interaction with other medications, and lifestyles or circumstances. As people age their sleep patterns change (Doghramji,2008).These issues make the need for sleep aids extremely high. A sleep aid is a method or medication to help a person fall asleep and stay asleep without difficulty. Most of the sleep aids on today state that they are non-habit forming. This is a plus for people who work 10-12 hour days and need to function at a fast pace mentally and physically. Pharmaceutical companies test sleep-aids on humans...
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...Sleepwalking Sleepwalking has always attracted a sense of mystery and suspense. Has anyone here ever watched someone who was sleepwalking? I have. I was 13 years old and it was in camp when I watched my friend get out of bed and walk to the front door of our bunkhouse. I had no idea that she was sleepwalking. I tried whispering her name but when she didn’t turn around, I just figured she hadn’t heard me. I called out to her louder but still she didn’t respond. That’s when I noticed the faraway look on her face. Her eyes were glazed over and her face had a blank stare. She didn’t turn back; she just kept walking straight towards the door. It was a very eerie thing to watch. I remember not being able to do anything but stare at her. I kept wondering; where is she going? What is she doing? Ever since then, I had always wondered about what sleepwalking really is. Is it a dream? Or is it reality? Sleepwalking wasn’t seriously investigated and diagnosed until the last century. In the 19th-century, a German chemist and parapsychologist, Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach made extensive studies of sleepwalkers. Sleepwalking was initially thought to be a dreamer acting out a dream. Later on, the Society for Science published a conclusion saying that sleepwalking really has very little to do with dreaming and that it in fact, occurs when the sleeper is in his deepest sleep—a stage in which dreams are not even had. Sleepwalking is also knows as Somnambulism, which means...
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...INFORMATIVE SPEECH 1) How To Be Happy Being Single The life that we are bestowed with is truly a miracle. This precise miracle gets overshadowed with the contradictions that we live with. Contradictions like, the young want to be older and the old want to be young again; the dark want to be fair and the fair want to darken; the short want to be tall and the tall ones have their own problems. And just the same way, the single want to mingle and the ones with partners want to break free. Isn't that complicated enough? Well, let's take a moment and say aloud - "I am single. I am single! I AM SINGLE". Yes. It is not to rub salt on your wounds but for you to embrace it than dread it. Acceptance is the key to great decisions. It is, in fact, very empowering. Look at you. You live your life all by yourself because you are capable of being single and independent. If you still hate your relationship status, take another moment to remember all the things you have dealt with alone. I am single. No, I really am single and everyday I push my limits to achieve something better alone because I can't afford to waste my time waiting for someone who may or may not show up just so I could have the cliché happy ending to my fairytale because Disney says so. No, that is not the end to my life or your life for that matter. Life is living it, not waiting for it to be over. And why on Earth would I ever want to cripple myself to the aid of a person who sees me as nothing more than a baby that...
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...Should schools start later in the morning? In today’s busy life schedule for teenagers, the first activity when their day starts is to abandon sleep. However, researches show that the sleep deficit of teenagers today is encumbering high school students' achievement. Indeed, no one does well when they’re sleep-deprived, but insufficient sleep among children has been associated to obesity and to learning issues like attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder etc. According to various surveys and research, teenagers’ body clocks are set to a schedule that is different from that of younger children or adults. This prevents adolescents from nodding off until around 11p.m., when they produce the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin and rising up much before 8 a.m. when their bodies stop producing melatonin. The result is that the first class of the morning is often a waste, which contributes to failure and dropout rates. It is a fact that every morning in a school environment, we see a decent number of teens who have that "I don't want to be here, I just want to sleep" look on their faces. Yet in the afternoon, right when school ends, they act like they're on ten cups of coffee. This is because their day starts way too early. Even for getting ready for school they have to rise way before time, sufficient enough for them to get ready, have breakfast and to cover the kilometers to the school campus. Of course, when school starts later, it has to end later. But instead of taking this...
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...students went to the classroom confidently. They believe that their efforts would pay back. However, the result could be unbelievable. There was once a research done by participants from 44 college students. It turns out that sleep-deprived participants performed significantly worse than the no deprived participants on the cognitive task. However, the sleep-deprived participants rated their concentration and effort higher than the nondeprived participants did (June, Amy 512). This was exactly the same as what students who spend their whole night preparing an exam think. They believe they put more effort compared to students who sleep well before the exam day. It indicates that college students are not aware of the extent, to which sleep deprivation negatively affects their ability to complete cognitive tasks. First of all, we should know the clear concept of sleep. What is sleep and what is sleep for? This is a pretty simple question. My answer could be simply as “to survive”. Yes, it is. Paul Martin states that sleep are forms of behavior, just as eating or socializing or fighting or...
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...This paper will explain what I read and how it will help me conduct the clinical process with people who stutter. The first article that I will discuss is “Stuttering and Sleep: Some Speculation” by Sandra Melo. It has been researched that stuttering became worse after several nights of poor sleeping. In a single day, the brain processes more information than you can possible imagine. We rely on our brain to actively interpret and manage every piece of information our body is in contact with. When we sleep, the brain gets to rest, recharge and get ready for the next day of activities, thinking, processing, analyzing and more. That is why the amount of sleep we get is crucial if we want to efficiently function during the day. Sleep deprivation affects a person’s speech. It has been a general observance that individuals who lack sleep tend to stutter and slur. Vocabulary becomes limited and the tone of the voice is lowered. When conducting speech therapy with someone who stutters as an SLP, I first have to make sure my patient is getting the proper rest. Depending on the age preschool children should get 14 hours of sleep, school-aged children 10-11 hours, and adults should get 8 hours of sleep each night. Without the proper amount of sleep patients might suffer from increased muscle tension, which can affect speech. Another consequence of sleep...
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...The media article I chose for this assignment is, Does lack of sleep affect a child’s behavior written by Miller, Renee. The article discusses the different factors that can influence a child’s various behaviors such as aggression, moodiness, and lack of focus. The author wants the reader to know that lack of sleep in children is released in different forms of behaviors that may be represented as changes in mood and energy level. She hypothesizes that children are affected by lack of sleep just as adults are, however the difference is in how it is carried. A tired adult may look sleepy and yet drag along the day where a child represents this fatigue by bursts of energy. When a child appears to have a burst of energy, it may be a sign of lack of sleep and which may be misdiagnosed as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (MedlinePlus, National Institute of Health) The symptoms a child poses from lack of sleep are quite similar to those of ADHD symptoms such as becoming disagreeable, excitable, hyperactive and engaging in extreme behaviors like tantrums or aggression. (Miller, R.) As an EA, I believe keeping an eye out on these signs are very important to grow in my profession, and not to confuse a child’s lack of focus due to lack of sleep for a learning disability. The author suggests that they are correlated in that lack of sleep will cause a child to have a lack of focus and thus their ability to learn will be affected. I found it interesting that the behavior in which the...
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...Attachment and Loss Volume 1. (1) Bowlby devoted much of his research on the theory of attachment, describing it as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings" (Bowlby, 1969, p.194). (2) His theory ‘emphasised the importance of the bond established between infants and their primary carer-usually their mother’ (Scott etal). Once the bond is first established, an attachment is made between the infant and their mother. Bowbly believed that the need to form this primary attachment was innate and crucial in the first months of life (critical period) as it would have a prolonged effect on a person’s future mental and developmental state. If a child is separated from their mother in which, Bowlby described as ‘maternal deprivation’, he believed that the...
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