...hierarchy and theory of evolution The ultimate reason for establishing a business organization is nothing but for the satisfaction of physiological needs like food from there the needs transforms to better physiological needs then to it turns to social recognition, brand value and good will. There is a clear similarity exists between this change in needs and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which changes from physiological to self-actualization needs. This relation is not co – incidental. 2. Tradeoffs According to the theory of evolution organisms do give up something which though useful is less helpful in our survival compared to the trait that we acquire. This tradeoff for giving up something for getting something else which is more useful for our survival can be...
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...method used for the multiplication of tissue culture in vitro. Fungal contamination is a major problem during explant micropropagation, as fungal growths greatly reduces survival and shoot proliferation. Fungal contamination is especially a problem in undergraduate teaching labs where inexperience and suboptimal culturing conditions tend to amplify the problem. The use of antifungal agents in culture may help alleviate these problems (Brown et al. 1982, Sheilds et al. 1984, Hauptmann et al. 1985, Tynan et al. 1993) . The purpose of this study was to explore the use of antifungal chemicals on Saintpaulia ionantha (African Violet), Daucas carota (Carrot), and Passiflora edulis (Passionfruit) by testing the efficacy of five commonly used antifungal compounds (Miconazole, PPM, Amphotericin B, Benomyl, Nystatin) as gauged by monitoring rates of fungal contamination and explant survival during in vitro micropropagation. Results There was a significant difference between the different antifungals used when comparing explant survival (p=0.011). PPM at 1.5 ml/L showed the best result with 75.0% of P. edulis explants surviving. Conclusions All explants of D. carota were contaminated throughout the experiment. This may have been due to improper sterilization of the explants. A longer sterilization of explants or more concentrated ethanol and hypochlorite solution may have been needed during the sterilization step. To optimize chances of survival, PPM at 1.5 ml/L should be used with P....
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...http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Hadi Zokaei Far1, Che Roos B. Saad1*, Hassan Mohd Daud2, Sharr Azni Harmin1 and Shahram Shakibazadeh1 1 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, university Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Accepted 17 March, 2009 The effect of Bacillus subtilis, isolated from digestive tract of Macrobrachium rosenbergii was investigated on growth and survival rate of Litopenaeus vannamei during 60 days of culture. Sixteen aquaria with four replicates were used for treatments and controls. Treatment groups were consisted of ) shrimp fed diet with B. subtilis (T1), and ii) shrimp fed diet mixed with B. subtilis and commercial probiotic (T2). Control groups were consisted of ) shrimp fed diet with commercial probiotic as positive control, and ii) shrimp fed unaltered diet as negative control. Results showed that B. subtilis was proliferated in digestive tract of treated shrimps, and the number of Vibrio spp. was reduced in digestive tract during the cultural period. Survival rate, 75.5± 4.62 %, and yields of shrimps, 190.00 ± 13.13 g, treated with B. subtilis were significantly greater (P 0.05) was found between aquaria...
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...respect that Aboriginal people have toward the spirit of the animals. In their culture, animals contributed to the world creation and ensured the survival of human (Aboriginal Worldviews). Another concept which enhance class lecture is the symbol of circle. Many pieces of art feature the inclusion of the circle. In fact, the circle is a sacred symbol of the cycle of life. It suggests connection and interdependence of all form of life. Moreover, the concept of renewal and revitalization can be found in many Indigenous clothing. After being exposed to Western culture, the Aboriginal people combined their tradition clothing forms with the Western techniques and styles. This combination shows the respect and recognition that Aboriginal people have for Western culture. During the visit of The First Peoples Collection, one of the most interesting elements would be that each items have a unique function and spiritual signification. The questions arising after the visit are: What happens if an Aboriginal individual do not respect the spirit world? Does hierarchy exists within Aboriginal society? In the exhibition, the equipments for hunting, fishing, and travelling seem to be missing. Moreover, war equipments are absent as well. Therefore, the subsistence activities would be something interesting to learn more about. The First Peoples Collection, contributed to further understanding of the Aboriginal cultures and worldviews. In their worldviews, circle, community, interdependence and environment...
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...depth analysis of African Cultural survivals among the Negroes of the United States. The article involves far more than the traditional linking relationship of traits of Africa and the West Indies. The article examines the resistance and spiritual survival of African Culture among the black Diaspora in the United States. While at the same timeexpounding the scope and the significance of African culture by providing a fertile concept of Africanism that reflects the unique manner in which each black individual of the Diaspora envisions African Cultural retention. Herskovits in his writing posits that the retention of the African cultural has been long lost in the American Culture; however this observation is not the same in the Caribbean/West Indian context. The West Indian retention of the African Culture is evident in many of the religious practices that are still being done in the Caribbean, some of which are Revivalism, Pucho, Voodoo (Vodun), Keele, Santeria, Shouter Baptist and Komfa (Cumfa). These are some of the ways in which West Indians have retained many of the cultural practices of their African ancestors. In his writing Herskovits argued that “for the negro to appreciate his past he has to endow confidence in his own position in his country and by extension the world. He must have scientific facts concerning the ancestral cultures of Africa and the survivals of Africanisms in the New World. In the article Herskovits argued that the survival of African Cultural forms was...
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...Image: Cultures Idolizing the Female Form A Comparison and Contrast of the Barbie Doll and Venus de Willendorf Image: Cultures Idolizing the Female Form A Comparison and Contrast of the Barbie Doll and Venus de Willendorf The fact that cultures have idolized the female form in our modern era is not a new concept. Beauty in modern times has been held to the highest standard, but where and why did we get our ideal of beauty? Culture plays a large in role in how beauty is defined, and this is very clear when it pertains to the culture behind both the Venus de Willendorf and the more modern Barbie doll. Clearly, idolizing the female form is an ideal that has existed since the very first centuries that humans walked the earth. Taking a look at the two different cultures that idolize the female form may give us a little bit of insight into the similarities and differences there were between two different society’s composed of very similar beings. The statuette Venus de Willendorf was first discovered in Austria in 1908 by the archaeologist Josef Szombathy. This is the earliest image of a human being known to exist, thought to have been created during the Paleolithic era some 25,000 years ago (Witcombe)! The climate in the region that the statuette was discovered was probably an ice covered land, and therefore, her voluptuous image probably portrays a desire for food and to survive. Humans will always have one thing in common: survival. Whether it is a work of art portraying...
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...the argument that a state cannot survive without nationalism. For the purpose of this essay, two elements of nationalism are used. The first element states that nationalism maintains the similarity of culture as the basic social bond in the members of the nation1. The second element states that the state has legitimate rights to sovereign rule of a nation. The factors that result from the three elements of nationalism that contributes to the survival of the state are equality within people in the state in terms of the state being meritocratic and the administrative rights of the state. Nationalism results in two main factors that are essential for the state to survive, mainly, the administrative rights of the state and meritocracy. Hence, the state needs nationalism to survive. A nation, defined by Anthony Smith, is “[a] named population sharing a historic territory, common myths and historical memories [and] a mass public culture, a common economy and common legal rights,”2 For the purpose of this essay, all states will be referred to as modern states with a centralized power held by the state and a legal entity with sovereign rule over its people. This essay argues that nationalism is needed in unifying the nation with a common national identity in terms of linguistic and culture homogeneity, which is needed for the state to exercise its administrative right and practice meritocracy. 1 2 Ernest Gellner. Nationalism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997, p. 3 Wayne Norman...
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...Two examples of how I consume popular culture are through watching television and searching the internet. The types of shows I like to watch are shows that are entertaining and informative. For example, the discovery channel features a program called “Dual Survival,” The show follows two men, a minimalist and primitive skills expert and a military-style survival expert and professional hunting guide and tracker,who are placed in common survival situations and demonstrate how to survive with only the things they find. The internet gives me the freedom to choose what information I want to view. Most of the information is entertainment or sports related. The word culture is defined as, Sir Edward Burnett Tylor defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Three major characteristics of culture are: (1) Culture is acquired by people. (2) A person acquires culture as a member of society. (3) Culture is a complex whole. Popular culture is defined as “contemporary lifestyle and items that are well known and generally accepted, cultural patterns that are widespread within a population; also called pop culture.” http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/popular+culture Three major trends in popular American culture are, smartphones, fitness, and vampires in movies and television. By the end of 2011, “one in two Americans will have a smartphone… compared...
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...textbook discusses the process of assimilation. After viewing the film, Indian School: Stories of Survival, answer the following questions: a. What is the definition of assimilation? b. What happened to the Native American children in the film? c. Why did the American government decide to assimilate them into Western culture? d. How did this affect them long term? e. Is assimilating others into another culture ever justified? Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7. The textbook defines assimilation as, “when members of one society become a politically or economically subordinated part of another, as when a conquered group is incorporated into the conquering society or when an ethnic population immigrates into a country with a different culture, the subordinate group may lose its original culture as its members adopt the customs of the larger society.” (Crapo, 2013) In the film, Indian School: Stories of Survival, the Native American children were uprooted from their families and shipped off to boarding schools by the government. The American government decided to assimilate the Native Americans into Western culture so they would lose their original culture and adopt the customs of the Western society, making America easier to overrule. This affected...
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...SUBSTANCE AND ECONOMICS Culture is a learned reaction, this human survival trait gives us a way to colonize and adapt to our environment. With out this key element, adaptation becomes complicated, and our species will die off. Archeologist have dug and scraped away the dirt, rocks and mud to bring us a glimpse of the past. Their fieldwork has shown us how we, as a whole, have biologically adapted to suit our modern needs in the environment that our ancestors have lived in. In addition, they also tell us how we have changed the natural environment as the population has increased in size. This brings us to substance and economics, a basic foundation in which a culture can survive. The definition of economics is reacting to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. For the definition of substance I have found two that compliment this cross-cultural comparison. One is material possessions, wealth, and property. The second definition is that which gives stability or solidarity, confidence, and ground. These definitions are not only evident in today's modern social infrastructures but also evident in cultures of the past and the social order in other countries. We have come to understand that there are four ways to sustain a community that our evolution process has brought us to. These ways are hunting and gathering, fishing and gardening, herding, and agriculture. The longest known survival method is hunting and gathering. This course of...
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...early civilizations and their cultures. The answers will give a better insight into these civilizations and their cultural makeup. Question 1. What forces contributed to the cultural makeup of early civilizations? The first culture started in the days of the caveman. Their culture revolved around family, hunting, and the dangers that were present during that time. Their stories were passed down through the generations. As they moved around to different lands, their culture changed to include new experiences. In each early civilization, that main forces were simple, survival and creating new tools to facilitate this survival. As humans evolved, so did their culture. Humans became more intelligent and created tools, homes, and simple machines to help them develop the land and survive. Forms of religion and worship were also forces that helped to shape many early civilizations. In the beginning, religion was a way for early humans to explain any unknown factor in their lives. Question 2. What social issues arose because of this cultural makeup? Because different groupings of humans developed different cultures, misunderstandings and disagreements over land became more common. If two groups could not understand each other, it is easy to get offended without cause. Wars lead to the development of armies and more food production. The development of tools lead to the development of weapons. Religious wars also became common as different cultures worshiped different deities....
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...Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, as in the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay. The phrase cultural diversity can also refer to having different cultures respect each other's differences. The phrase "cultural diversity" is also sometimes used to mean the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. The culturally destructive action of globalization is often said to have a negative effect on the world's cultural diversity. By analogy with biodiversity, which is thought to be essential to the long-term survival of life on earth, it can be argued that cultural diversity may be vital for the long-term survival of humanity; and that the conservation of indigenous cultures may be as important to humankind as the conservation of species and ecosystems is to life in general. The General Conference of UNESCO took this position in 2001, asserting in Article 1 of the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity that "...cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature"[2] This position is rejected by some people, on several grounds. Firstly, like most evolutionary accounts of human nature, the importance of cultural diversity for survival may be an un-testable hypothesis, which can neither be proved nor disproved. Secondly, it can be argued that it is unethical deliberately to conserve "less developed" societies...
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...Survival is what keeps people alive in tough situations. Usually when someone is trying to survive they tend to do a series of things that they never thought they would do. Some people would kill, and others would sacrifice an innocent. Some people will even turn to cannibalism during, times of great hunger or just to get rid of a trespasser. There are even people who are willing to go to war for survival. In Aztec culture, thousands of people were sacrificed to their gods in order to ensure mankind’s prosperity. They also used these sacrifices, as offerings to the sun god. Which they believed would give him strength to carry the sun. Sacrifices were used in many past cultures but they were also used in movies. For example, in the movie silent...
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...opposite sex. Coontz analysis that throughout the history of mankind, marriage has been a tool of survival and norm in various cultures. Coontz describes the notion that Romantic love played little or no part in a marriage and was even discouraged in few past societies. Even today in some cultures monogamy and love are not seen as a necessary part of a marriage yet seeking sexual and emotional satisfaction is the norm and is expected after just a few encounters. Modern western cultures believe in the dream of “Happily ever after” marketed to us nonstop in the media. It is said that “married couples should be best friends, sharing their most intimate feelings and secrets. They should express affection openly but also talk candidly about problems, and they should be sexually faithful to each other.” Emotional happiness seems the ultimate goal. A happy marriage is defined differently throughout the world, but only recently have the emotional and sexual needs of the partners become most popular. This idea seems exotic and exceptional when compared against a historical world view. It gives great distinction about the beliefs and cultures between past and present societies. Survival of a society, from an individual family unit to an entire civilization was once the main Yanez 2 goal. Forms of polygamy and co-parenting have been common occurrences if the chances of the family’s survival increase with the addition of another spouse or parent. Political and economic motives have far...
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...Philosophy October 15, 2011 Right or Wrong Ethical Relativism is the belief that nothing is objectively right or wrong and that the definition of right or wrong depends on the prevailing view of a particular individual, culture, or historical period. Different cultures have different ethical and moral standards that might seem odd or wrong but if they are justifiable and or not completely forced upon a group then there should be nothing wrong with said act. I agree with ethical relativism, to a certain extent, the fact that people in our modern culture criticize or judge people in others for what they do and why they do it is morally wrong. We have never had an absolute ethical standard in history so just because we think something is right or wrong doesn’t mean it is, different people respond differently to certain ideas and actions. Ethical Relativism shows us that some practices are ethically right in their respective cultures and that we should respect other people’s ethical decisions if they are made out of necessity or choice by the group of people involved. What one culture might think is absolutely horrible and wrong, might be completely acceptable and necessary in another. In other cultures some decisions are made for the survival of the civilization. The Eskimos sometimes leave there new born female children behind in the frigid climate to die. At first glance that seems incredibly wrong and inhumane, but looking further into the reasoning it seems completely...
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