...MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING SEMINOR TOPIC ASSESSMENT ON EFFECT OF CUTTING FLUID ON MACHINING COURSE NAME GRADUATE SEMINOR COMPILED BY: TESFAYE KASSAHUN MSC/00017/03 SUBMITTED TO: Professor (Dr.) RANTAM UPPULA September, 2013 Abstract During machining operation, friction between workpiece-cutting tool and cutting tool-chip interfaces result high temperature on cutting tool. At such elevated temperature the cutting tool if not enough hot hard may lose their form or stability quickly, wear out rapidly, resulting in increased cutting forces, higher surface roughness, shorter tool life and lowers the dimensional sensitiveness of work material. Different methods have been reported to protect cutting tool from the generated heat during machining operations. The selection of coated cutting tools is an expensive alternative and generally it is a suitable approach for machining hard materials. Another alternative is to apply cutting fluids in machining operation. Cutting fluids used to provide lubrication and cooling effects between cutting tool and workpiece and cutting tool and chip during machining operation. As a result, important benefits would be achieved such longer tool life, easy chip flow and higher machining quality in the machining processes. The selection, method of application, storage and disposal of cutting fluids should be carefully carried out to obtain optimum result in machining processes. Metal cutting fluids change the performance of machining operations because of...
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...Fatima Said, of Americas Top Model, defiantly put female genital cutting in the minds of Americans and people around the world. She opened up a topic that many people had no idea about, and now are very interested in knowing more about. This essay will give a brief history of Somalia (Fatima’s home country), and then it will go into female genital cutting in Somalia. Somalia is a country in eastern Africa. The countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya surround it. Somalis are thought to have been decedents from Africans and Arab people. The main languages in Somalia are Arabic, Italian and English. Islam is practiced through out the region. The majorities of Somalis are livestock herders and cultivate the land that they have. (www.cia.gov). Somalia became independent and its own country in 1960, when it got independence from England and Italy. Somalia has not had a stable government between 1991 and 2000. However, during 2000 a parliamentary government was formed but later on expired in 2003. In 2004, a new parliament was organized and a president was elected- Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed. Since 1991, Somalia has been overwhelmed with chaos and anarchy. Somalia had gone through a difficult time in 1992 when a drought happened in Africa and was combined with a civil war. Somalia went through an intense famine that killed approximately 300,000 people. (www.cia.gov). There were many efforts done by the United Stated and the United Nations to help Somalia get through the drought and...
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...author, Phone: 09543193510/ (044)26572970, e-mail: madhavan.tes@gmail.com Abstract Aluminum silicon carbide Metal Matrix Composites (Al-MMC) are widely used in aeronautical and automobile industries due to their excellent mechanical and physical properties. However machining this composites find difficult because of the reinforcement particles. Tools wear more quickly and reduce the life of the tool. This paper presents the experimental investigation on machining two different A356 matrix metal reinforced with 10 % and 20 % by weight of Silicon carbide (SiCp) particles is fabricated in house by stir casting method. Fabricated samples are turned on medium duty lathe with Poly crystalline Diamond (PCD) insert of 1600 grade at various cutting conditions. Parameters such as power consumed by main spindle, machined surface roughness and tool wear are studied and influence of SiC particles percentage on tool wear also discussed. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images support the result. It is evident that, tool wear is strongly dependent on reinforcement percentage. Key words: A356 Alloy, PCD, Power consumed, Surface roughness, SiC percentage 1. Introduction Metallic matrix composites have found considerable applications in aerospace, automotive and electronic industries [1] because of their improved strength, stiffness and increased wear resistance over unreinforced alloys [2]. However, the final conversion of these composites in to engineering products is always associated...
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...Contour Sawing , the blade should be as wide as the machine allows, but still narrow enough so that it can cut the desired shape (radius), Minimum dimensions for different cutting radii are shown in the chart below. How to Choose the Correct Band Saw Blade Style and Set Band Saw Blade Tooth Shape Styles The most commonly used tooth shape. Ideally suited for both cut-off and contour sawing of most materials. For cutting thin materials where a fine cut is required. Widely spaced teeth with a 0° rake angle to prevent clogging when cutting soft, non-ferrous metals, plastics and wood. Positive 10° rake angle helps to "digin", resulting in a higher cutting rate. Recommended for long cuts into thicker wood, plastic and metal. Band Saw Blade Tooth Set The raker tooth set consists of one to the left, one to the right and one tooth (raker) is unset. This set is used for cutting thick, solid metal sections on horizontal cut-off machines. It is also used for contour cutting and resawing on vertical band machines. Alternate set or double alternate plus raker set blades are designed for cutting wood. Provides faster, smoother cuts. This set pattern has groups of teeth set to the left and to the right, separated by unset raker teeth. It is made primarily with small teeth and is recommended for cutting thinner sections - tubes, pipes, thin...
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...used for 90 degrees alignment 6.) Indicator/Dial Indicator – a device that determines if an object is center aligned or notHand Tools 1.) Ball peen Hammer – a type of hammer used for metalworks such aspeening. 2.) Mallet – a type of hammer used used so that the object will not deform 3.) Hacksaw – A saw consisting of a tough, fine-toothed blade stretched taut in a frame, used for cutting metal. 4.) Vise – A heavy clamp, usually mounted on a workbench and operated by a screw or lever, used in carpentry or metalworking tohold a piece in position. 5.) Scriber – A sharply pointed tool used for marking lines, as on wood, metal, or ceramic. 6.) Punch – A tool or machine for piercing holes in a material 7.) Screw Driver – A tool used for turning screws 8.) Files - Any of several hardened steel tools with cutting ridges for forming, smoothing, orreducing especially metallic surfaces. a. Flat b. Triangular c. Half round d. Round 9.) Hand Tap and Tap Handle – 10.) Stock and Dice – a tool used for treading 11.) Tin Snips – a type of pliers used for cutting sheet metals 12.) Combination Wrench – a type of wrench with a combination of open ended wrench and a box-end wrench 13.) Adjustable Wrench – a type of wrench used for measuring different size of fastener...
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...Hacksaw as seen in Figure 1: is a lightweight hand tool used for cutting metal and hard plastics. The hacksaw is made entirely of metal with an added cap for comfort and support while in use. Five parts, all separate and detachable make up this mechanism as follows: * The Frame * The Handle * The ergonomic cap The Blade * The frame The Turn Key Attachment * The Ergonomic Cap The turn key attachment The blade The handle Figure 1: The Lenox Tools 88300 Lightweight Hacksaw Source: www.lenoxtools.com The Frame The L shaped chrome frame is made of one piece of hollowed metal; the top is twelve inches long and rounded at the corner with the side six inches high. The frame is half inch wide on one edge and one inch on the other. The tag line “MORE TENSION. MORE CUTS” along with the tension capacity; a figure showing the maximum tension the saw can bare is printed in black on one of the one inch edges. Up to six spear blades can be stored in the top part of the handle. The Handle The Handle is a light ash grey with the company royal blue and lust red logo printed at the top on one side. It is rectangular and one of the shorter four inch sides attaches to the longer side of the frame which is inserted through a hole in the handle. The opposite end, the bottom has cut outs which allow the blade to be attached at the front for standard vertical cuts or at the base of the handle for horizontal cutting. One of the longer sides, the hand grip, is rounded on the...
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...that is showing is her head, her feet and maybe even her legs. The magician then continues to close the box and turn to the audience. Now what you don’t know is that in the platform under the box there is another assistant that the audience doesn't know about. So when the magician turns to the audience he will then preform some mumbo jumbo magic stuff like saying some words or waving a wand. Then he will casually block the first assistants feet from view by either blocking it with another miscellaneous prop for a moment or by rotating the box, this gives his first assistant enough time to pull her feet in and the second assistant to poke her feet out, wearing the same shoes of course, the magician then grabs the saw blade and makes a cutting motion through a pre cut line in the box. Then the magician will split the box in half revealing the middle and amazing the audience even more. Then he closes the box does whatever he does to cover the legs and then opens up the box to show that he did not actually in fact cut his assistant in half. The crowd then cheers out of amazement and the magician makes loads of money after they go home and tell all their friends what they saw. That is how a magician cuts someone in half, different magicians may have modified this trick in different ways weather to make it more impressive by adding a saw blade or just to look...
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...Expert system for the definition of the cutting parameters and machining strategies 1 L.Zaquini1, J.Charpy1, J-P. Bendit2, T.Voumard3, P-E Mathez3, L. Béguelin3 HE-ARC-Ingénierie LMO (Laboratoire de Machines-Outils), University of Applied Science, Le Locle, Switzerland, 2 Jurasoft SA, Porrentruy, Switzerland, 3 Haute Ecole ARC – Software Engineering, University of Applied Science, St-Imier, Switzerland, Switzerland, Abstract The definition of the cutting parameters (Vc, fz, ae, ap), and the definition of the machining strategies or the strategies to engage the tool in the material and to start the cutting process, are usually requested by the CAM systems as input information. These data are usually strongly influenced by the consolidated experience of the operators, by the specific previous similar machining cases and by several other factors depending on the machining practices. In a project, financed by the Swiss national organization for the industrial research, the authors have developed an expert system (ES) in order to get this information through software processes. The paper shows the structure of this expert system. The ES has been realized through the definition of ontology of components and elements of the machining. The ES includes a very large data base of cutting parameters, and is based on the establishment of rules for the competition between the machining strategies. The ES includes learning methods which are able to identify similar operations. The learning...
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...Five Star tools is a small business that produces diamond coated cutting tools such as chisels and saws used by jewelers. The company produces these tools in a 3 step manner. The steel is cut according to size and is finally coated with diamond for effecting cutting for jewelers. Recently the company has been doing well and receiving a lot of order but some of the orders have not been completed due the limitation in the coating and sharpening process. The problem with the coating and sharpening process has caught the eye of the vice president Maxfield Turner and Betty Spence, vice president of marketing. They are concerned that they will be known as unreliable if they continue to miss order deadline. The task ahead of them is to figure out what steps can taken to loosen the constraint in coating and sharpening. The best to solve the problem faced by Five Star Tools is to deploy the Goldratt five steps system to maximize profits. The first steps in solving the problem is to figure out what the constraints are. And in the case of Five Star Tools it is the availability of production resources. Second the company should try to produce Model C120 as it only takes 0.2 hours in the coating department. Thirdly managers should focus on trying to loosen the constraints, and should implement various strategies in order to reduce the idle time of workers. Finally the constraints can be eliminated by using the latest equipment in the coating process, by automating the process and...
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...leave for the day, what you need to discuss with the next shift operator before leaving to ensure he can operate safely and effectively. The new operator will need to know.. * What job he is to continue with * What drawing is he working from * How many parts are to be made * What tolerance will he be working towards * Where is the stock material * What type of material is being used * Does he check individual parts or are the parts 'Batch checked' * When complete do the parts need to go to the inspection department or to another department * What measuring tools are being used * Have the measuring tools been calibrated * When are the measuring tools due for re-calibration * When are the lathe cutting tools in need of checking * If coolant needs to be used * What safety factors need to be considered * Is the machine operating as it should or is the anything they should know * Sign off a 'Hand over' check list as part of company procedure What the implications could be if you was not to undertake these procedures * Wasting valuable working time due to not know what job to do * Would not know how many parts to produce which could be costly time wise and material wise * Parts could be made incorrectly (out of tolerance) therefore again wasting time, money and materials * Measuring tools could be out of calibration i.e. not measuring accurately and therefore the possibility of making all the parts incorrectly ...
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...TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİ DEVLET PLANLAMA TEŞKİLATI Türkiye’nin , ekonomik ve sosyokültürel kalkınmasını sağlamak amacıyla; Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı adı altında , 1960 yılında kurulan bu kuruluş ,hükümete danışmanlık yapmak üzere yapılandırılmıştır.Hükümetin amaçları doğrultusunda yaptığı çalışmaları ve kuruluşunda ki tarihsel periyotları ana başlıklar altında incelemek istersek ; kurumun 1960 öncesi ve sonrası durumu ,görevleri birimleri ve her beş yılda bir hazırladığı (1-9 )yıllık kalkınma planlamaları olarak adlandırabiliriz. Birinci dünya savaşından sonra Türkiye’yi genel bir bakış açısıyla incelememiz gerekirse; Osmanlı devletinin bıraktığı borçları ve sorunları devralan alan Türkiye, o yıllardaki ekonomisini tarıma dayandırmaktaydı. Kişi basına düşen gelirin yetersiz olduğu ülkede, ekonomik kalkınmayı gerçekleştirebilmek için devletin özel sektöre, sermaye açısından teşvik edici bir rol oynaması gerektiği inancı hakim olmuştur. 1923 yılında toplanan İzmir İktisat Kongresi’nde alınan karara göre özel sektörün maddi olanaklarının yetersiz kaldığı anlarda ,devletin bu tür işletmelere maddi kaynak sağlaması gerektiği kararı alınmış ve cumhuriyetin ilk yıllından 1933 yılına kadar liberal bir ekonomik politika izlenmiştir.Fakat 1929 yılında patlak veren ve tüm gelişmiş dünya ülkelerini etkileyen ekonomik kriz, toparlanmakta zorluk çeken Türkiye’yi bir kez daha dara sokmuştur. O yıllara kadar...
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...Logistics Week 7 Lab Lab 7: Minnetonka Warehouse Scenario/Summary Wayne Schuller managed a warehouse in Minnetonka, Minnesota. His major concern was the number of workers to assign to his single unloading dock. After he began contracting with motor carriers for deliveries, he found that they were assessing him stiff penalties if their trucks had wait time to be unloaded. Wayne started adding larger crews at the unloading dock, but often, they seemed idle because there were no trucks to unload. Wayne recalled from college that queuing theory might be applicable to such a problem. The theory of queuing is an analysis of the probabilities associated with waiting in line, assuming that orders, customers, and so on arrive in some pattern (often a random pattern) to stand in line. A common situation is that on the average, a facility may have excess capacity, but oftentimes, it is more than full, with a backlog of work to be done. Often, this backlog has costs associated with it, including penalties to be paid or customers who walk away rather than wait. If a firm expands its capacity to reduce waiting times, then its costs go up and must be paid even when the facility is idle. Queuing theory is used to find the best level of capacity, the one that minimizes the costs of providing a service and the costs of those waiting to use the service. After some further research specific to his firm, Wayne determined the following facts: Trucks arrive randomly at the average rate...
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...Cultural factors affect waiting lines. For example, fast checkout lines (e.g.,10 items or fewer) are uncommon in Japan. Why do you think so? When Krispy Kreme donuts entered the Japanese market, people were willing to wait in line for up to three hours to get donuts although another brand of donuts was available. I have tried these donuts and agree that they taste really good, however I would not wait in line for up to three hours for them. The Japanese on the other hand, enjoy standing in line. Japanese people are very patient. If there is no line for a product it may be looked upon as unpopular and of no value. Waiting in line is so common in Japan that it is used as a marketing tool; the Japanese may rent persons to stand in line for them when they are physically challenged or just don’t feel like standing in line but want the product being offered. I feel fast checkout lines are uncommon in Japan because the Japanese are patient people and enjoy waiting in line. They take the attitude that anything of value is worth standing in line for. If there is no line, there is no value. An added benefit of standing in line are the conversations between family members and friends and the memories that they make. Kohlbacher, F., & Holtschneider, U. (2008). Tokyo Queues for You. J@Pan Inc, (78), 24-26. Marquand, R., & Staff, w. (2005, September 27). Japanese queue - gladly - for a 35-foot platypus and falafel. Christian Science Monitor. p....
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...1 Select a suitable pot for your cutting. You might want to use a normal-sized flower pot for one plant or you can even establish a number of cuttings in the same pot, planted apart from each other. Seedling tubes are also a good idea for many plants. 2 Prepare the pot. Get a plastic (polythene bag) and place gravel at the base of the bag. The pot will be placed in here after you have made the cutting. Fill the pot with suitable soil - sand and peat for drainage make an ideal combination for many plants. Finally, the pot must be able to drain well (the water will go onto the gravel, rather than pooling in the plastic bag). 3 Cut a firm, young shoot from the current season's growth. Cut it off just below a leaf or joint (node). 4 Prepare the cutting. Once you have cut the plant piece, strip or cut off any leaves on the lower half. You can strip or cut off as high as two-thirds if necessary. If the bark looks like it will tear, use scissors. You can also make a small incision to the lower end of the stem to encourage root growth from this "wound". 5 Insert the cutting into sand and peat in the pot. Use a skewer, pencil or similar long object to create a hole for the cutting to sit in. Do not use the cutting itself to push in a hole or you will damage it. The idea is to gently drop the cutting into the hole and carefully in-fill with dirt. 6 Place both the pot and the cutting into the bag. Make sure that the pot is sitting snugly on the gravel. 7 Tie the...
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...Cost Cutting: How to Do It Right In the magazine article published in Fortune, written by Ronald Henkoff, focuses on the past present and future of cost cutting. At the time the article was published the “Nineties” had just begun. Businesses had cut cost the past decade and were projected to continue slashing the workforce. Different businesses chose different approaches to why they chose to downsize employees. However, companies that cut the workforce to save on cost noticed that they could never seem to cut cost enough. Corporations noticed downsizing only led to more downsizing. The initial benefits of payroll cuts seem to still net zero change due to other issues caused by downsizing within the company. This vicious cycle was neither solving company budget issues nor leaving surviving employees content. Budget cuts in the past and present were not going to solve the issues. Something needed to change heading toward the future. Indeed corporate America at the time was overstaffed and overmanaged, and downsizing was inevitable. However, the process of downsizing needed to change. The article mentions several successful companies during this time knew the cost cutting process had to change and were accomplishing it. These successful cost cutting businesses understood that downsizing not only effected the individual, but the company as a whole. Downsizing affects the whole quality of decision making. Employees are always looking over their shoulders. Managers and executives...
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