...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………page 7 Question 6……………………………………………………………………………………………………………page 8 Question 7 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………page 9 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..page 10 . Question 1: First – order cybernetics adheres to a set of principles that we can name and define as follows: 1. Recursion: Recursion can be defined as “ relating to or constituting a procedure that can repeat itself indefinitely or “ one step of a procedure involves invoking the procedure itself “.( Wikipedia 2015). If we translate this principle to simple cybernetics we can say that this theory does not seek a linear cause of a situation like in A occurs and then B occurs because of A. But sees, for example, people in a family influence each other and each other’s behaviours and this is a constant flow of influence. So the reciprocal relationship is important : “ …meaning is derived from the relationship between individuals …. as each defines the other “.(Becvar and Becvar 2014 8th ed , p 70 ). The use of this principle prohibits that we only see part of what is happening in a family but focus on the whole. 2. Feedback: When a process is in action we want to evaluate what is happening. In first-order cybernetics we do not look for a good or bad result. We talk about positive and negative feedback. If a family goes through life changes for example a baby is born the roles of the father and mother...
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...Table of Contents * First Order Cybernetic principles: named and defined * Second Order Cybernetic principles: named and defined * How reality is seen by each specific approach * How health and pathology are addressed by each approach * How first and second order cybernetics deal with therapy * The role and function of the therapist in each approach * Critical ethical concerns about each specific perspective * How both approaches can be integrated in a useful and complementary way * References * First Order Cybernetic principles * Recursion - The principle of recursion or reciprocal causality is based on the premise that individuals and elements are constantly interacting and influencing each other. Meaning is derived from the relationship between individuals and elements as each defines and is defined by the other. Each of us, therefore, shares in the destiny of the other (Becvar & Becvar, 2013). Just as every individual is influenced and is being influenced by every other individual, the same can be said for every system. Recursion sees all individuals as members of a world community who are connected at every level of the system. * Feedback - Feedback is the process whereby information about past behaviour is fed back into the system in a circular manner. Two types of feedback occur, namely positive and negative feedback. Positive feedback refers to forces which try to alter the system’s rules, interaction...
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...| Cybernetics Method to Incentive compensation Management | @ TCS | | Amit Sharma ,Jasveen Singh, Rajat Bindlish,Siddharth Tiwari,Vaibhav Attree | | Group 11 | 6/12/2013 | | Contents 1 Introduction: 1 1.1 What is Sales ICM? 1 1.2 What is Cybernetics? 2 2 The Cybernetics Approach to Sales ICM 2 2.1 Cybernetics Influence Diagram (CID) 3 3 Sales ICM CID 4 4 Feedback Loop Analysis 6 4.1 Feedback Loop – Commissions Calculations 7 4.2 Feedback Loop - Clawback Calculations 8 4.3 Feedback Loop – Revenue and Cost of Sales 9 4.4 Feedback Loop – Dispute Management 11 5 Conclusion 12 * Introduction: Sales Incentive Compensation Management (ICM) Model is increasingly becoming the key decisive and motivating factor in influencing sales execution to impact the business performance. As sales models are being re-engineered to incorporate more market dynamics and adversities, sales compensation models are also becoming increasingly complex. In the global market where increasing customer reach is a major challenge, it has become essential to include dealers, partners, distributors, retailers, contractors, buying centers across various sales channels into the business’ Sales ICM model. Accurately measuring and rewarding the performance of the sales force (both internal and external to the business) has become the key to driving desired behavior in achieving the business objectives. Failure to understand Sales ICM as a key...
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...First and Second Order Cybernetic Approach 1. How is reality seen by each specific approach? Describing reality is a challenge as is something that is unseen and untouchable. The first order cybernetic approach talks of the system that is entirely independent to the observer, while the second order cybernetic approach talks of systems that observe themselves. Hoffman (1985) challenges the way reality is viewed in second order cybernetic as he believes that people could never be sure as to what they think they saw is actually a real or is actually there. From the first order cybernetic approach the epistemological principle view reality a something that can be learned through the process of observation and at the same time the whoever has went through that process will not influenced by the same process. Individual can observe themselves, reality is how the individual see themselves without looking at the outside world (Becvar & Becvar, 2006). According to Becvar et al (2006) the therapist in the second order cybernetic approach has to take note that their observation can be influenced by the process and reality will be a challenge as they will have to consider the perception of their clients and their own perception. Looking at both the approaches reality is seen or view as perceptions created by the individual. 2. How is health and pathology addressed by each approach? In trying to address health from the first order cybernetic a healthy family is a family which...
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...Epistemologies governing the first- and second-order cybernetic approaches: Ivan Bronkhorst Student number: 51863456 PYC4808 Assignment 2 Table of Contents 1. First Order Cybernetic (FOC) principles: 3 Recursion: 3 Feedback: 3 Morphostasis /Morphogenesis: 3 Rules and Boundaries: 3 Openness/Closedness: 4 Entropy/Negentropy: 4 Equifinality/Equipotentiality: 4 Communication and Information Processing 5 Relationship and Wholeness: 5 2. Second Order Cybernetic (FOC) principles: 6 Wholeness and Self-Reference: 6 Openness/Closedness: 7 Autopoiesis: 7 Structural Determinism: 7 Structural Coupling and Nonpurposeful Drift: 7 Epistemology of Participation: 8 Reality as a Multiverse: 8 1. First Order Cybernetic (FOC) principles: Recursion: Recursion is focused on the relationship between individuals and given elements in isolation. Recursion is, thus, focuses on how individuals and elements interact with, and influence one another respectively (Becvar & Becvar, 2014, pp. 69-70). In my opinion recursion in FOC refers to the circular causality or impact, if you will, that individuals and/or given elements have on one another. For instance, a child is extremely fearful of his father and, thus, doesn’t like talking to his father. His father, in turn, gets angry and strict when his son does not talk to him on a regular basis seeing as this makes him feel unwanted as a father. This behaviour from the father fuels the fear of the child creating a negative cycle...
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...Introduction The purpose of this essay paper is to critically compare the epistemology governing the first and second order cybernetic approaches. (Epistemology is defined by Becvar and Becvar (2013), as the study of how we know what we know, and how we can make valid knowledge claims based on a particular theoretical framework. It focuses on the assumption that underline a particular framework and whether the knowledge claim made by that theory is logically consistent with its own assumption). In doing so, the student will answer the following questions: 1. Name and define the first-order cybernetic principles as described in the book The first order cybernetic is also known as simple cybernetic. Becvar and Becvar (2013), describe the first order cybernetic metaphorically by using the black box. They stated that it is a system whose operation we attempt to understand by observing what goes into and what comes out of it, analysis of inputs and outputs. In addition, we place ourselves outside the system as observers of what is going on inside the system. We are more interested in understanding the interaction and relationships within the system. The observer stays outside of the system being observed and views him/herself as being in a position to facilitate adjustment in the system without taking into consideration his/her participation. The following are the principles of this approach as stated in Becvar and Becvar (2013): * Recursion: this principle states...
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...PYC4808 Ecosystemic Psychology Assignment Two Question 1 : Name and define the first-order cybernetic principles as described in your prescribed textbook. When viewing first-order cybernetics, we observe from the outside of what is going on in the system. We do not view ourselves as part of the system and do not concern ourselves with what the system does or why it does it. What we are concerned with is describing what is happening in the system. We aim to answer questions such as, “who are members of the system?, what are the characteristic patterns of interaction in this system?, what rules and roles form the boundaries of the system and distinguish it as separate from other systems?. “(Becvar & Becvar 2014. Pg 69 ) In first-order cybernetics we also attempt to find out how freely information is transmitted in and out of the particular system, as well as view the balance between change and stability within the system. Consistent with the element of recursiveness, the system is one that has reciprocal causalty and not linear and both people and events are mutually interactive and influenced. In order to analyze the family system, relationships and interactions amongst members are viewed instead of viewing the individuals in isolation. From the perspective all systems are influenced and influence each other. From a cybernetic perspective, we acknowledge that an isolated cause/effect event is only a small part of a large pattern of circularity. “Feedback refers to the...
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...Recursion- People and events are seen in the context of mutual interaction and influence, we do not examine anything in isolation, but we look at their relationship and how they interact with and influence the other. The behaviour of A complements the behaviour of B and vice versa. First order cybernetic perspective- meaning comes from the relation between individuals and the elements as each defines one another. Casuality is now a reciprocal concept which is only found in the interface of individuals and systems as they influence one another. Power and responsibility exist only as a bilateral process. Everything influences and is influenced by every other thing. Recognise that an isolated cause/effect event is only a small part of circularity. Recursion- process of repeating a function, each time applying it to the result of the previous stage. Feedback- this is when information about past behaviour is feedback in the system in a circular way. Feedback is behaviour and affects our inputs. First order cybernetic perspective- we can talk of positive and negative feedback- refers to the impact of the behaviour on the system and how the system responds to that behaviour. Positive feedback- acknowledges change and accepts it by system. Negative feedback- shows that the status quo stays the same. Feedback can refer to something good or bad- this will be evaluated in context. Feedback is self-corrective- the particular indicating differences that will increase the probability of the...
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...Google Glass as a Cybernetic System Paola Gulian 18/06/2013 p.gulian@me.com Stavangerweg 352, Amsterdam 1013AX Telephone: +359 888 88 30 81 Student Number: 10396144 Thesis supervisor: Michael Dieter Media Studies: New Media and Digital Culture Universiteit van Amsterdam 1 Table of Contents: 1. Introduction / 3 2. Chapter 1 – History of Cybernetics theory, Systems Theory, Cyborg and Posthumanism / 6 2.1. Introduction to Norbert Wiener’s theory of cybernetics / 6 2.2. Gregory Bateson on second-order cybernetics / 8 2.3. The kinship between human, animal and machine, Donna Haraway’s theory of the cyborg / 12 2.4. The disembodiment of the human being, Katherine N. Hayles’ theory of the posthuman / 14 3. Chapter 2 – Google Glass, Individuation and the Black Box / 21 3.1. Introduction to Google Glass / 21 3.2. Google Glass and Gregory Bateson’s theory of self-corrective systems / 24 3.3. Industrialization of memory through Google Glass and Bernard Stiegler’s theory of the exterior milieu / 26 3.4. Google Glass as a black box and W. Ross Ashby’s theory of the black boxing / 29 3.5. Experience Design, Olia Lialina and the disappearing user / 30 3.6. Miniaturization of technology, Google Glass as a ubiquitous computer through Mark Weiser’s theory / 32 4. Chapter 3 – Google Glass as an Extension of the Human Being: MediumSpecificity and Becoming Posthuman / 34 4.1 Media ecology through Marshall McLuhan and Google Glass as an extension of the human being / 34 4.2 Perceptual...
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...IM/IT Governance and Decision Rights Give five different examples of simple systems and include the input(s), conversion process, and output(s)? Ensure that there is some feedback between your examples. Appointment –scheduling process of an ambulatory care center as a simple system. Inputs to the system consist, of appointment request from patients; physician schedules; and clinic resources, including personnel, set of actions; the scheduling clerks collect information from patents, match patient requirements to available time slots, and make appointment. Output of this simple system becomes the input for several other functional systems of the clinic, such as, medical records, patient accounting, and others. The conversion process includes a set of actions; scheduling clerks collect information from patients, match requirements to available time slots, and make appointments. The feedback will occur in the form of adjusted information on the number of time slot available as patients are scheduled for the clinic. (Austin and Boxerman’s, 2007). Admission- the admissions representative works in a team environment to facilitate admissions recruitment and the registration processes for that specific ambulatory care center. This position requires heavy outbound call volume, appointment scheduling, and handling of telephone, mail-in, walk-in, and internet-based (Alpine-college, 2009). The output for this simple system also becomes the input for several other functional systems...
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...SYSTEMS THEORY Summary RSP 1 SYSTEMS THEORY Three Distinct but Closely Interrelated Theoretical Legacies Information theory: focuses on the reduction of uncertainty which is achieved by the acquisition of information . Cybernetics: a science of communication concerned with the transmission and control of information; it examines the communication and manipulation of information in various systems . General Systems Theory (GST): interested in systems in general; family systems theory is an extension of this branch . Definitions and Terms Three Uses/Definitions: General Systems Theory (GST) is used to explain the behavior of a variety of complex, organized systems. GST is also a process of theory construction which focuses on building universal concepts, postulates, and principles. GST, as a worldview, emphasizes interrelationships between objects. Terms Isomorphism: Refers to equivalence of form: there is a one-to-one correspondence between elements and relationships. Cybernetic system: systems with feedback. Core Assumptions of General Systems Theory GST Has Potential for Unifying Science: suggests that there are unifying principles in every discipline; GST is a way to consider isomorphism between them. A System Must Be Understood as a Whole Von Bertalanffy: promoted the notion that a family, or any system, is greater than the some of it's parts. Lewin: the whole is different from the sum of it's parts. Human Systems are Self-Reflexive...
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...in: R.A. Meyers (ed.), Encyclopedia of Physical Science & Technology (3rd ed.), (Academic Press, New York, 2001). Cybernetics and Second-Order Cybernetics Francis Heylighen Free University of Brussels Cliff Joslyn Los Alamos National Laboratory Contents I. Historical Development of Cybernetics....................................................... 1 A. Origins..................................................................................... 1 B. Second Order Cybernetics............................................................ 2 C. Cybernetics Today...................................................................... 4 II. Relational Concepts................................................................................ 5 A. Distinctions and Relations........................................................... 5 B. Variety and Constraint ................................................................ 6 C. Entropy and Information.............................................................. 6 D. Modelling Dynamics .................................................................. 7 III. Circular Processes................................................................................... 8 A. Self-Application......................................................................... 8 B. Self-Organization ....................................................................... 9 C. Closure .....................................................................................
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...Name of Faculty: Dr. Ashish Avasthi | | |Mr. Vivek Pandey | Q1. Describe the concept of Operation Support System and Management Support System with suitable examples. Ans1. Operation Support System a) Efficiently process business transactions b) Control industrial processes c) Support communications and collaboration d) Update corporate databases Management Support System Provide information and support for effective decision making by managers Q2. “Cybernetic systems are self-monitoring and self-regulating.” Justify the statement. Ans 2. A system with feedback is called cybernetic system. Feedback is data about the performance of a system. For example data about sales performance is feedback to sales manager. Whereas control involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal or not. The control function then makes necessary adjustments to a system’s input and processing components to ensure that it produces proper output. For example a sales manager exercises control when reassigning salespersons to new sales territories after evaluating feedback about their sales performance. Hence we can...
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...PYC4808 ASSIGNMENT 03 STUDENT NUMBER: 3409-367-2 UNIQUE NUMBER: 842914 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Construct a three-generational genogram of this family system 2. Draw an ecomap of this family in context Briefly describe 3. (a) the story as probably seen from the perspective of each one of the family members. (b) The story from the vantage point of the family’s position in the family life cycle. 4. Provide a first-order cybernetic description of this case. 5. How would a second-order thinker describe this case? References. PAGE NUMBER 1 1 2-4 5 6-8 9 - 12 12 1. 2. The story as probably seen from the perspective of each of the family members Mavis: I am not sure what to do about April anymore. All she does is lie to my husband and I. I have tried my best in giving her the best life possible but nothing seems to work. Nobody understands what I have been through and I want to give April the life I never had. My parents divorced when I was only 5 years old and it tore me apart. I was forced to live with my step-mother and she threw me out when I was 18. April has it is so soft compared to the childhood I have had, she does not appreciate it. I am glad that John loves April as his own daughter and that he takes care of us but he does not understand how I feel and cannot console or comfort me when I need him to. All I want is what is best for our family but April’s lies and behavior is even causing strain on the relationship I have with John. I want to give April the support and...
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...Family Systems Theory LaTova Quattlebaum Simmons College Family Theory September 24, 2015 Family Systems Theory The family systems theory has many strengths, one being that it “encourages nurses to see individual clients as participating members of a larger family system” (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, & Hanson, 2015, p. 76). That being said working labor and delivery this concept holds true as the birth of an infant affects everyone in the family not just the woman, all roles within the family system are switched and everyone has to adapt. That adaptation could be adaptive or maladaptive in order to maintain stability (Kaakinen et al, 2015, p. 76). A weakness is that the theory maybe too “abstract for beginners” (Kaakinen et al, 2015, p. 79). Healthcare facilities appear to focus on the individual rather than the family, with that happening it makes it harder for new nurses to recognize the importance of “a family as a whole, is greater than the members of the family” ( Kaakinen et al, 2015, p.79). Looking at the family as a whole, during the laboring and birthing process, it is essential to take care of the mom laboring, but as equally as important to care for those attending the labor (i.e. dad, grandparents, and siblings) as their negative experiences could ruin the entire labor experience for the family as a whole. References Kaakinen, J. R., Coehlo, D. P., Steele, R., Tabacco, A., & Hanson, S. H. (2015). Family health care nursing: Theory...
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